吸附-预沉淀MBR工艺处理生活污水及膜污染控制效果

膜污染是限制膜生物反应器（MBR）广泛应用的主要因素之一。针对MBR处理生活污水过程中存在的硝化效果不稳定与膜污染问题，提出了一种新型的MBR系统：通过吸附-预沉淀实现进水中碳氮的分离和单独处理，不仅提高了污染物去除效果，且能够有效控制膜污染。研究结果表明，吸附-预沉淀可以去除进水中约89.7%的有机物，系统出水COD、NH₄⁺-N平均浓度为24 mg/L、0.78 mg/L，去除率分别为95.9%和98.1%。MBR中碳氮比的降低和硝化细菌比例的增加大大降低了MBR内MLSS、EPS和SMP含量，平均浓度分别为5 185 mg/L、41 mg/g MLSS和2.62 mg/g MLSS。在膜通量为4 L/（m²·h）条件下，TMP可稳定保持在20 kPa左右。通过吸附-预沉淀过程可有效控制MBR中的膜污染。     

复合式膜生物反应器处理校园生活污水

采用投加悬浮填料的复合式膜生物反应器(HMBR)中试装置处理校园生活污水,考察其对有机碳和氨氮的去除效果。实验结果表明,反应器具有较好的污染物去除效果,HMBR对COD的平均去除率为88%,对氨氮的平均去除率超过97.5%。采用比耗氧速率(SOUR)来表征活性污泥的生物活性,SOUR随着有机负荷的变化逐渐从80 mg/(kg.min)降到30 mg/(kg.min)。实验过程中,经历有机负荷率(OLR)和氨氮负荷率(NLR)的变化,结果显示,其对污泥特性和膜污染速率有较大影响。     

纳米材料对膜生物反应器影响的试验研究

通过向一体式膜生物反应器中投加纳米材料来改变料液性质，预防膜污染和提高膜生物反应器对污染物的去除效率，并利用扫描电镜分析中空纤维膜的表观结构的变化情况，通过红外光谱分析活性污泥性质的变化，以探讨防治膜污染的机理。试验结果表明，纳米材料的投加对COD和NH₃-N的去除无明显影响，提高了TP的去除率，TP去除率达70%。而且投加纳米材料可改变活性污泥的性质和生物膜的表观结构，减缓膜污染。     

平板膜-生物反应器净化微污染水源水的研究

利用平板膜-生物反应器恒流运行处理微污染水源水,考察通量为18、25及30 L/m2·h时其运行特性及有机物和氨氮的去除效果.结果表明:3个工况对COD的去除率分别为78.7%、76.9%和80.4%,出水COD低于15 mg/L;3个工况对NH4 -N的去除率分别为90.4%、87.4%和92.8%,出水NH4 -N低于0.5 mg/L;3个工况对UV254的去除率分别为27.5%、28.2%和48.1%.胞外聚合物(EPS)的研究结果表明,其与膜污染之间并没有显著关系,运行通量的选择是影响膜污染和操作运行的一个重要原因.     

MFC-MBR耦合系统运行效果

膜生物反应器(MBR)是一种高效的污水处理工艺,而微生物燃料电池(MFC)能有效降解污泥中的胞外生物有机质(EBOM)并回收电能.将MFC与MBR联用,建立了一套能够有效抑制膜污染同时回收电能的新系统——MFC-MBR耦合系统,MBR的剩余污泥经MFC处理后回流.以传统MBR为对照,对耦合系统中污水处理效果、膜污染情况和污泥混合液的性质进行研究.研究表明,耦合系统的污水处理效果没有明显恶化,COD去除率为94％,NH4+-N的去除率为92％.耦合系统能够有效减缓膜污染的发生,清洗周期延长了28％.污泥混合液的MLVSS/MLSS稳定在80％ ～ 88％,系统内几乎没有无机颗粒积累.松散结合态胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)降低了48％,使污泥混合液性质得到改善.较低的污泥比阻(2.69×1012m/kg)和标准化毛细吸水时间(1.67 s·L/g MLSS),证明耦合系统污泥混合液脱水性能提高了.     

