分散剂在溢油污染控制中的应用

使用分散剂来控制海上溢油污染是常用的应急措施之一。本文介绍了油分散剂的发展历史、作用机理及其优越性，列出了分散剂用于溢油污染控制的实例。针对分散剂使用中存在的问题，指出施加分散剂时应综合考虑多种因素，并做环境风险评价。最后根据我国的实际情况，提出应加强与分散剂有关的科学研究。     

应用分散剂控制水面溢油污染的环境影响分析及建议

喷洒分散剂是一种广泛采用的水面事故性溢油应急措施.在分析了分散剂分散效果及其影响因素、分散剂的毒性及其生态环境影响、不同国家对于分散剂的使用及管理规定和中国关于分散剂的研究与使用管理现状的基础上,提出了中国分散剂研究与使用管理建议,主要包括:(1)建立国家级分散剂重点实验室,深入分散剂生态毒理学和迁移转归研究以及新型分散剂开发研究,提高中国在此研究领域的国际地位;(2)修订或建立中国分散剂分析、检验和使用相关标准;(3)建议海事和水运交通管理部门进行所辖区域溢油应急措施的风险评估,并加强对溢油应急事故处理中分散剂使用的授权和管理.     

不同类型海岸的溢油清理方法

世界石油资源分布和需求的不均衡性,促进了海上石油工业和石油运输业的快速发展,同时也增加了溢油事故的几率.海上溢油污染问题日趋严重,溢油污染对海洋环境、生态、资源、经济及人类生产生活等造成了巨大的影响,日益引起社会各界的关注.海岸溢油污染清理实践表明,正确的溢油清理方案的制定应综合考虑海岸的敏感性指数、溢油的类型、清理方法可能带来的危害以及支际可操作程度等.对包括盐沼地海岸和红树林海岸,沉积海岸,以及岩石海岸三类典型海岸的国内外现有海岸溢油污染清理技术进行了详细的综述,以期为我国的海岸带管理和溢油应急计划的制订提供技术参考.     

围油栏在急流溢油应用中存在的问题与应对措施研究

分析了围油栏在急流溢油应用中存在的四种典型问题:溢油逃溢、溢油泄漏、溢油飞溅、围油栏不稳定性,研究讨论了四种相应的围油栏的应对措施,包括围油栏与水流成一定角度布放、围油栏以一定速度相对水流运动、采用急流分流器系统、实行多级重叠布放围油栏、优选围油栏以及围油栏顶部底部设置绳索,为急流条件下溢油污染的防治提供参考与借鉴。     

水域中油污染处理剂主要成分的结构鉴定

近年来,由于海底石油开发装置和输油管的破损以及油轮的偶然溢油事故,引起了海洋、港口的污染,对水产、渔业和人类带来严重危害,引起了世界各国的注意。因此,采取了一系列措施消除污染,使用油处理剂就是其中的一种。油处理剂的作用就是将油分散消失于广阔海域中,并为进一步生物降解提供条件。为此,世界各国都在努力合成和使用     

三维荧光联合气相色谱/质谱快速溢油鉴别技术研究

通过一个具体溢油事例的研究,提出了通过三维荧光联合气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)进行海面溢油鉴别的方法。采用三维荧光指纹信息(谱图形状、荧光特征峰位置、荧光特征峰强度)对14个可疑溢油源样品进行筛选,排除了13个可疑溢油源样品后,再利用GC/MS方法对溢油样品以及剩余可疑溢油源样品中难降解的生物标志化合物(饱和链烷烃、萜烷、甾烷、多环芳烃)进行分析,计算相应的诊断比值并采用"重复性限"方法进行溢油样品和可疑溢油源样品的鉴别分析。结果表明,溢油样品与其中的一个可疑溢油源样品一致,为同一来源;采用三维荧光联合GC/MS进行海面溢油鉴别,既可保证鉴别的准确性,又可大幅度减少检测工作量,缩短鉴定周期。     

基于径向基函数网络的溢油预测模型

为了提高溢油预测的准确性,建立和优化溢油预测模型,提出了基于径向基函数网络模型的溢油预测方法,实现溢油预测功能。径向基函数网络模型解决了模拟预测过程中样本库巨大、函数模型收敛速度慢的问题。通过选择有效的输入参数和样本数据,建立局部逼近网络;通过径向基函数训练样本数据,利用输出值与实际值之间的误差作为约束条件调整权重因子、径向基中心和宽度,加快函数模型的收敛速度。该模型模拟了溢油的漂移、扩散过程,达到预测的目的。利用该模型,建立了溢油预测模块,并针对一次溢油事故进行预测模拟,验证了该模型的可行性,能够为应急决策提供一定的支持。     

