基于地震动参数的大型储罐潜在危险性评估方法研究

建设项目安全条件分析中有关自然条件影响分析内容通常采取定性方法加以研究。以地震对大型储罐造成的潜在危险性评估为研究对象,从地震动作用下储罐结构动力响应及破坏特征入手,详细介绍了美国联邦应急管理署(FEMA)开发的HAZUS-MH中的震害危险评估框架及理论模型。重点阐述了地震反应谱、承灾体脆弱性曲线、能力曲线以及需求曲线在危险性评估过程的应用及参数设定。以某大型低温液化气储罐为例,定量计算了地震潜在破坏程度及概率,借此说明该震害危险性评估框架和方法对我国安全评价工作的借鉴意义。     

多米诺效应下化工储罐区的脆弱性分析

为有效地减少和控制事故的多米诺效应,对影响事故扩展的关键装置,即脆弱单元的辨识及其有效控制措施进行了研究。根据具体的设计方案,依次选定不同储罐作为初始事故单元,借助ALOHA软件计算各储罐之间热辐射及冲击波相互作用强度的大小,与损伤阈值进行比较,并考虑设备间的协同作用,从而确定可能发生的多米诺事故;运用Probit模型计算事故扩展概率,根据计算结果通过Bayes Server软件建立贝叶斯网络,利用先验概率来进行整体脆弱性分析,从而确定各个方案的安全性;对优选的方案通过后验概率进行单元脆弱性分析,从而确定脆弱单元;在此基础上提出相应的控制措施。通过实例计算验证了该方法的可行性,结果表明,该方法能够在多米诺效应的预防和控制方面有效发挥作用。     

地震诱发储罐火灾多米诺效应的动态定量风险评估方法研究

为评估地震对化工储罐区可能造成的火灾多米诺效应的风险，提出了一种基于蒙特卡洛模拟和矩阵计算的动态风险评估方法。该方法考虑了时空演化过程的不确定性和协同效应，可用于多个储罐着火的主要事件场景和高级别多米诺传播的复杂情况，能够得到可能发生的主要事件场景及其发生概率、储罐群全过程失效概率、特定主要事件场景演化细节，进而指导制定更具针对性的应急管理措施。通过案例分析了不同地震和储罐条件，以及多米诺级别对储罐群多米诺失效概率的影响，验证了该方法的有效性，该方法可为多米诺效应的风险应急管理提供理论依据。     

泥石流冲击下立式储罐失效概率分析

为评估泥石流引发的Natech事故风险,定量分析泥石流冲击对立式储罐的影响,首先建立泥石流作用下储罐的力学简化模型,将泥石流作用下储罐破坏模式分为弯曲破坏、罐体失稳、储罐浮离及储罐滑移;然后基于该分类,分别构建4组极限状态方程;其次基于贝叶斯网络和可靠性理论,建立储罐失效概率计算方法;最后,利用该方法分析计算某事故场景。结果表明:该事故场景下储罐失效概率为81.19%;在泥石流多发区,适当提高储罐充装率及降低大型储罐高径比可有效防控该类事故。     

基于贝叶斯分析的储罐失效概率修正方法研究

为了确定大型地上常压储罐的失效概率,分析了储罐失效数据特点。针对当前风险评价中大型地上常压储罐失效概率并没有以大型地上常压储罐失效样本为基础的情况,提出了用贝叶斯分析方法修正其基本失效概率,并以国外统计数据为样本,采用贝叶斯分析方法对12组储罐的失效概率进行了修正。结果表明:1贝叶斯分析方法以同类失效数据为历史数据估计了先验分布参数,失效数据变异系数变小,降低了失效数据的不确定性;2贝叶斯分析方法修正后失效概率均值更加集中,更新后失效概率有一定程度的提高,中间个别年份失效概率较高,总体上失效概率逐年降低;因此,实际应用中可根据储罐新旧情况选择合适的失效概率值。     