A/O和A2/O工艺对膜生物反应器处理焦化废水影响的研究

为提高膜生物反应器对焦化废水的处理效果，采用A/O和A²/O两种工艺的膜生物反应器处理焦化废水，通过对比处理效果、分析膜污染情况，寻求膜生物反应处理焦化废水的最优工艺。实验结果表明：A²/O工艺系统对酚、NH₃-N、COD的去除率分别为99%、90%和95%；A/O工艺系统对酚、NH₃-N和COD的去除率分别为97%、75%和93%。A²/O膜生物反应器系统对焦化废水中NH₃-N的去除效果明显优于A/O膜生物反应器系统，其反硝化率为50%～70%。对膜污染分析表明不同工艺对膜污染的影响不显著，A²/O工艺膜通量衰减59%，A/O工艺膜通量衰减56%。研究表明在膜生物反应器中，A²/O工艺对焦化废水的去除效果要优于A/O工艺。     

MBR净化受污染地表水的自然启动及稳定运行除污染特性

为了考察膜生物反应器(MBR)净化受污染地表水自然启动过程中功能菌群的成熟规律及碱度对MBR去除水中氨氮的影响,通过构建小试规模的MBR,考察了MBR处理受污染地表水的自然启动和稳定运行除污染特性。结果表明,MBR在自然启动过程中不会出现异养菌成熟的标志,系统对进水DOC、UV254和CODMn的平均去除率分别仅为(14.5±5.1)%、(12.6±5.6)%和(31.2±7.4)%,应考虑将其他工艺与MBR联用以提高系统的有机物去除能力。启动23天后,MBR中的亚硝化细菌成熟,NH3-N去除率达到80%以上;启动31 d后,MBR中的硝化细菌成熟,出水NO2--N稳定在0.05mg/L以下。碱度对MBR去除NH3-N效能影响较大,向进水中投加30 mg/L的NaHCO3能使MBR对NH3-N的去除率由(86.1±3.7)%提高至(98.0±1.6)%。在连续曝气、10 L/(m2.h)通量、每10 min反洗15 s运行模式下,MBR的膜污染较为严重,平均TMP增长速率为0.45 kPa/d,需进一步优化相关参数以实现MBR的长期稳定运行。     

A/O和A2/O工艺对膜生物反应器处理焦化废水影响的研究

为提高膜生物反应器对焦化废水的处理效果,采用A/O和A2/O两种工艺的膜生物反应器处理焦化废水,通过对比处理效果、分析膜污染情况,寻求膜生物反应处理焦化废水的最优工艺。实验结果表明：A2/O工艺系统对酚、NH3-N、COD的去除率分别为99%、90%和95%;A/O工艺系统对酚、NH3-N和COD的去除率分别为97%、75%和93%。A2/O膜生物反应器系统对焦化废水中NH3-N的去除效果明显优于A/O膜生物反应器系统,其反硝化率为50%-70%。对膜污染分析表明不同工艺对膜污染的影响不显著,A2/O工艺膜通量衰减59%,A/O工艺膜通量衰减56%。研究表明在膜生物反应器中,A2/O工艺对焦化废水的去除效果要优于A/O工艺。     

生物制剂对MBR中无纺布膜组件过滤性能的影响

研究了生物制剂对浸渍式膜生物反应器(submerged membrane bioreactor,SMBR)中聚丙烯无纺布(non-wov-en fabric,NWF)膜组件过滤性能的影响。结果表明,能减少膜组件表面附着污泥胞外聚合物(extra-cellular polymeric sub-stances,EPS)的含量及污泥的沉积,减缓膜通量的衰减速率和膜污染,无纺布膜组件的过滤性能得到明显改善,表现出一定的耐污染性。生物制剂能改善污泥的沉降性能,有效防止污泥膨胀;对MBR的COD去除率基本没有影响,但略微增大了处理水的浊度。     

一体式MFC-好氧MBR运行效果及膜污染特性

膜生物反应器(MBR)是一种高效的污水处理工艺,而微生物燃料电池(MFC)能利用NO-3作为电子受体进行脱氮。为解决膜生物反应器(MBR)脱氮效率低和膜污染问题,建立了一套能够进行脱氮、有效抑制膜污染的一体式MFC-好氧MBR新工艺。以开路MFC-MBR反应器为对照,对耦合系统中污水处理效果、膜污染情况进行研究。研究表明,2套系统的COD去除率均超过88%,对NH4-N的去除均达到99%。闭路MFC-MBR系统TN去除率达到69.4%,高于开路系统的55.3%。混合液的MLVSS/MLSS稳定在88%左右,同时耦合系统能够改善污泥混合液的性质,zeta电位的绝对值和粘度较开路系统有所减少,污泥颗粒平均体积粒径(233.482μm)较开路系统(94.877μm)有明显增加,膜清洗周期延长了41.17%。     