海上船舶溢油事故模糊评估与决策分析

随着海洋运输业的高速发展,通航环境日趋复杂,船舶溢油事故风险不断加大,溢油事故对环境的破坏已经引起社会各界的高度关注。以青岛市附近海域为研究对象,采用层次分析法确定水文气象情况、清污情况、油污染情况和溢油地点情况评价指标各因子权重,并通过Arc GIS的Model Builder环境建立自动化数据处理流程对研究区域做出了模糊综合评估,得到了溢油区域的事故危害评估结果,为划定事故区域隔离带、规划清污船只航行路径以及降低海上溢油事故影响提供了指导性的依据。     

污染防治微生物制剂在城市河流污染控制中的应用及其生物安全

简要论述了污染防治微生物制剂的概念和在城市河流污染控制中的应用,并介绍了国外对微生物制剂的风险评估和对污染防治微生物制剂的管理方式,提出了国内应优先开发本土的天然的污染防治微生物制剂的建议,尽快发展中国环境微生物技术.     

糎T] "7.16"大连新港石油管道爆炸事故中的热红外溢油监测

利用有效的监测手段、降低溢油事故的风险是海洋环境保护和社会经济节约的关键问题。"7.16"事故中使用3.0～5.0μm红外热像仪作为机载监测的一种手段,对事故海域进行常规监测,识别海面油膜,利用热红外油膜厚度模式分析油膜的相对厚度,并且结合其他遥感数据,在GIS系统中绘制每日的事故海域溢油分布图,为清污指挥部门提供决策依据。     

Aquatic toxicity of two Corexit dispersants

The oil spill dispersants, Corexit 9500 and Corexit 9527 have low to moderate toxicity to most aquatic species in laboratory tests. Toxicity estimates are significantly affected by test variables such as species, lifestage, exposure duration, and temperature. Aquatic toxicity data generated from spiked, declining exposures (107 min half-life) are more reflective of actual dispersant use conditions. Decisions to use oil spill response chemicals should not be based solely on aquatic toxicity. Factors to consider include product effectiveness, toxicity of dispersed oil, species/habitats requiring priority protection, and recovery potential of sensitive habitats and populations. An environmental risk assessment approach is recommended where dispersant toxicity data generated under environmentally relevant exposures are compared to estimated environmental concentrations of dispersants.     

The effect of crude oil and oil spill chemicals on nitrogen fixation in the cyanobacteria Nostoc sp

The effects of crude oil and three oil spill dispersants (Corexit 9600, 9550 and 7664) on nitrogenase activity in the cyanobacteria Nostoc sp. were examined. The addition of oil to Nostoc sp. cultures resulted in a catastrophic decline in nitrogenase activity with activity ceasing 7 h after treatment. The addition of a dispersant with the oil did not ameliorate this effect. Cultures exposed to high concentrations of dispersants showed lower rates on nitrogenase activity than untreated cultures. However, it is unlikely that dispersant concentrations of this magnitude would occur in the field. At the lowest concentration tested, which approximates the manufacturer's recommended application rate, the effects of the dispersant appear to be negligible.     

The effect of the oil dispersant Omni-Clean on the toxicity of fuel oil no. 2 in two bioassays with the sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegatus

Bioassays (7-day early life stage and 96 h acute bioassays) were conducted with the sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus, to determine the toxicity of the dispersant Omni-Clean by itself and in combination with fuel oil no. 2. Performance characteristics of both bioassay types were also compared. Bioassays used oil by itself, dispersant by itself, and oil and dispersant in various ratios. Omni-Clean was less toxic than many other dispersants, and had a relatively small effect on individual biomass. Toxicities of the oil/dispersant combinations were generally higher than expected from the toxicities of the oil and dispersant by themselves, indicating a more-than-additive effect on toxicity. The comparison of performance characteristics between the 7-day and the 96-hour bioassays showed that the early life stage test is generally more sensitive, and has the added advantage of an additional and sensitive endpoint (fish biomass).     

Surfactant-based oil dispersant toxicity to developing nauplii of Artemia: effects on ATPase enzymatic system

The paper deals with the toxicity of a surfactant-based oil dispersant to the ATPase activities of two naupliar stages of Artemia (instar I & II). Both instars were exposed to sub-lethal and lethal concentrations derived from acute toxicity data. The chosen concentrations were near to LOECs and NOECs. An eightfold difference indicated between the instars was instar-exposure time dependent. The most prominent effects were the inhibition and the stimulation of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and Mg²⁺-ATPase activities, respectively. The cause of these effects was related to the dispersant components, the surfactants. The pattern stimulation/inhibition of Mg²⁺-ATPase and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activities could be used to indicate toxic stress by surfactant-based oil dispersants since previous studies with other contaminants have shown different ATPase activity patterns.     

