预处理-水解酸化-厌氧-好氧工艺对玉米淀粉废水有机污染物的降解

采用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)、三维荧光光谱(EEM)等检测手段分析预处理/水解酸化/厌氧/好氧组合工艺对玉米淀粉废水有机污染物的降解情况。结果表明,竖流沉淀预处理阶段对TOC平均去除率36.7%,废水中主要为芳烃、烷烯烃以及杂环类物质,EEM产生的5个荧光峰均为芳香蛋白类有机物;水解酸化阶段大部分杂环以及芳烃类有机物水解成有机酸和醇类物质,TOC平均去除率22.7%;厌氧阶段TOC平均去除率最高,达到97.8%,废水中以芳烃和烷烯烃为主,荧光峰减少至2个且强度减弱;好氧阶段TOC平均去除率为61.3%,有机物主要为难降解的长链烷烃物质,芳香蛋白类有机物荧光峰全部消失,新生成了与微生物代谢相关的腐殖酸类物质。     

武汉春季大气PM10浓度及有机组成变化特征

采集了武汉春季大气PM10样品,用超声萃取、衍生化、气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)技术分析了其有机组成.结果表明,PM10质量浓度为160.3～296.7 μg/m3,其夜晚浓度大于白天.PM10中有机物浓度总体表现为正烷酸>左旋葡聚糖>正构烷烃>二元酸>甘油酸酯>多环芳烃>甾醇>藿烷和甾烷的特征,夜晚浓度大于白天,工作日(周一至周五)大于周末(周六、周日).武汉大气颗粒有机物(POM)既有来源于植物蜡等自然源的输入,也有交通和食物烹饪等人为源的影响.     

固体废物中挥发性有机物现场快速测定方法及有效性研究

采用便携式顶空/气相色谱—质谱(GC—MS)法与吹扫捕集/GC—MS法对实验室加标固体样品和实际固体废物(以下简称固废)中的挥发性有机物(VOCs)含量进行比对测定,探讨了便携式顶空/GC—MS法现场快速测定固废中VOCs的标准曲线时间有效性。结果表明:采用便携式顶空/GC—MS法测定固体样品中54种VOCs的准确度(以加标回收率计)和精密度分别为70%~123%、4.8%~17.6%,均能满足应急监测分析的要求,其检出限略高于吹扫捕集/GC—MS;其标准曲线在3d内有效性很好,7d后有效性明显下降,14d后需重新做标准曲线进行定量分析。便携式顶空/GC—MS测定固废中的VOCs基体加标回收率为69%~145%,测定结果与吹扫捕集/GC—MS相比,相对偏差小于10%,现场出具的监测数据有效,可为后续固废属性的鉴别和固废的处置提供依据。     

丙烯酸装置废水特征有机污染物及其荧光特性

采用吹扫捕集-气相色谱/质谱法(PT-GC/MS),液液萃取-气相色谱/质谱法(LLE-GC/MS)等方法对丙烯酸装置废水中主要特征有机污染物进行了定性、定量分析,研究了废水和各主要特征污染物的三维荧光特性。结果表明,废水中共检出有机酸、苯系物、酯、醛、醇等24种有机污染物,其中含量较大的有乙酸55.13%,丙烯酸23%,甲醛21.81%,甲苯0.03%,4-羟基-2-丁酮0.02%,丙烯酸甲酯0.01%,正丁醇0.01%。丙烯酸废水中含有3个荧光峰,区域IV内的荧光峰(λex/em=290/355 nm)主要由废水中高浓度的丙烯酸产生,区域V内的2个荧光峰(λex/em=390/495 nm,λex/em=295/480nm)由水中的腐殖质产生。丙烯酸抑制了甲苯、甲醛、乙酸等3种荧光物质对丙烯酸废水荧光强度的贡献。4种荧光物质的荧光基团影响力大小:碳碳双键+羧基苯环羰基羧基。     

GC/MS法测定润滑油基础油中多环芳烃

对润滑油基础油中多环芳烃的气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)测定方法进行了研究,探讨了样品的提取,固相萃取柱净化等前处理方法,同时也对仪器测定条件进行了优化.结果表明,在检测润滑油基础油中多环芳烃时,经优化的GC/MS法的加标回收率和精密度均达到较满意的水平.     