好氧颗粒污泥动态膜生物反应器工艺参数及运行性能

以一体式尼龙筛网动态膜生物反应器(DMBR)为研究体系,与好氧颗粒污泥相结合,形成新的好氧颗粒污泥动态膜生物反应器(AGDMBR),探讨了在新工艺条件下对COD、氨氮的去除,以及出水浊度的变化,与活性污泥动态膜生物反应器(DMBR)做比较,研究了进水流量、曝气量等工艺运行参数与膜污染之间的关系,并对系统中污泥的EPS进行分析。结论表明,AGDMBR系统对COD和NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为91%和95%,出水浊度为6 NTU,处理效果均优于DMBR系统;AGDMBR系统在运行过程中膜污染速度随进水流量的增大而加快;曝气量为125～150 L/h时,膜通量持续时间最长;AGDMBR系统比DMBR系统在膜污染的延缓上具有明显的优势。     

一体式MFC-好氧MBR运行效果及膜污染特性

膜生物反应器（MBR）是一种高效的污水处理工艺，而微生物燃料电池（MFC）能利用N0i作为电子受体进行脱氮。为解决膜生物反应器（MBR）脱氮效率低和膜污染问题，建立了一套能够进行脱氮、有效抑制膜污染的一体式MFC-好氧MBR新工艺。以开路MFC—MBR反应器为对照，对耦合系统中污水处理效果、膜污染情况进行研究。研究表明，2套系统的COD去除率均超过88％，对NH4-N的去除均达到99％。闭路MFC—MBR系统TN去除率达到69．4％，高于开路系统的55．3％。混合液的MLVSS／MLSS稳定在88％左右，同时耦合系统能够改善污泥混合液的性质，zeta电位的绝对值和粘度较开路系统有所减少，污泥颗粒平均体积粒径（233．482μm）较开路系统（94．877μm）有明显增加，膜清洗周期延长了41．17％。     

Performance investigation of membrane bioreactor systems during municipal wastewater reclamation.

Four commercially available membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems were operated at the pilot scale, to investigate performance during the reclamation of municipal wastewater. The MBR performance was evaluated under a variety of operating conditions, including two types of feed wastewater (raw and advanced primary effluent), hydraulic retention times (HRTs) ranging from 2 to 6 hours, and permeate fluxes between 20 and 41 lmh. Test results showed that MBR systems were capable of operating on advanced primary effluent, despite the possible presence of coagulant and/or polymer residual, with minimal membrane fouling. Membrane performance data generated during this study was also used to quantify the relationship between permeate flux and membrane fouling. Cleaning intervals at various flux conditions were estimated as follows: 69 days at 20 lmh, 58 days at 25 lmh, and 30 days for operation between 31 and 41 lmh. It was also demonstrated that the MBR process could be optimized to operate with minimal fouling under high hydraulic (flux = 37 lmh) and organic loading (HRT = 2 hours and food-to-microorganism ratio = 0.33 g COD/g VSS x d) conditions. Water quality monitoring conducted throughout the study showed that each MBR system consistently produced an oxidized (5-day biochemical oxygen demand < 2 mg/L) and nitrified (ammonia < 1 mg-N/L) effluent low in particulate matter (turbidity < 0.1 NTU), under all conditions tested.     

附着性胞外多聚物对HMBR膜污染控制性能的影响

采用复合式膜生物反应器（HMBR）处理城市生活污水，对附着性胞外多聚物影响HMBR膜污染控制性能的作用机理进行了研究。实验结果表明，HMBR中附着性胞外多聚物、松散附着性胞外多聚物和紧密附着性胞外多聚物的浓度比常规膜生物反应器分别降低了10．0％、43．6％和2．1％。附着性胞外多聚物与膜表面滤饼层污泥比阻的关系较为密切，随着其浓度逐渐降低，滤饼层污泥比阻相应减小。与紧密附着性胞外多聚物相比，松散附着性胞外多聚物对滤饼层污泥比阻的影响程度更深。因此，随着反应器中附着性胞外多聚物特别是松散附着性胞外多聚物浓度的降低，HMBR的膜污染控制性能增强，反应器中膜表面的滤饼层阻力比常规膜生物反应器降低了56．9％。     

SMBR处理含油废水出水COD数学模型

根据微生物生长动力学特征以及膜分离特征,建立恒通量下运行的一体式膜生物反应器系统出水COD数学模型,提出膜生物反应器处理效率的数学模型。以实验及模型为基础,分别对进水COD浓度控制在300、400、500 mg/L附近时经过反应器后COD的去除效率进行了比较。通过公式计算的数据和实验数据分析可得:COD去除率的公式计算值与实验结果比较吻合,相对偏差仅为0.0223,为膜系统有机物的去除效果估算提供了基础,可为该类工艺的参数选择与优化提供参考。     

膜生物反应器处理微污染水源水的研究与应用现状

膜生物反应器及其组合工艺能实现水源水中微污染物的有效去除,是一种新型高效水处理工艺.总结了膜生物反应器处理微污染水源水的研究与应用现状、污染物去除效果和机制;在分析膜污染机制基础上归纳了膜污染控制和污染膜清洗方式,展望了膜生物反应器在给水领域应用需克服解决的技术难点.     

