氯氰菊酯的酶促降解研究

从氯氰菊酯高效降解真菌镰孢霉属（Fusarium）菌株TS-203中提取了降解酶，研究了降解酶对氯氰菊酯的降解特性。结果表明，胞内酶对氯氰菊酯的降解率高达59．8％，细胞碎片对氯氰菊酯的降解率为47．6％，而由（NH。）：sO。沉淀法提取到的胞外酶对氯氰菊酯的降解率仅为10．3％，由此确定菌株TS-203产生的降解酶为胞内酶。以牛血清白蛋白为标准蛋白测得胞内粗酶液中可溶性蛋白质含量为3．24mg／mL；该酶对氯氰菊酯酶促降解的最适pH为7．0，最适温度为30℃，降解酶的米氏常数K。为6．8120×10^-4mmol／mL，最大反应速度Vmax为1．1799×10^-4mmol／min。研究结果表明，该酶具有较好的热稳定性和pH稳定性，对热和pH均具有较好的耐受力，对氯氰菊酯降解效果较好。     

润滑油高效降解菌的筛选及降解性能

实验以被石油污染的土壤为出发菌源,以润滑油为唯一碳源,经过筛选分离得到4株对润滑油具有降解能力的菌株。经过形态观察、生理生化实验初步鉴定发现,4株菌株分别为黄单胞菌属(Xanthomonas)、动胶菌属(Azotobac-ter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium),其中菌株G4为黄杆菌属,其润滑油降解效率最高。研究菌株G4降解性能的影响因素发现,实验中的各因素对润滑油降解率的影响大小依次为:温度>葡萄糖浓度>硫酸铵浓度>pH值。在温度20～40℃下,菌株G4对润滑油均具有一定的降解能力。在适宜的温度范围中,pH值5.0～9.0范围内,菌株G4的润滑油降解率随pH值的变化很小,且均在80%以上。菌株G4在以润滑油为唯一碳源时的最佳培养条件为:温度30℃,pH值为9.0,硫酸铵浓度为1.0 g/L。在此条件下培养36 h,100 mL的G4培养液对200μL润滑油的降解率可达84.6%。     

高效氯氰菊酯降解菌群的结构分析及其降解特性研究

以连作10年以上的棉田土壤为材料,以高效氯氰菊酯为唯一碳源,驯化获得能稳定传代并持续降解高效氯氰菊酯的LZ1菌群,对菌群中可培养的细菌进行分离鉴定,最后对其降解高效氯氰菊酯的特性进行分析。结果表明,LZ1菌群中可分离、纯化优势菌株12株,经16SrRNA序列分析,其中10株与铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)相似性达99%,1株与无色杆菌(Achromobacter mucicolens)相似性达99%。高效氯氰菊酯最佳反应条件为高效氯氰菊酯初始质量浓度250mg/L、温度27℃、pH7.0、装样量200mL。在最佳反应条件下培养的LZ1菌群24h时对高效氯氰菊酯的降解率可达68.81%,132h时的降解率可达92.39%,且LZ1菌群对高效氯氰菊酯的4种异构体没有明显的降解特异性。     

苯胺降解菌的分离和降解特性研究

通过驯化富集培养,从白洋淀底泥中分离筛选出数株能够有效降解苯胺的菌株,经过反复筛选,得到一株能够以苯胺为唯一碳源、高效降解苯胺的菌株BA-1-3.其利用苯胺的最适pH值为7.0,最适温度为30℃,在苯胺浓度为1000 mg/L,180 r/min条件下振荡培养60 h,降解率达到80%以上.经鉴定,菌株BA-1-3属苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrumsp.).     

氯氰菊酯降解菌CY22-7的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

从采集的多种土壤样品中.获得了19株在3种筛选平板上均生长良好的候选氯氰菊酯降解菌.通过生理生化特性鉴定和16S rDNA序列的测定及比对.将其中的氯氰菊酯降解菌CY22-7鉴定为中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium sp.).同时,对氯氰菊酯降解菌CY22-7的降解特性研究结果表明:(1)氯氰菊酯降解菌CY22-7以5%(体积分数)的接种鼍接种到氯氰菊酯起始质量浓度为100 mg/L的氯氰菊酯乙醇培养基后,于200 r/min、30℃摇床中培养.经过6 d的培养,氯氰菊酯降解菌CY22-7降解了约60%的氯氰菊酯.(2)加人外源营养物质有利于促进氯氰菊酯的降解.其中,葡萄糖和酵母提取物的促进作用最为明显.(3)氯氰菊酯降解菌CY22-7降解氯氰菊酯的最适温度为30℃,最佳pH为6.0.     

