CODCr自动监测仪在污染源监测中的应用

介绍了CODCr在线自动监测仪器的测试原理及功能试验，得出该仪器测量结果与国家标准方法对CODCr的测定无显著差异的结论。     

催化裂化装置烟气粉尘浓度监测仪的研制

介绍了利用激光及正前向光散射技术研制的一种激光粒子浓度监测仪,它适用于催化裂化装置烟气粉尘浓度的实时监测。监测仪由激光器,检测装置及微机组成,它具有数据自动采集,对测量值进行处理及计算输出功能。该仪器的测量范围为50～500mg/m~3烟气,分辨率为4mg/m~3,重复性(变异系数Cv=2％)。阐述了激光粒子浓度监测仪的测量原理及其总体结构,给出了仪器的特性曲线,重复性和精度的实验结果。     

大气污染监测仪器的一般原理及方法

一、监测仪器的一般原理 1.电导原理本原理一直广泛应用于环境大气中二氧化硫的检测。最简单的方法是:把空气导入水中,空气中的污染物即离子化,因而降低了水的电阻。测定一对电极间溶液的阻值。由于电导率的增加与样品中的离子浓度近似成正比,因而可测得环境污染物的浓度。本原理在连续及记录仪器中的应用已有50年的历史。     

空气质量自动监测中气体标准物质浓度的选择技巧

介绍了自动监测仪器校准所使用的气体标准物质浓度的选择方法和技巧。气体标准物质包括钢瓶气和渗透管，通过它们和动态校准仪配合使用可配出质控工作中所需要气体的各种浓度，因此我们可以通过这些浓度和动态校准仪的具体指标参数(流量等)来反推标准物质浓度，并在配气过程中能满足国家技术规范要求，且具有可操作性和实用性。     

2006年河南省环境空气自动监测系统运行现状分析

文章根据河南省环境监测中心站2006年对全省18个城市空气质量空气自动监测系统的巡检,介绍了河南省空气自动监测系统的运行现状以及存在的问题,由于河南省空气自动监测仪器运行时间普遍较长,部分仪器老化严重,已影响了空气自动监测系统的正常运行,建议各省辖市加强仪器能力建设、人员培训、保证运行经费,为空气自动监测创造一个良好的运行环境.     

VOCs自动监测技术评价指标构建的研究

基于气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器(GC-FID)原理的VOCs监测方法开展环境空气VOCs自动监测,已成为国内外环境空气VOCs监测的重要技术手段。VOCs自动监测仪开展评价是对VOCs监测仪器性能及监测数据质量保证的重要措施。该研究首先提出了VOCs自动监测评价指标的构架,继而提出仪器定性指标、定量指标和辅助参数3个一级指标,方法原理、测量物种、方法参数、监测准确性、硬件基础、自动化程度和维护量及成本7个二级指标以及22个三级指标的评价方法。随后,应用该评价指标体系对上海市已有的3款VOCs自动监测系统进行评价,评价结果显示该3款仪器在运行稳定和维护良好的情况下,性能基本接近且均处于"适用"等级。为国内环境空气VOCs自动监测仪的选择提供技术参考。     

环境空气自动监测中质量保证与控制措施

在我们的日常生活与工作环境中,环境空气自动监测中质量保证与质量控制是十分重要的技术工作和管理工作,包括人员素质、运行和管理机制、标准传递、监测仪器设备的校准、空气质量自动监测仪器的性能审核等。在实际工作中,监测人员可根据仪器的运行状况,定期对仪器进行校准标准物质的传递比对实验验证等用以检查仪器的零度漂移和标准漂移等情况,以确保上报数据的准备性精密性和可比性。本文从环境空气质量自动监测的定义及组成出发,分析了环境空气质量的控制措施,对环境空气自动监测质量控制的管理保证进行了阐述。     

居民住房内的氡气辐射污染问题

氡是天然放射性惰性气体，是铀系衰变链中的一个衰变产物。章简要介绍了对氡辐射危害的认识过程，综合分析了住房内氡气辐射时的水平及其监测方法，提出了降低住房内氡气浓度的方法和措施。     

我国PM2.5监测网络布局与监测方法体系构建策略分析

本文通过对国内外PM2.5监测网络布局现状的分析和比较,认为我国"十二五"规划的PM2.5监测网络在点位数目和网络布局上基本能够反映我国PM2.5污染状况。为进一步反映PM2.5的污染特征和来源,今后应逐步增加污染监控点位、道路交通点位的设置,并在质量浓度监测的基础上,逐步开展PM2.5主要组分监测。在监测方法选择上,β射线法联用动态加热系统(DHS)PM2.5自动监测仪器和振荡天平法联用膜动态测量系统(FDMS)PM2.5自动监测仪器均能够满足监测工作的需要,综合考虑两种类型仪器的性能指标和运行成本,β射线法联用动态加热系统(DHS)PM2.5自动监测仪器操作相对简单,运行维护成本相对较低,更适合在我国环境空气监测网络内推广和普及。     

恶臭监测方法的研究进展

随着城市化进程的加快,恶臭污染所引起的安全与环境问题日益突显,相关监测技术的研究已成为当前环境领域的热点问题之一。介绍了恶臭监测的主要方法,包括嗅觉感知法和仪器测定法,其中嗅觉感知法是通过对气味特征和感官的刺激程度来进行恶臭判断,仪器测定法则是应用色谱、质谱和光谱等分析监测仪器获得异味气体的物质组成及浓度;重点归纳了嗅觉感知法和仪器测定法的适用条件、研究现状和应用场景等相关内容。并进一步阐述了物理法、化学法和生物法等不同除臭方法的作用原理及其在实际应用中的优缺点;通过对不同的恶臭监测方法进行客观对比,讨论其实际适用范围,并对未来恶臭监测的发展方向提出了一些合理的建议。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.