数学模型在合成微生物群落构建中的应用

微生物在自然环境中分布广泛、多样性高,作为群落成员发挥着重要的生态系统功能.然而,自然微生物群落的组成和相互作用极其复杂,简单可控的合成微生物群落更易于研究微生物群落多样性与生态系统功能的关系及其相互作用机制等关键微生物生态学问题.将数学模型应用于合成微生物群落是目前合成微生物生态学研究的重要手段,有助于理解微生物群落的动态演替和生态学原理.本文综述构建合成微生物群落的数学模型,分别描述微生物个体、种群和基因组水平构建模型的基本原理和优缺点及其在合成微生物群落构建中的应用最新进展,并讨论集成微生物个体、种群与基因组水平的建模方法,指出通过"设计—构建—分析—学习"的循环能更好地实现数学模型在合成微生物群落构建中的应用,推动合成微生物生态学的研究.同时,介绍合成微生物群落在工业技术、环境修复、人类健康等方面的应用,展望数学模型在合成微生物群落构建中应用的发展方向与应用前景.未来应从完善实验数据和模型算法以及两者更好地结合等方面入手,提高数学模型在微生物群落构建中的预测性、适用性与通用性,并将这些模型应用于合成微生物生态学和微生物组工程,为相关生物技术提供理论指导,促进生物经济的发展.(图1表1参95)     

低碳条件下土壤微生物量磷对加入无机磷的响应

土壤微生物量磷是土壤有效磷的“源”和“库”,其变化幅度很大,受多种因素影响。采用室内培养的方法,向土壤中加入不同量KH2PO4,分析在土壤有机碳供应不充足条件下土壤微生物量磷对外加无机磷的响应,探讨影响土壤微生物量磷的因素,为提高土壤磷素有效性提供理论依据。结果表明,在土壤有机碳供应不充足的条件下,加入的无机磷对土壤微生物量碳无明显影响,但可显著增加土壤微生物量磷和微生物含磷量,随着无机磷加入量的增加,土壤微生物量磷和微生物含磷量增加幅度增加。土壤微生物量磷及微生物含磷量与土壤有效磷之间成显著直线相关,土壤有效磷每提高1个单位,土壤微生物量磷增加0.22个单位,土壤微生物含磷量增加0.73个单位。     

土壤微生物生态学研究方法进展

土壤微生物研究方法经历了微生物纯培养、土壤酶活性(BIOLOG微平板分析)、微生物库(如微生物生物量)和流(C和N循环)、微生物生物标记物(FAMEs)、微生物分子生物学技术(从土壤中提取DNA,进行PCR-DGGE、PCR-SSCP、RLFP分析等),揭示了土壤微生物群落丰富的多样性和生态功能;现代生物技术和传统微生物研究方法的配合将为土壤微生物学研究提供较好的前景。     

长期有机无机肥配合施用土壤中添加不同肥料养分后土壤微生物短期变化

为了阐明改变肥料养分投入后土壤微生物特性的短期变化,采集长期定位有机无机肥配施的红壤水稻土,通过室内培育试验,观测添加不同肥料养分后土壤微生物生物量碳及BIOLOG群落功能多样性的变化.结果表明,长期有机无机肥配施土壤中添加无机肥料养分短期内( 185 d)降低了15％～22％的微生物生物量碳含量和55.6％的微生物群落平均光密度；添加有机肥料养分短期内提高了8％～42％的微生物生物量碳含量和992％的微生物群落平均光密度；而不添加肥料养分短期内提高了501％的微生物群落平均光密度,降低了微生物群落均一性,但对微生物生物量碳含量影响不大.此外,添加不同肥料养分均改变了土壤微生物群落碳源代谢模式.长期配施有机无机肥土壤中添加不同肥料养分后土壤微生物生态特征发生明显变化,其差异体现在微生物生物量碳与微生物碳源利用特性的变化上.     