一株毒死蜱降解菌的分离鉴定及降解性能研究

从农药厂废水处理池污泥中分离到一株对毒死蜱有较强降解能力的菌株CH3，通过生理生化试验初步将该菌鉴定为哈夫尼菌属(Hafnia sp.)。CH3能以毒死蜱为唯一碳源生长，在温度为30℃，pH为7.0，毒死蜱初始浓度为200 mg/L的条件下，历时6 d，毒死蜱的降解率可达78.5%。菌株最适生长温度为37℃，最适pH值为7.0，最适降解浓度为200 mg/L。对碳、氮源利用广泛，最佳碳源为蔗糖和葡萄糖，对氮源选择性不高，在无机氮源和有机氮源中均能较好地生长。     

华北某油田石油降解菌的筛选及降解特性

以石油为唯一碳源,从华北某油田污染土壤中筛选出石油降解菌12株。其中5株菌有较强降解能力,分别编号为z-3、z-6、z-7、z-8和z-b,在30℃,160 r/min摇床培养10 d后,菌株对石油降解率分别为63.8%、34.2%、44.8%、50.5%和42.3%。通过生理生化和分子生物学鉴定,确定这5株菌分别属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)、假黄单胞菌属(Pseudoxanthomonas)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)。通过对这5株菌生物量、脱氢酶及邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶活性的监测,发现生物量及酶活性与石油降解能力具有直接关系。最后,对5株菌的生长条件进行优化,其中z-3、z-6、z-7和z-b菌株对石油降解率较优化前提高10%左右。     

黄孢原毛平革菌降解磺胺甲噁唑的影响因素

采用摇瓶实验考察固定化培养黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)对磺胺甲噁唑(SMX)的降解效果并对抗生素降解条件进行优化。结果表明,黄孢原毛平革菌在固定化培养后对SMX的降解能力有所提高,10 d后培养液中抗生素去除率达到了100%,而游离培养液中去除率为74%。固定化黄孢原毛平革菌降解磺胺甲噁唑的较优碳源和氮源分别是葡萄糖和酒石酸铵,初始p H范围在3.0~5.0之间、培养温度为30~40℃时较适宜。黄孢原毛平革菌对磺胺甲噁唑的降解受碳源种类影响较大,而在限氮条件下氮源的差异对其影响较小。     

低温邻苯二甲酸二甲酯降解菌STX-2和STX-5的分离、鉴定及降解特性

在高海拔、低气温地区分离得到两株以邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)为碳源的菌株STX-2和STX-5。经鉴定,STX-2和STX-5分别为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和红球菌属(Rhodococcus)菌株。在单菌试验的基础上,对混菌降解DMP的条件进行了优化。结果表明,混菌在温度为15℃、初始pH为8、140r/min振荡培养72h的条件下,对1 000mg/L的DMP降解效果最好,4种表面活性剂并不能显著提高混菌降解DMP的效果。动力学试验表明,随着DMP初始浓度的增加,降解速度常数降低,半衰期变长。混菌对短链邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)降解效果较好,而对长链PAEs降解效果较差。     

二嗪磷降解菌的分离、鉴定及其降解特性

从长年生产二嗪磷的工厂排污口的污泥中筛选到一株以二嗪磷为唯一碳氮源的高效降解菌YM-3,经形态和生理生化实验以及16SrRNA基因同源性分析鉴定为索氏菌属(Thauera sp.)。通过摇床实验研究了温度、pH、底物浓度、金属离子等因素对其降解二嗪磷的影响,得出其最佳降解温度和pH分别为30℃和7.0。在该条件下,当底物质量浓度为70mg/L时菌株YM-3在72h内能降解91%的二嗪磷。此外,3种营养物及5种金属离子的添加均抑制了二嗪磷的降解。     

Aerobic degradation of bisphenol A by Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain B-16 isolated from compost leachate of municipal solid waste

