流速比对反向流动中射流流动特性的影响研究

应用超声多普勒测速技术,对不同流速比下反向流动水体中单圆管排放的射流特性进行了水槽模拟实验。介绍了实验装置和量测技术。分析了反向流动水体中射流的流动特征。获得了不同流速比下射流轴线流速的沿程衰减规律,以及流速比对射流轴线流速、射流扩展半宽度、平均最大射流长度和最大射流宽度等特征参数的影响,并与已有的研究成果进行了对比。实验研究成果对潮汐水域城市污水的水下处置等有着重要的实际意义和参考价值。     

长江口潮汐对深水排放污水远场输移的影响

长江口的潮汐使其水流往复回荡,对深水排放的污水输移带来一定的影响。考虑了潮汐传递因素,采用上海市合流污水治理工程第一期的竹园排放口附近的测流数据,进行了统计分析。结果表明,潮波作用使涨潮历时延长、落潮历时缩短,但在长江口,每天向东海的平均输移速率仍可有17～28km左右。     

大连湾潮流和污染物扩散的数值计算——Ⅰ.大连湾潮汐和潮流的数值计算

本文采用浅水潮波模型,用显隐方向交替法,对大连湾进行了潮汐和潮流数值计算。其结果再现了大连湾潮汐、潮流和潮余流场分布状况,并且与湾内验潮站实测结果相吻合。     

旋转射流作用下吸气流动的特性研究

通过试验对旋转射流作用下吸气流动进行了较全面的研究,研究内容包括临界送风速度、最佳喷口宽度及吸气流场特性等。结果表明:旋转射流作用下吸气流动存在一个临界送风速度,且其与排风量、喷口宽度及射流轴向倾角等因素有关;存在一个临界吹吸比为最小值所对应的最佳喷口宽度;旋转射流屏蔽作用下的抽吸流场具有中部压力较低和提高抽吸能力的作用;旋转射流作用下吸气流动不仅能有效地控制有害物扩散,而且可以实现远距离捕集有害物及以较小的排风量排放有害物。     

EH32钢在人工海水中的流动加速腐蚀行为研究

目的 明晰流场、传质和锈层在EH32钢流动加速腐蚀过程中的协同作用机理。方法 利用射流喷射系统研究EH32钢的流动加速腐蚀行为,并基于CFD仿真模拟流场分布情况,最后通过微观形貌表征分析EH32钢的腐蚀形貌。结果 在射流喷射系统中,试样表面的流场分布不均匀,根据锈层的颜色可分为不同区域,喷嘴正对区域锈层最厚,但疏松多孔,形成凹坑,腐蚀最严重。远离喷嘴区域锈层逐渐减薄,但更致密,腐蚀形貌转变为“flow mark”和点蚀。结论 流场严重影响着腐蚀产物的分布,正应力高、剪切应力低的区域形成的锈层厚且疏松多孔,正应力低、剪切应力高的区域形成的锈层薄,但更致密。反应生成的阳极液随流体的转移过程导致了“flowmark”损伤形貌的形成,致密的锈层抑制了阳极液的转移,导致了点蚀坑的损伤形貌。锈层和阳极液的累积使得喷嘴中心区域表现为主要阳极区,腐蚀损伤最为严重,而远离中心区域由于致密的腐蚀产物抑制了传质过程,腐蚀速率较低。流场、锈层以及传质三者的协同作用决定了流动加速腐蚀行为。     

双气体射流作用下燃煤可吸入颗粒团聚研究

大气中的可吸入颗粒物对有机体危害很大,已经成为世界范围内重要的大气污染源。在可吸入颗粒团聚室内引入双射流,通过双气体射流在团聚室内形成大小不同尺度涡旋,促进流场可吸入颗粒团聚。实验结果表明:10μm以下的可吸入颗粒在单射流作用下减少了21.9%,在双射流作用下减少了58.0%。异侧双射流的团聚清除率高于同侧双射流的清除效率,异侧双射流管间距增加更有利于可吸入颗粒的团聚。双射流管出口Re增加,颗粒质量清除率增大;但不同粒径颗粒的单级团聚效率则与粒径密切相关。颗粒的质量清除率随着主气流与射流流量比增大呈现逐渐减小的趋势。     

简讯

图瓦卢是在作秀吗？Global Warming Not Sinking Tuva——But may Be Its People are最近，澳大利亚“国家潮汐设施”组织发表的一份声明称，全世界的环保人士很可能被图瓦卢骗了。图瓦卢并不会被太平洋的大浪吞没，它之所以反复强调全球变暖造成的海平面上升会给图瓦卢造成灭顶之灾,是因为其国内有着无法解决的难题：过多的人口、严重的环境污染、二战留下的难题等。“国家潮汐设施”是一家监测太平洋地区潮汐情况的网络组织。该组织在声明中说：“截至2002年2月，历经9年的短期监测记录表明：富纳富提周围的海水高度以每年0.9毫米的速…     

在感潮河流中水质模型参数的确定——推荐上海市吴淞江BOD_5耗氧系数K_1及复氧系数K_2

任何一条河流,在入海的河口段,都要受到海洋的潮汐影响。涨潮时,水流沿河上溯,有负流量产生;落潮时,水流则正向流动入海。一个水团在入海之前,往往要在河口段回荡多次,十分复杂。本文试图论述用简化的瞬时虚     

膜——射流曝气压力反应器处理生活污水的试验

“射流暴气压力式生物反应器及膜分离系统”的设计，综合了高速射流曝气法、压力式反应器和微孔过滤三项技术，以达到提高反应器的容积负荷率、供氧动力效率和氧利用率的目的，用该系统处理生活污水的试验取得较满意的结果。     

同流环境多圆孔热废水排放数值模拟

各种热电、核电厂排出的热污(废)水在直接进入环境流体之前,以多孔口浮射流的形式释放污水并确保污水在排污口快速混合非常重要。精确的了解和预测多孔浮射流的特性与混合状况有很重要的意义。针对同向流动环境中多圆形孔口热水排放的情况,采用雷诺应力模型进行数值模拟,得到了不同流速比和不同射流温度下的流场和温度场、浮射流的轨迹线、轴线上温度和速度的衰减规律,并且分析了不同孔间距、流速比和射流温度对流场中流速和温度的影响。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.