Effect of membrane type and material on performance of a submerged membrane bioreactor

This study evaluated the impact of membrane type and material on filtration performance in a submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR) for municipal wastewater treatment. Three types of microfiltration membranes with similar pore size of 0.1 microm but different materials and types, phase-inversed polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), track-etched polycarbonate (PCTE) and track-etched polyester (PETE), were used. Changes in permeability with time for the PCTE and PTFE membranes appeared similarly, whereas the PETE membrane exhibited the most rapid flux decline. Lower TOC in the permeate compared to the supernatant was probably due to a combination of biodegradation by the biofilm (cake layer) developed on the membrane surface and further filtration by cake layer and narrowed pores. The faster permeability decline and higher TOC removal rate of the PETE membrane were attributed to an initial permeate flux higher than an average design flux, which led to a faster rate of fouling and thicker cake layer. Therefore, an MBR should not be operated at a flux higher than the average design flux for a specific type of membrane. A gradual increment of biomass concentration did not significantly affect membrane permeability of each membrane investigated. Dissolved organic carbon fractionation results showed that the composition of each fraction between the supernatant and permeates did not change significantly with time, suggesting that membrane hydrophobicity was not a dominant factor affecting MBR fouling in this study. The organic foulants desorbed from the PCTE membrane contained approximately 60% of hydrophobic fraction, which was probably attributable to the extracellular polymeric substances proteins released from the biomass attached to the membrane. While the total filtration resistance of the PTFE membrane was influenced by a higher surface roughness, those of the PETE and PCTE membranes, which had a similar and lower roughness, were affected by the initial operating flux.     

Use of chemical coagulants to control fouling potential for wastewater membrane bioreactor processes.

Chemical coagulation with ferric chloride, alum, and an organic polymer were used to control the fouling potential of mixed liquors for submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR) processes in treating municipal wastewater. Their filterability was evaluated using a submerged hollow fiber ultrafiltration apparatus operated in constant permeate flux mode. The collected transmembrane pressures over filtration time were used to calculate the membrane fouling rates. The results showed that coagulation pretreatment can reduce fouling rates when MBRs were operated above the critical flux. Even though coagulation with the organic polymer formed larger mixed liquor suspended solids particles and had shorter time-to-filtration than those with ferric chloride and alum, the filterability for membrane filtration were similar, indicating that the membrane fouling in MBR systems was mainly controlled by the concentration of smaller colloidal particles.     

Aerobic and anaerobic membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewater treatment.

An aerobic bioreactor and an anaerobic bioreactor, each coupled with a microfiltration membrane filter (MBR), were operated at different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) with primary effluent from the City of Elmhurst, Illinois, municipal-wastewater-treatment plant. The soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal performance of the anaerobic MBR system was similar to that of the aerobic MBR under the same operational conditions, without the added cost of aeration. The results indicated that the solids deposition rate on the membrane surface was lower in the case of anaerobic MBR compared to the aerobic MBR, indicating possible lower loss in water-flux rates. This research found that an anaerobic MBR is a feasible and economical option for municipal-wastewater-treatment plants seeking COD removal by a biological process followed by a separate nitrification and denitrification system.     

机械清洗法对MBR膜泥饼层的影响

膜污染是制约MBR发展的瓶颈。考察投加ABS颗粒对MBR膜组件上膜泥饼层的影响,并设对照实验。结果表明,对照MBR膜通量下降速度快,膜污染严重,膜表面上累积厚厚的泥饼层,而在ABS MBR中膜通量下降速度则缓慢的多,且膜上泥饼层积累量则明显少于对照MBR;曝气量越大,颗粒运行的速度也越快,泥饼层被撞落量也越多;颗粒以碰撞角度为45°冲刷膜的情况下,泥饼层掉落效果明显增加;泥饼层包裹的膜丝根数越多,泥饼层的静摩擦力和保持泥饼层不被破坏的力也越大,泥饼层就越难被冲刷掉。SEM照片显示,ABS MBR的膜孔堵塞要严重于对照MBR,表面的褶皱要较对照MBR多。