A novel bacterium designated strain B-16 was isolated from the compost leachate of the municipal solid waste (MSW) in a laboratory reactor. This strain was identified as a gram-negative bacterium, Achromobacter xylosoxidans that could grow on bisphenol A (BPA, a representative endocrine disruptor) as a sole carbon source under aerobic condition. BPA-degrading characteristics of strain B-16 were investigated in liquid cultures. The results show that BPA degradation was influenced by several factors (e.g. inoculum size, substrate concentration, temperature and pH, etc). The half-lives, optimum temperature and pH were found to be 0.58-3.1d, 35 degrees C and 7.0, respectively. BPA-degrading activity and cell growth were inhibited at high substrate concentration. Metabolic intermediates detected during the degradation process were identified as p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and p-hydroquinone, respectively. Metabolic pathway of BPA degradation was proposed in this study.     

对氨基苯磺酸降解菌的分离及其特性研究

从温州地区受污染的河水中分离到一株能降解对氨基苯磺酸的菌株WZR-3，该菌株能以对氨基苯磺酸为惟一碳源、能源生长。经对其形态特征、生理生化以及16S rDNA序列分析，该菌株初步鉴定为人苍白杆菌(Ochrobactrum anthropi)。该菌株利用对氨基苯磺酸生长时最适生长温度和pH值分别为30℃和7。该菌在10 g/L对氨基苯磺酸时仍能生长，最适生长浓度为300 mg/L对氨基苯磺酸。降解底物广谱性测试表明，该菌株还能降解多种芳香类化合物。     

Effect of temperature and dissolved oxygen on the growth kinetics of Pseudomonas putida F1 growing on benzene and toluene

Batch experiments were conducted to determine the effect of temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration on the rates of growth and substrate (benzene and toluene) degradation by the toluene degrading strain, Pseudomonas putida F1. Over a range of temperature from 15 to 35 degrees C the maximum specific growth rate followed the Topiwala-Sinclair relationship when either benzene or toluene served as the sole carbon and energy source. Oxygen limited growth followed Monod saturation kinetics with the specific growth rate given as a function of the dissolved oxygen concentration. The oxygen half-saturation coefficient was found to be approximately 1 mg/l regardless of whether benzene or toluene was the substrate. Similar experiments with Burkholderia (Ralstonia) pickettii PKO1 for grown on toluene revealed an oxygen half-saturation coefficient of 0.7 mg/l.     

High-rate biodegradation of 3- and 4-nitroaniline

A municipal wastewater biosludge was acclimated to the degradation of 4-nitroaniline (4-NA). The acclimation was achieved by using this compound as the sole source of nitrogen during the degradation of succinate as the sole source of carbon and energy. The acclimated bacteria were able to eliminate and mineralize 4-NA as the sole source of carbon and energy. However, in batch tests, the degradation process was somewhat instable and only occurred at comparatively low rates. A continuously operated miniaturized fixed-bed bioreactor was used in order to increase the degradation rates. It was inoculated with the acclimated bacteria and fed with 4-NA as the sole substrate. The system enabled high bioconversion efficiency, due to the development of a high biomass concentration of up to 5.45 g SS L-1. At input concentrations of 4-NA up to 4.5 mM and a hydraulic retention time of 3.5 hours a high degradation rate of 1.1 mmol 4-NA L-1 h-1 and 90 ... 95% DOC removal were achieved. Partial nitrification, also occurred. After gradual adaptation, the bacteria also degraded 3-NA and 4-NA simultaneously in this system. Additional batch tests showed, that 3-NA can serve as the sole source of carbon, nitrogen and energy.     

The use of glyphosate as the sole source of phosphorus or carbon for the selection of soil-borne fungal strains capable to degrade this herbicide

The herbicide glyphosate was used as a selection agent for isolation of fungal strains capable to degrade phosphorus-to-carbon bond from standard sandy-clay soil. The studies have shown that the herbicide used in Martin medium as a sole source of phosphorus br carbon caused the decrease of the fungal population and substantially changed strain composition, thus selecting those which are able to degrade glyphosate.     