A protocol for assessing the effectiveness of oil spill dispersants in stimulating the biodegradation of oil

Dispersants are important tools in oil spill response. Taking advantage of the energy in even small waves, they disperse floating oil slicks into tiny droplets (<70 μm) that entrain in the water column and drift apart so that they do not re-agglomerate to re-form a floating slick. The dramatically increased surface area allows microbial access to much more of the oil, and diffusion and dilution lead to oil concentrations where natural background levels of biologically available oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus are sufficient for microbial growth and oil consumption. Dispersants are only used on substantial spills in relatively deep water (usually >10 m), conditions that are impossible to replicate in the laboratory. To date, laboratory experiments aimed at following the biodegradation of dispersed oil usually show only minimal stimulation of the rate of biodegradation, but principally because the oil in these experiments disperses fairly effectively without dispersant. What is needed is a test protocol that allows comparison between an untreated slick that remains on the water surface during the entire biodegradation study and dispersant-treated oil that remains in the water column as small dispersed oil droplets. We show here that when this is accomplished, the rate of biodegradation is dramatically stimulated by an effective dispersant, Corexit 9500®. Further development of this approach might result in a useful tool for comparing the full benefits of different dispersants.     

Influence of dispersants on bioconcentration factors of seven organic compounds with different lipophilicities and structures

Seven compounds with different lipophilicities and structures—1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, acenaphthylene, 1,4-dimethyl-2-(1-methylphenyl)benzene, 4-ethylbiphenyl, 4,4′-dibromobiphenyl, and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane—were subjected to bioconcentration tests in carp at concentrations below the water solubilities of the compounds in the presence or absence of a dispersant (either an organic solvent or a surfactant). The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of the compounds were on the order of 10²–10⁴. The BCF values remained in the range of 15–49% for all the compounds, whether or not a dispersant was present, i.e., the BCF values in the presence of an organic solvent or a surfactant at a concentration below the critical micelle concentration were not significantly smaller than the BCF values in the absence of the solvent or surfactant. This result indicates that the dispersants had no influence on the evaluation of the bioconcentration potential of these test substances.     

Surfactant-based oil dispersant toxicity to developing nauplii of Artemia: effects on ATPase enzymatic system

The paper deals with the toxicity of a surfactant-based oil dispersant to the ATPase activities of two naupliar stages of Artemia (instar I & II). Both instars were exposed to sub-lethal and lethal concentrations derived from acute toxicity data. The chosen concentrations were near to LOECs and NOECs. An eightfold difference indicated between the instars was instar-exposure time dependent. The most prominent effects were the inhibition and the stimulation of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and Mg²⁺-ATPase activities, respectively. The cause of these effects was related to the dispersant components, the surfactants. The pattern stimulation/inhibition of Mg²⁺-ATPase and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activities could be used to indicate toxic stress by surfactant-based oil dispersants since previous studies with other contaminants have shown different ATPase activity patterns.     

Dispersibility of crude oil in fresh water

The effects of surfactant composition on the ability of chemical dispersants to disperse crude oil in fresh water were investigated. The objective of this research was to determine whether effective fresh water dispersants can be designed in case this technology is ever considered for use in fresh water environments. Previous studies on the chemical dispersion of crude oil in fresh water neither identified the dispersants that were investigated nor described the chemistry of the surfactants used. This information is necessary for developing a more fundamental understanding of chemical dispersion of crude oil at low salinity. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship between surfactant chemistry and dispersion effectiveness. We found that dispersants can be designed to drive an oil slick into the freshwater column with the same efficiency as in salt water as long as the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance is optimum.     

离子液体负载型分子筛的制备及对染料的吸附

为了有效地处理活性黑染料废水,对离子液体负载型分子筛去除水中的活性黑染料进行了研究。首先制备了离子液体负载型吸附材料,分别考察了分散剂种类、离子液体加入量、浸渍时间3种因素对离子液体负载率的影响,确定负载工艺条件为:二氯甲烷作为分散剂、[OMim]BF4离子液体与分子筛质量比1∶2,浸渍时间12 h。其次研究了负载型吸附材料对染料废水的处理效果,考察了吸附材料添加量、溶液pH值、吸附时间对模拟废水活性黑染料去除率的影响,确定吸附工艺条件为:[OMim]BF4离子液体为最佳离子液体、吸附材料添加量0.40 g、pH=6、吸附时间12 h。在此最佳工艺条件下,染料去除率达98.23%。     

Toxicity of dispersant application: Biomarkers responses in gills of juvenile golden grey mullet (Liza aurata)

Dispersant use in nearshore areas is likely to increase the exposure of aquatic organisms to petroleum. To measure the toxicity of this controversial response technique, golden grey mullets (Liza aurata) were exposed to mechanically dispersed oil, chemically dispersed oil, dispersant alone in seawater, water-soluble fraction of oil and to seawater as a control treatment. Several biomarkers were assessed in the gills (enzymatic antioxidant activities, glutathione content, lipid peroxidation) and in the gallbladder (polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolites). The significant differences between chemically dispersed oil and water soluble fraction of oil highlight the environmental risk to disperse an oil slick when containment and recovery can be conducted. The lack of significance between chemically and mechanically dispersed oil suggests that dispersant application is no more toxic than the natural dispersion of the oil slick. The results of this study are of interest in order to establish dispersant use policies in nearshore areas.