钢制卧式储罐被洪水破坏概率分析

为研究钢制卧式储罐的洪水破坏概率和泄漏频率,基于洪水作用下储罐的荷载分析,构建储罐机械破坏简化模型,获得了卧式储罐失效曲线;利用简化模型建立147种钢制卧式储罐的洪水破坏失效数据库,获得了储罐临界装量系数与洪水深度的拟合关系式;以洪水流速和临界装量系数为参数,建立卧式储罐破坏概率和危险物质泄漏频率快速计算模型。结果表明:储罐失效曲线是安全区和失效区的分界线;临界装量系数与洪水深度满足线性关系,系数由储罐外形特征参数确定;用破坏概率和泄漏频率,可定量表征卧式储罐的洪水灾害风险。     

化工园区储罐多米诺效应的脆弱性评估

为减少化工园储罐区多米诺效应发生概率,找出最容易发生多米诺效应、且对事故影响最大的储罐,评估各储罐的脆弱性等级。首先基于不同领域脆弱性的内涵和多米诺效应的特点,提出多米诺效应情况下储罐脆弱性的定义;然后利用熵权物元可拓模型和风险矩阵法的客观性,并结合复杂网络模型和逼近理想排序法(TOPSIS)模型评估事故网络节点重要度,从初始事故的可能性与传播影响力2个方面,构建多米诺效应下储罐脆弱性分级评估模型;最后应用该模型评估某化工园储罐区各罐体脆弱性等级,并将结果与贝叶斯方法的评估结果对比。结果表明:该模型考虑了储罐自身属性及影响扩展范围,得到的脆弱性分级结果更准确。     

储罐区火灾引发多米诺效应的概率分析方法

石化工业储罐区储存大量易燃物质,储罐发生火灾可能对邻近储罐造成影响,引发严重的多米诺事故。火灾发生后的应急响应会对事故发展造成影响,并影响多米诺效应的发生概率。结合Probit分析方法和我国火灾应急响应统计数据,建立了储罐区火灾引发多米诺效应的概率分析模型,并以汽油储罐火灾为例,分析了多米诺效应的概率。     

大型原油储罐火灾多米诺效应概率计算模型及应用

随着油品储罐区规模的不断扩大,近年来多储罐火灾事故呈上升趋势。现有的储罐防火间距是在以往事故经验的基础上设定的,通过罐组内的火灾多米诺效应概率计算,可从风险的角度为罐组内储罐防火间距的设定提供理论依据。通过综合考虑火灾环境下受辐射储罐失效时间和着火储罐火灾得到控制时间,确定了罐组内火灾多米诺效应的判定原则,并在火灾得到控制时间模型和储罐失效时间模型的基础上建立了火灾多米诺效应概率计算模型。以2万立外浮顶原油储罐为例进行模拟计算,得出在现行标准给出的防火间距下,发生罐组火灾多米诺效应的概率为3.94×10-8/a-1,属于可接受风险,为罐组内储罐的合理布局提供了理论依据。     

火灾爆炸事故多米诺效应耦合模型研究

为了评估火灾爆炸事故中相邻储罐由于多米诺效应而引发二次事故的风险,提出了基于热辐射、冲击波超压以及碎片冲击等三种物理效应共同作用下的事故多米诺效应耦合分析模型.模型采用概率组合方法计算事故影响区域内目标对象发生二次事故的最可能组合及概率.研究表明,火灾爆炸事故多米诺效应的产生受到多种因素影响,其中平面布局、防火间距是影响二次事故发生的主要因素.在计算设施失效概率的过程中,考虑了热辐射、爆炸冲击波以及碎片冲击三种物理效应的耦合作用效果,采用影响系数法对二次事故的可能单元组合加以研究.最后,以一储罐区蒸气云爆炸事故为例对可能发生的二次事故进行了模拟,得到了相邻储罐二次事故的单元组合及概率.     

