钯修饰碳纳米管电极电催化氧化三氯生

采用钯修饰多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)电极电催化氧化降解三氯生,考察了极板间距、电流密度、离子强度、pH、初始浓度和电解时间对三氯生去除效率的影响,并探讨了其反应动力学。结果表明:钯修饰多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)电极电催化氧化降解三氯生的最佳条件为:三氯生初始浓度为50 mg/L,电流密度约为10 mA/cm2,极板间距为1 cm,pH为11,电解质Na2SO4浓度为1 000 mg/L。此条件下,反应时间为3 h时三氯生的去除率可达到99%以上,三氯生的降解为零级反应。     

RuO2-IrO2-SnO2/Ti阳极电催化氧化苯酚的研究

以RuO2-IrO2-SnO2/Ti钛网电极为阳极,RuO2-IrO2/Ti钛网电极为阴极,构建了电催化氧化体系,同时以苯酚为底物、硫酸钠为电解质,考察了不同pH、极板间距、电流密度和苯酚初始浓度对苯酚去除率的影响。结果表明,在pH为6.5、极板间距为1.0cm、电流密度为50mA/cm2、苯酚初始质量浓度为1 000mg/L的最佳实验条件下,取硫酸钠质量浓度为20g/L的苯酚模拟废水250mL,120min时苯酚去除率可以达到98.4%。     

RuO_2-IrO_2/Ti阳极电催化降解偶氮染料甲基橙模拟废水

以自制Ti基Ru O2-Ir O2镀层形稳电极为阳极,采用电催化氧化处理偶氮染料甲基橙模拟废水。以硫酸钠为支持电解质,在自然p H条件下分别考察了电解时间、电极间距、电流密度和电解质浓度等因素对甲基橙去除率的影响,并分析其原因。实验结果表明,在自然p H、电极间距为1.0 cm、电流密度为30.0 m A/cm2、电解质硫酸钠浓度为20.0 g/L、电解1.0h,甲基橙去除率高达90.0%以上。因此,电催化氧化法作为一种高效、简便的染料废水处理技术,具有一定的应用潜力。     

活性炭纤维电极对TAIC的电催化氧化

以活性炭纤维为阳极,不锈钢电极为阴极,研究了活性炭纤维电极电催化氧化去除水中三烯丙基异氰脲酸酯(TAIC)的方法.采用单因素实验法研究pH,电流密度,电解质种类和浓度对电催化氧化性能的影响,并找到最佳反应条件.实验结果表明,在TAIC模拟废水中,TAIC初始浓度为150 mg/L,pH为7,电流密度为50 mA/cm2,以0.06 mol/LNa2SO4为电解质溶液时反应效果最佳,60 min时TAIC的去除率为90.7％.     

三维电催化氧化技术处理草铵膦农药废水

选用石墨板作为三维电催化装置的阳极、不锈钢板作为阴极,以活性炭颗粒作为粒子电极进行反应,研究了三维电催化氧化技术处理草铵膦农药废水的效果;并考察了电流密度、极板间距、电解时间、初始浓度、pH值和粒子电极用量等因素对其处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,在废水初始浓度为300 mg·L~(-1),反应时间为90 min,极板间距为4 cm,pH值为5,电流密度为31.5 m A·cm-2,粒子电极的用量为3.08 g·L~(-1)的条件下,废水的COD去除率为83.48%。三维电催化氧化技术通过减小粒子间距改善电荷传质效果;电流效率的提高也促使废水的处理效果显著提升。     

电化学氧化法去除超高盐榨菜废水中的氨氮

采用电化学氧化法去除超高盐榨菜废水中的氨氮,阳极为Ti/RuO2-TiO2-IrO2-SnO2网状电极,阴极为网状钛电极,考察了电流密度、电解时间、极板间距、初始pH以及极水比对氨氮去除率的影响,并分析了电流密度对氨氮能耗和阳极效率的影响。结果表明,在初始氨氮浓度为472.73 mg/L,电流密度为156 mA/cm2,极板间距为1.5 cm,极水比为0.8dm2/L,原水pH为4.3～5.0时,电解30 min和60 min时氨氮的去除率分别为89.75%和99.94%,电解30 min时,氨氮能耗最低为96 kWh/kg,阳极效率最高为8.47 g/(h.m2.A)。     

电化学脱硝过程参数的响应曲面优化研究

以Ti/IrO2-TiO2-RuO2为阳极,Cu/Zn合金电极为阴极,在无隔膜电解池中对这一新构造电极对的脱硝氮性能进行了研究。为了有效结合阴极硝氮还原能力和阳极氧化能力,采用响应曲面法中的Box-Behnken设计优化了对电化学脱硝过程有显著影响的4个重要因素:氯化钠含量、电流密度、pH和初始硝氮浓度。优化结果表明,相对于pH和初始硝氮浓度,氯化钠含量和电流密度对脱硝性能影响更大,而阴极硝氮还原性能主要受初始硝氮浓度、pH的影响。以6 h内电极对脱氮百分率为响应量,优化得最佳电化学脱硝过程参数为:氯化钠含量,1 g/L;电流密度,24.99 mA/cm2;pH,1.81;初始硝氮浓度100 mg/L。在此实验条件下,6 h内电极对脱氮百分率预测值为99.84%。通过3次重复验证实验,确认实际6 h内电极对脱氮百分率为91.34%。预测值与实测值两者相差不大,由此可知,Box-Behnken设计是一种优化电化学脱氮实验参数的有效方法,经过优化后的电极对具有较佳的脱氮效率。     