嗜酸微生物生态学与矿物生物浸出技术

综述了嗜酸微生物存在的环境、生态结构和微生物多样性,以及温度、氧对嗜酸微生物的影响.总结了嗜酸微生物群落间存在竞争、捕食、共生、合作等相互作用关系,这对理解矿物的生物浸出具有重要意义.目前对嗜酸微生物生态学的理解主要基于传统的纯菌培养分离技术,但是分子生物学技术的发展提供了更科学的研究手段,将纯菌培养分离技术和分子生物学技术相结合是研究嗜酸微生物生态的有效方法.认为理解嗜酸微生物生态学规律,将有利于开发新的微生物矿物加工技术,我国有必要加强浸矿微生物生态学的研究.表1参24     

微生物资源的开发利用与农业可持续发展

对微生物资源在农业可持续发展中的作用及其合理开发利用进行了阐述和总结。认为微生物作为一种宝贵的资源,它与农业可持续发展的关系十分密切,它在土壤肥力的提高与保持、营养元素的转化、环境净化与生态系统的平衡等方面起着极其重要的作用。因此,加强以微生物肥料、微生物农药、微生物食品、微生物饲料、环境激素和环境工程微生物等为核心的农业清洁生产技术的研究与开发利用将具有广阔的应用前景。微生物农业即所谓的"白色农业"将成为未来农业可持续发展的重要方向之一。     

土默川平原不同盐渍化程度土壤微生物生态特征研究

为了探究土壤微生物对不同盐渍化程度土壤质量的响应,以土默川平原盐渍化土壤为研究对象,采用平板稀释法和氯仿熏蒸法分析了土默川平原不同盐渍化程度土壤微生物区系、结构组成、微生物生物量碳及微生物熵的季节动态特征。结果表明:土默川平原土壤微生物总量较少,变化范围在2.89×105～38.77×106个g-1干土之间,其中细菌占绝对优势,占微生物总数的93.14%～99.53%。随着盐渍化程度的加重,土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量及微生物总数呈显著下降的趋势,其中细菌数量在轻度、中度、重度盐渍化程度下的比值为1∶0.83∶0.60,真菌为1∶0.70∶0.30,放线菌为1∶0.66∶0.56,微生物总数为1∶0.84∶0.61;除真菌外,不同盐渍化程度土壤细菌、放线菌及微生物总数呈极显著的季节性变化。土壤种群数量占微生物总数的比例大小为细菌>放线菌>真菌。不同盐渍化程度土壤微生物量碳和微生物熵表现为:轻度盐渍化>中度盐渍化>重度盐渍化;不同盐渍化程度土壤微生物生物量碳和微生物熵的季节动态呈单峰上凸式曲线变化,在8月份达最高值,其值为0.15 g kg-1、3.44%。因此,土默川平原不同盐渍化程度土壤微生物区系特征差异显著,土壤盐分含量是影响该地区微生物生长的主要因素。     

重金属污染对土壤微生物生态特征的影响研究进展

土壤中微生物对重金属胁迫的敏感程度大于动物和植物,因此,可以利用土壤微生物生态特征的变化来预测土壤环境质量的变化,将其作为评估土壤污染状况的重要指标。论文归纳了重金属污染对土壤微生物的影响及作用机制的研究现状,主要从微生物生物量、微生物群落结构/功能和多样性、微生物耐性基因/蛋白质和代谢能力、土壤呼吸强度和酶活性等几个方面进行了评述。研究表明,重金属污染对土壤微生物生态特征的影响结果存在差异,有促进作用、抑制作用或无明显影响。这是由于土壤微生物体系比较复杂、重金属种类和浓度以及土壤理化性质的差异引起的。近年来,分子生物学的快速发展,使重金属污染胁迫与土壤微生物生态特征变化的关系的研究不断取得新的进展,尤其是在对微生物群落的功能基因、蛋白质及相关代谢途径的影响方面。然而,由于重金属污染与土壤微生物之间关系十分复杂,对其影响因素进行综合并定量化分析是明确重金属对土壤微生物生态特性的影响及相关机理的关键。另外,还需加强分子生物学新技术的应用,明确微生物种群对重金属胁迫的响应机制。重点开展重金属剂量及暴露时间对土壤微生物生态特征的影响研究,并在此基础上确定重金属对土壤微生物的毒害浓度临界值,针对不同的土壤类型和重金属种类建立相应的微生物评价指标体系,以期为评估土壤的重金属污染状况和治理修复提供理论依据。     

铜对砖红壤性水稻土微生物影响的初步研究

添加铜对砖红壤性水稻土微生物群体数量影响的盆栽试验研究表明,添加铜浓度与土壤微生物数量之间的关系未能呈现良好的相关性,微生物的变化晚季比早季稳定,建议以晚季微生物受抑制的添加浓度125mg kg~(-1)做为土壤微生物的毒性临界浓度。     