鸡粪堆肥水溶性有机物转化特性研究

采用离子色谱和三维荧光光谱,分别对鸡粪堆肥不同阶段水溶性有机物(DOM)中典型小分子有机酸、磷酸和荧光有机物进行了研究。分析显示,所研究的7种酸(乙酸、琥珀酸、苹果酸、草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸及磷酸)中,苹果酸的含量最高(1 000 mg/L),草酸的浓度最低(3 mg/L),琥珀酸和柠檬酸未检测到。随着堆肥的进行,各种酸的含量先上升而后下降,堆肥结束降至最低;堆肥过程样品所有荧光峰强度之和与COD达到显著相关(R=0.917,P0.05),类蛋白荧光峰强度与总荧光峰强度的比值不断降低,而类富里酸荧光峰强度与总荧光峰强度的比值不断上升。结果表明,堆肥过程小分子有机酸主要出现在堆肥中期;类蛋白荧光强度或类富里酸荧光强度与总荧光强度之比可以有效表征堆肥腐熟过程。     

光谱与呼吸图谱联用判定河流污染状态与自净能力

河流污染状态一般采用化学水质或生物等指标单独描述,目前尚缺少简便易行且可同时从化学与生物角度进行定量描述的指标。针对这一问题,采用三维荧光光谱、紫外吸收光谱与呼吸图谱联用的分析方法研究了纳污河、自然水体与污水处理厂各处理单元水样的溶解性有机物(DOM)的空间分布特征与河流微生物的呼吸特征。结果表明,光谱法可快速对河流有机污染物的种类进行辨别,而呼吸图谱具有识别河流自净能力的特点,其中类色氨酸(T峰与D峰)、类酪氨酸(S峰)、腐殖质(C峰)、富里酸(A峰)是指示不同污染程度的重要指标。通过呼吸图谱与荧光光谱联用(T峰)可快速对污染程度和自净能力进行区分,从而为河流的管理与自净能力的恢复提供参考。     

武汉市冬夏季大气PM2.5浓度及其烃类化合物的变化特征

分析了武汉市2009年冬夏两个季节大气PM2.5的浓度,并用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)技术研究了烃类化合物组成及变化特征。结果表明,PM2.5的质量浓度为25.0～302.4μg/m3,冬季明显高于夏季。检测出nC11～nC34正构烷烃,高碳数部分奇偶优势明显,碳优势指数(CPI)在1.1～2.9,具有高等植物蜡和人为源输入特征,冬夏季分布差异较大;藿烷和甾烷的普遍检出证实了大气颗粒物已明显受到化石燃料残余物的污染,且在冬季浓度相对较高;高环数多环芳烃含量较高,特征性诊断参数表明机动车排放相对较大。     

江西省莲塘镇地下水中有机污染物的初步探查

本文采用溶剂萃取、毛细管GC分离、GC/MS定性的方法,初步探查了江西省蓬塘镇地区地下水有机污染物的状况。从该地区地下水中,可定性鉴别出60个有机污染物,主要是高烷烃、有机酸、酰胺及邻苯二甲酸酯等化合物,对其中某些有机污染物进行了定量测定。地下水中有机污染物的来源与当地工业污水的排放密切相关。     

BCOR-MBR系统处理含盐废水过程中可溶性微生物代谢产物特性

为研究生物接触氧化与膜生物反应器联合系统(BCOR-MBR)处理含盐废水过程中膜污染变化的原因,本文利用三维荧光技术解析不同盐度冲击下BCOR-MBR系统内微生物产物特性。通过研究发现,对照MBR(MBR-1)和组合系统MBR(MBR-2)上清液中SMP的三维荧光光谱中均主要有3个特征峰,当盐度从0 g·L~(-1)升高到3 g·L~(-1)时MBR-1中类腐殖酸物质A峰荧光强度从993.4升高到1 389,B峰荧光强度从879.4升高到1 312,而MBR-2在盐度提高到9~18 g·L~(-1)时,色氨酸特征峰荧光强度最高达到2 376,说明耦合了BCOR的MBR-2在某种程度上延缓了盐度的冲击;同时不同盐度环境下,MBR-2中三峰的荧光强度均弱于MBR-1,即耦合的BCOR可吸附部分复杂有机酸等大分子物质,从而降低了MBR-2的膜污染速度。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.