Scenario deduction of Natech accident based on dynamic Bayesian network: A case study of landslide accident in a liquor storage tank area in Guizhou Province,China

Industrial technical accidents caused by natural disasters are defined as Natech accidents, such as earthquakes and landslides, which can cause tremendous damage to industrial storage tanks, and lead to accidental leakage and even serious fire and explosion accidents. In this study, a landslide-induced storage tank accident model under earthquake disasters was proposed, and the relationship between landslide mass impact and target impact resistance was taken into account. Also, tank failure and the formation of the pool fire were considered to be the consequences of the Natech accident. Through scenario deduction, the dynamic process of landslide Natech was transformed qualitatively into a disaster chain network diagram composed of a scenario state, a disaster-causing factor and emergency management. The Bayesian network was used to learn and deduce the parameters of the network diagram, and in this process, the prior probability and conditional probability of nodes were obtained primarily by Monte Carlo simulation, and by an improved expert scoring method based on the fuzzy set theory. Through visualization software, the sensitivity analysis of landslide Natech was achieved. Finally, a case study of a liquor storage tank area in Guizhou Province, China was carried out, and the results show that a large amount of hazardous material leakage caused by buckling is key to the formation of pool fire accidents, and several prevention measures for earthquake-induced landslide Natech was proposed according to the sensitivity analysis.     

Seismic risk assessment of storage tanks in Turkish industrial facilities

In 1999, two earthquakes in northwest Turkey caused heavy damage to a large number of industrial facilities. This region is the most industrialized in the country, and heavy damage has a significant economic influence. Industrial storage tanks, ruptured by earthquakes, exascerbate damage through the spread of fire. Storage tanks are uniquely structured, tall cylindrical vessels, some supported by relatively short reinforced concrete columns. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the earthquake performance of Turkish industrial facilities, especially storage tanks in terms of earthquake resistance. Modeling a typical storage tank of an industrial facility helps to understand the structure’s seismic response. A model tank structure was modelled as a solid with lumped mass and spring systems. Performance estimation was done with 40 different earthquake data through nonlinear time history analyses. After the time history analyses, fragility analyses produced probabilistic seismic assessment for the tank model. For the model structure, analysis results were evaluated and compared. In the study, vulnerability of storage tanks in Turkey was determined and the probabilistic risk was defined with the results of the analysis.     

框架剪力墙结构抗震动力性能与抗侧向倒塌能力研究

为了探讨框架剪力墙结构的抗震动力性能和抗倒塌能力,针对一典型的20层钢筋混凝土框架剪力墙结构展开研究。首先,利用静力弹塑性方法对结构进行推覆分析,得到多遇、设防、罕遇地震下的性能点处相关参数;然后,选定合适的地震动记录和损伤指标,利用增量动力分析方法研究结构的地震反应和抗倒塌能力。结果表明:在小震和大震作用下,结构的层间位移角均满足规范限值要求,Collapse塑性铰主要出现在结构底层,可以实现大震不倒;随着楼层的增加,结构的层间剪力逐渐减小,有个别地震动记录在15层左右剪力会突然增大;结构50%倒塌概率对应的地震加速度为2.41 g,说明该结构的抗倒塌能力较强。     

储罐爆炸碎片最可能抛射距离的Monte-Carlo(蒙特卡罗)数值模拟

在总结前人工作的基础上,推导了储罐爆炸碎片抛射距离的理论计算公式,并给出具体的计算方法;分析了计算参数的不确定性,同时介绍用Monte-Carlo方法模拟高压储罐爆炸时碎片抛射距离的算法;在数值模拟结果的基础上,计算了碎片抛射距离的分布函数和概率密度函数,引入最可能抛射距离的概念,并指出可以用此来确定碎片抛射的危害范围。该方法对于定量评价储罐爆炸碎片危害性,减缓和控制碎片产生的风险,具有重要的意义。     

Multi-hazard failure assessment of atmospheric storage tanks during hurricanes

Hurricane as one of the most destructive natural hazards can make a devastating impact on the industrial equipment, especially atmospheric storage tanks, leading to the release of stored chemicals and disastrous safety and environmental issues. These catastrophic consequences are caused not only by strong winds but also by the torrential rainfall and inundating floods. The objective of this study is to present a risk-based methodology for assessing and reducing the vulnerability of atmospheric storage tanks to hurricanes. Considering the shell buckling, flotation, sliding, and roof sinking as dominant failure modes of atmospheric storage tanks during hurricanes, Bayesian network (BN) has been employed to combine the failure modes while considering their conditional dependencies. The probability updating feature of the developed BN was employed to indicate that the flood is the most critical hazard during hurricanes while the impact of wind and rainfall cannot be neglected. Extending the developed BN to an influence diagram, the cost-benefit filling of storage tanks with water prior to the advent of hurricanes was shown as a viable measure for reducing the damage probability. The results show that the proposed methodology can be used as an effective decision support tool for assessing and reducing the vulnerability of atmospheric storage tanks to natural hazards.     