不同配气条件下微生物驱油生长代谢规律

氧气是影响油藏内源微生物生长代谢及驱油效果的关键因素.通过理论计算得出微生物生长代谢过程中对氧气的需要量,设计不同配气比实验,利用测定氧化还原电位的方法分析配气量对微生物生长代谢变化过程的影响,通过分子生物学高通量测序方法解析不同配气条件下微生物群落结构特征.结果表明不同液气比条件下微生物群落结构组成存在差异,但随着培养时间的增加(30 d),氧气逐渐消耗,微生物群落趋向一致,微生物群落中主要存在6种驱油功能菌,其比例占到了所有种群的70%以上.物模驱油实验得出液气比为1:5时不同种类的微生物能形成彼此相互稳定的微生物群落构成,驱替效率最高11.08%.本研究明确了微生物驱油过程中适合的氧气配比,可为微生物驱油现场实施配气工艺参数的确定提供理论和数据支撑.     

微生物传感器快速测定BOD标准方法的技术说明

国家环保总局颁布了微生物传感器快速测定生化需氧量（BOD）的标准方法。文章主要就标准中起草过程、主要技术指标、适用范围、干扰物质、样品贮存等主要内容及实验结果加以说明。     

Biodegradation of wastewater of Najafgarh drain,Delhi using autochthonous microbial consortia : a laboratory study

There are seventeen drains, which discharge their untreated urban and industrial wastewaters into the Delhi segment of river Yamuna. The Najafgarh drain is the first and the largest drain, and it alone contributes 1667.84 mld i.e. 60% of the total wastewater discharge into the river Yamuna and as such add 81.36 tons of BOD load per day. As per the available data approximately 95% of the wastewater of this drain is biodegradable. In the present study, an attempt has been made to reduce the BOD load and COD levels of wastewater of Najafgarh drain using autochthonous microbial consortium. During this study the raw wastewater samples were treated for 6 h time interval with different concentration of consortium. It was observed that by increasing the existing microbial population in the wastewater sample by 150-200% there is a significant decrease in BOD and COD levels. Finally, BOD/COD ratios before and after biotreatment have been analyzed to assess the efficacy of the natural consortium.     

部分取代苯类在江水中的生物降解与结构相关性研究

测定了２７种取代苯类化合物在松花江江水中的生物降解性．采用量子化学ＭＯＰＡＣ６．０－ＡＭ１法计算了化合物的分子量(ＭＷ)、生成热(Ｈｆ)、分子总表面积(ＴＳＡ)及最高占有轨道能(ＥＨＯＭＯ),结合辛醇/水分配系数ｌｇｐ及酸解离常数ｐＫａ对其中２２种化合物的ＢＯＤ值进行多元线性回归分析,得到如下模型:ＢＯＤ＝１０５．７３－０．４３９ＭＷ－０．０７６Ｈｆ－６．６６０ｌｇＰｎ＝２２,Ｒ２＝０．８２１,ＳＥ＝８．２５０,Ｆ＝２７．５６,Ｐ＝０．０００应用所得模型对其余５个化合物的生物降解性进行了预测．只有一个化合物的相对预测误差大于２０%,为２０．８%．平均预测误差为１２．４%．     

河流中的BOD模型及其应用

本文将入流点源或主要支流作为一条新河段 并将分布水源的影响范围视为整条河流,既可避免S—P方程无法反映沿河污染排放态的缺陷.又可解决BOD修正模型计算繁杂的缺陷.建立在此基础上的各种BOD分布模型,具有较好的回归性和可操作性,反映了有机物随时间和空间的迁移转化.这些模式的提出,可为评价和选择污染物控制方案,制订排放标准,提供一个定量的科学依展     

Estimation of fecal Coliform removal from domestic sewage in two sand filter column systems

The objective of the present research is to compare fecal coliform removal from two different sand column systems treating septic tank effluent over a range of hydraulic loading rates. Drain time measurements were performed to compare the hydraulic characteristic of the column systems at different hydraulic loading rates. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), and pH were also measured for the septic tank effluent. A removal of the order of 99% for fecal coliform, TSS, and BOD in column effluent was achieved using the sand filter columns. The ‘break‐in’ period for determining the effectiveness of the sand filter columns is also discussed.     