高压脉冲放电等离子体对水中土霉素的降解

采用针-板式高压脉冲放电等离子体降解水中土霉素,考察了放电输出功率、空气流量、电极间距、溶液初始浓度、初始pH、初始电导率和添加Fe2+的量对土霉素去除率的影响。实验结果表明,高压脉冲放电等离子体对水中土霉素有较好的去除效率,在初始浓度200 mg/L,放电功率64 W,电极间距8 mm,空气流速0.05 m3/h,初始pH为2.6,初始电导率1.083 mS/cm条件下,反应12 min后,土霉素的去除率可达97%。向溶液中添加Fe2+,可提高土霉素的去除率。TOC随着反应时间的延长逐渐减小,反应12 min时,TOC去除率可达57%,说明大分子物质被降解为小分子物质,部分被完全矿化为CO2和H2O。     

Ce-PbO_2/C电极的制备及其去除水中酸性红B

采用电沉积法制备铈修饰的PbO2/C电极,通过SEM、XRD、XPS及循环伏安对PbO2/C、Ce-PbO2/C电极进行表征,结果表明,Ce-PbO2/C电极比PbO2/C颗粒细小,表面均匀致密,电化学氧化能力较强,修饰电极中Ce以CeO2的形态存在。以Ce-PbO2/C为工作电极,电解浓度为1 000 mg/L的高盐酸性红B模拟活性染料废水,考察了电压、pH、电解质浓度、极间距对脱色率、氨氮去除率及COD去除率的影响。确定适宜工艺条件为：初始酸性红B溶液浓度为1 000 mg/L,pH值为6,电压10 V,电解时间1 h,电极间距1.5 cm,该条件下脱色率、氨氮去除率和COD去除率分别为99.98%、97.23%和90.17%。通过UV-Vis及GC-MS初步分析了降解过程可能存在的中间产物及降解途径。     

Ce-PbO2/C电极的制备及其去除水中酸性红B

采用电沉积法制备铈修饰的PbO2/C电极,通过SEM、XRD、XPS及循环伏安对PbO2/C、Ce-PbO2/C电极进行表征,结果表明,Ce-PbO2/C电极比PbO2/C颗粒细小,表面均匀致密,电化学氧化能力较强,修饰电极中Ce以CeO2的形态存在。以Ce-PbO2/C为工作电极,电解浓度为1 000 mg/L的高盐酸性红B模拟活性染料废水,考察了电压、pH、电解质浓度、极间距对脱色率、氨氮去除率及COD去除率的影响。确定适宜工艺条件为:初始酸性红B溶液浓度为1 000 mg/L,pH值为6,电压10 V,电解时间1 h,电极间距1.5 cm,该条件下脱色率、氨氮去除率和COD去除率分别为99.98%、97.23%和90.17%。通过UV-Vis及GC-MS初步分析了降解过程可能存在的中间产物及降解途径。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

Mechanisms of biodegradation of dibenzoate plasticizers

Biodegradation mechanisms were elucidated for three dibenzoate plasticizers: diethylene glycol dibenzoate (D(EG)DB), dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (D(PG)DB), both of which are commercially available, and 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate, a potential green plasticizer. Degradation studies were done using Rhodococcus rhodochrous in the presence of pure alkanes as a co-substrate. As expected, the first degradation step for all of these systems was the hydrolysis of one ester bond with the release of benzoic acid and a monoester. Subsequent biodegradation of the monobenzoates of diethylene glycol (D(EG)MB) and dipropylene glycol (D(PG)MB) was very slow, leading to significant accumulation of these monoesters. In contrast, 1,6-hexanediol monobenzoate was quickly degraded and characterization of the metabolites indicated that the biodegradation proceeded by way of the oxidation of the alcohol group to generate 6-(benzoyloxy) hexanoic acid followed by β-oxidation steps. This pathway was blocked for D(EG)MB and D(PG)MB by the presence of an ether function.The use of a pure hydrocarbon as a co-substrate resulted in the formation of another class of metabolites; namely the esters of the alcohols formed by the oxidation of the alkanes and the benzoic acid released by hydrolysis of the original diesters. These metabolites were biodegraded without the accumulation of any intermediates.     

混凝试验搅拌器的研制

影响混凝效果的因素众多,混凝沉淀烧杯试验是进行水的混合、絮凝、沉淀工艺研究、设计和生产指导的最有效方法之一,阐述了智能型混凝试验搅拌器的设计原理和技术性能.     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

Visualisation of the complexity of EUSES

The interdependencies of parameters applied in the models of EUSES are visualised in a directed connectivity graph. The parameters (inputs, defaults, state variables, outputs) are represented by boxes (nodes) and their relations by lines (edges). The visualisation, on the one hand, clarifies the complexity of the models in EUSES and, on the other hand, creates an overview and transparency. The parameters’ relations to each other can be recognised faster, and the models can be better understood. The complexity was quantified by the number (variety), kind (substance parameter, physico-chemical parameter, concentration, other parameters), and depth (dimension) of the parameter and the number of relations (connectivity). The variety of EUSES (without the modelsSimple Treat andSimple Box whose interior structure is not documented and without the effect and risk characterisation) amounts to 466, the connectivity to 961, and the maximal dimension is 21.     

产油微藻培养与回收的关键技术研究进展

寻找廉价而高效的替代原料是实现生物柴油产业化的关键所在.微藻以含油量高、生长周期短、环境适应能力强、生物产量高等优点,有望成为一种极具潜力的生物柴油生产原料.然而,目前尚存在微藻培养低效成本高和微藻回收效率低两大难题.综述了微藻培养与回收过程中的关键技术,并对存在的两大难题及其改进技术进行了详细的探讨.最后,总结并展望了微藻培养、回收技术未来的发展趋势.