尾矿库溃坝离心机振动模型试验研究

为研究强震作用下尾矿库溃坝动力反应及溃坝演化规律,在清华大学离心机上进行尾矿库溃坝自重加载条件下离心振动模型试验。试验采用离心场图像采集系统、非接触位移测量系统及动态注水系统,采用Kobe波作为地震输入,测量模型加速度、孔隙压力、面板应力变形、坝体位移及其发展变化过程。试验结果表明:地震输入条件下的模型加速度近似均匀分布,尾矿库浸润线的位置随着水位的升高而逐渐上升,孔隙压力增大使得尾矿库坝体强度降低,但在水平地震下,仍能保持稳定。在蓄水过程中,尾矿库坝体产生明显的变形,出现了局部滑坡,但在地震作用下产生的变形较小,并且应变反应波形较为一致,表明尾矿库结构模型地震反应的整体性较好,具有良好的抗震稳定性。     

化工储罐间距和体积对爆炸碎片多米诺效应概率的影响

化工储罐爆炸后将产生大量碎片,这些抛射碎片一旦击中相邻罐体容易引发多米诺效应。碎片的抛射方位和抛射距离具有很大的随机性,已有研究多采用概率模型来描述碎片抛射的各分过程。通过总结和发展已有的分过程模型,建立了求取多米诺效应的综合概率模型,并基于蒙特卡罗算法编制了模拟软件,可对化工储罐多米诺效应的发生概率进行预测计算。选取若干常用化工球罐为相邻目标储罐进行实例分析,计算结果表明储罐间距和体积是影响多米诺效应发生概率的两个重要影响因素：随着距离的增大,多米诺效应发生概率不断减小;目标储罐体积越大,多米诺效应发生概率将越大。其中,爆炸碎片对目标储罐的击中概率受上述因素的影响程度更大。该文工作对化工储罐区的安全评价具有一定的参考价值。     

Assessment of the seismic effect of insulation on extra-large cryogenic liquid natural gas storage tanks

Insulation is typically used in extra-large double-walled cryogenic storage tanks that are used to store liquid natural gas (LNG). These vessels have been designed with the assumption that the insulation offers negligible structural resistance that might cause structural damage. Observation of the deformation of the insulation in such tanks leads to concern that the insulation may become sufficiently compacted to cause significant load transfer between the inner and outer tank. The inner tank, though protected from most external events by the outer tank, is only designed to contain the liquid gas. It is therefore much more sensitive to seismic effects. In this investigation, simplified and 3D finite element models are used to simulate the interaction effects of the fluid, inner tank, insulation and outer tank. This paper presents an initial analysis of the potential effects of LNG tank insulation under earthquake conditions and assesses the potential for structural damage by comparison of models that do or do not consider the insulation layer. The data reported and statistically sorted include the overturning moment, the base shear, the tank wall stress, and the wave height in the tank. The results show that the insulation layer has certain influence on seismic design of LNG tanks.     

基于疲劳累积破坏机制的储罐结构动力可靠度分析

针对随机风载荷作用下储罐结构动力可靠性问题，以300 m3的中小型立式低温储罐为研究对象，利用AR模型进行数值模拟得到风载荷的脉动风速时程与脉动功率谱密度函数。采用ANSYS建立储罐三维有限元模型，并对储罐进行动力学分析，计算出储罐结构的随机响应，进而求出随机风载荷作用下储罐结构动力可靠性所需全部数字特征，最后利用疲劳累积损伤机制计算得到储罐的动力可靠度。结果表明:假设结构强度不随时间退化，前5 a动力可靠度基本保持不变，随着使用年限的延长，动力可靠度下降速度明显增大。研究方法可为储罐的动力可靠性及寿命预测提供一定的理论依据。