Acid mine-drainage toxicity testing

The BOD inhibition test, the activated sludge respiration inhibition test, and the Microtox® Bioassay procedure were examined for their potential as rapid toxicity screening methods for acid mine drainage (AMD) and for setting toxicity threshold levels in receiving waters. The BOD inhibition test proved to be unsuitable due to the high chemical oxygen demand of the toxicant. The long incubation time (minimum 5 d at 20°C) allowed growth of chemo-autotrophic bacteria and resulted in excessive flocculation and precipitation of metals, making accurate and meaningful measurements of inhibition impossible. The activated sludge respiration inhibition test was successful in measuring AMD toxicity, and for deriving toxicity threshold levels for the basic heterotrophic community in surface waters. However, it is a very time-consuming technique and is not sensitive enough to be used as a routine screening technique. The variability in toxicity was found to be due to the availability of metals as well as the effect of pH on metabolism. Simple linear models were derived to estimate inhibition within surface waters. Prediction of the inhibition caused by AMD can be made as long as the pH of the river water after mixing and the dilution of the AMD are known. Most accurate predictions are made using equations for specific pH ranges, but a useful estimation of inhibition can be obtained using the general equation: inhibition (%) = -2.34 pH + 6.41 AMD (%) + 22.1. The Microtox® Bioassay method, although expensive, was rapid and simple to use. It was the most sensitive test of the three, with the toxic response of marine bacteria increasing notably from 5 to 15 min due to the presence of bivalent metals in the toxicant. The problem of repeatability and reproducibility encountered with the activated sludge inhibition test was overcome with the highly standardised Microtox® method, making it an ideal screening method for AMD. However, the advantage of the activated sludge inhibition test is that the types of heterotrophic micro-organisms found in activated sludge are similar to those found in receiving waters such as the Avoca River and so more meaningful toxicity threshold values can be obtained.     

餐饮业废水的COD与BOD相关性研究

本文对中国轻纺城较大宾馆的废水进行了ＣＯＤ和ＢＯＤ的测定，对两者相关性进行了研究，对其回归方程作了方差分分析及相关系数的显著性检验。回归方程的确立，对餐饮业的环境监测分析，环境管理具有实际意义。     

厌氧-膜生物反应器处理垃圾渗滤液中多环芳烃的研究

采用固相萃取前处理和气相色谱／质谱联用的方法,分析厌氧．膜生物反应器处理垃圾渗滤液中多环芳烃的去除效果．结果表明,对多环芳烃的总去除效率超过80％;大部分三环、四环和五环的芳烃可在处理过程中被厌氧降解．多环芳烃的主要降解反应发生在厌氧滤池工艺段,然而SCOD(溶解性化学耗氧量),BOD和TOC的主要去除工艺段则是膜生物反应器．     

Methane Production in River and Lake Sediments in Taiwan

To investigate the relationship between methane production in the sediments and pollution of the river and lake, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the water sample, organic matter content and methane production of the sediment were measured. Experimental results indicated that BOD, COD and organic matter contents were low in Bei-tan Lake, the I-lan River and reservoirs; and methane production of these sediments ranged from 0.24 to 1.06 mg L- 1. However, BOD, COD and organic matter contents were high in the Hsin-dan River, Keelung River, drainage river of Taoyuan County, park pond and fishery pond. Methane production of these sediments was between 11.75 and 54.54 mg L-1. Sediments of drain river and fishery pond had high methane production, at 25.41 to 54.54 mg methane L. Methane production of sediments had a good correlation with BOD, COD and organic matter contents. Methane production was proportional to the increment in incubation temperature from 12 to 40C.     

Microbial decolourisation of pulp and paper mill effluent in presence of nitrogen and phosphorus by activated sludge process

The effect of pH, nutrient and aeration was studied on the removal of colour and reduction of BOD, COD and heavy metals with addition of readily available source of nitrogen and phosphorus in concentration of 1.0 g/L. Recalcitrant compound was effectively degraded by active microbial consortia. The isolated bacteria were identified as Pseudomonas putida (S1), Citrobacter sp. (S4) and Enterobacter sp. (S5). These organisms not only decolourised effluent upto 97% but reduced BOD, COD, phenolics and sulfide upto 96.63, 96.80, 96.92 and 96.67% respectively within 24 hrs of aeration and the heavy metals were removed upto 82-99.80%. The TSS and TDS were sharply reduced due to degradation. The absorption maxima was also decreased to 90%. However, in control without the microbial consortium no noticeable change was produced.