TS-1分子筛催化O_3/H_2O_2氧化乙酸

研究了酸性条件下TS-1分子筛催化O3/H2O2体系（O3/H2O2/TS-1）对降解水中乙酸效率的影响,优化了相关工艺参数,并对其作用机理进行了分析。结果表明,在pH为2.8时,TS-1的加入能显著提高臭氧化的降解效率。优化工艺参数表明,当过氧化氢投加量为3 g/L,TS-1投加量为5 g/L时,O3/H2O2/TS-1体系对乙酸具有较高的降解率,60 min后O3/H2 O2/TS-1体系对乙酸（初始浓度为100 mg/L）的去除率达到了58.7%。当pH为0.8时,O3/H2 O2/TS-1体系对乙酸的去除率仅为19.8%,降解效果较差。定量化计算表明,O3/H2O2和O3/H2O2/TS-1的Rct分别为1.62×10-8和8.67×10-7。通过测定乙酸降解过程水样中过氧化氢和液相臭氧的浓度变化,推测了具体反应机理。由于此体系在酸性条件下对乙酸有较好的降解效果,拓宽了现有O3/H2O2体系的应用范围。     

TS-1分子筛催化O3/H2O2氧化乙酸

研究了酸性条件下TS-1分子筛催化O3/H2O2体系(O3/H2O2/TS-1)对降解水中乙酸效率的影响,优化了相关工艺参数,并对其作用机理进行了分析。结果表明,在pH为2.8时,TS-1的加入能显著提高臭氧化的降解效率。优化工艺参数表明,当过氧化氢投加量为3 g/L,TS-1投加量为5 g/L时,O3/H2O2/TS-1体系对乙酸具有较高的降解率,60 min后O3/H2 O2/TS-1体系对乙酸(初始浓度为100 mg/L)的去除率达到了58.7%。当pH为0.8时,O3/H2 O2/TS-1体系对乙酸的去除率仅为19.8%,降解效果较差。定量化计算表明,O3/H2O2和O3/H2O2/TS-1的Rct分别为1.62×10-8和8.67×10-7。通过测定乙酸降解过程水样中过氧化氢和液相臭氧的浓度变化,推测了具体反应机理。由于此体系在酸性条件下对乙酸有较好的降解效果,拓宽了现有O3/H2O2体系的应用范围。     

蒽降解菌T2的最佳培养条件及其对蒽的生物降解动力学研究

从长期被石油污染的土壤中筛选得到一株以蒽为惟一碳源的混合菌T2，在接种量为1％，pH为7，温度为30℃，摇床转速为120r／min，蒽的初始浓度为100mg／L的条件下培养5d后，其对蒽的降解率可以达到56．6％。通过单因素实验和正交实验对菌种T2的培养条件进行研究，得到菌种T2的最佳培养条件为：接种量为5％，pH为6，温度为35℃，蒽的初始浓度为40mg／L时，最适合菌种生长。另外，菌种T2对蒽的降解动力学实验的结果表明，蒽的残留浓度Y（mg／L）与时间t（h）符合方程y=2．544e（-0.00275）t.     

Microbial degradation characteristics and kinetics of novel pyrimidynyloxybenzoic herbicide ZJ0273 by a newly isolated Bacillus sp. CY

ZJ0273 (propyl 4-(2-(4,6-demethoxy pyrimidin-2-yloxy)benzylamino)benzoate) is a novel herbicide developed in China for oilseed crop. Sixteen bacteria capable of utilizing ZJ0273 as the sole carbon source were isolated from soils. One of the isolates was designated as Bacillus sp. CY based on its physiological and biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences. The present study aimed to investigate the ZJ0273 degradation characteristics and kinetics by Bacillus sp. CY which has the ability to utilize ZJ0273 as the sole source of carbon and energy under aerobic conditions. The optimum biodegradation temperature, pH, and ZJ0273 initial concentration were 20–40 °C, 5.0–9.0, and 50–400 mg/l, respectively. Strain CY degraded 65 % of ZJ0273 (initial concentration of 50 mg/l) during 30 days of incubation in basal mineral medium at pH 8.0 and 35 °C. DT50 (half-life value), k (degradation rate constant of ZJ0273), and R ² are 19.20 days, 0.0361 day^?1, and 0.9464, respectively.     

Effect of pH and inoculum size on phenol degradation by bacteria isolated from landfill waste

Four aerobic species of mesophilic bacteria which catabolise phenol as the sole carbon source were isolated from landfill waste, and identified as Acinetobacter, Arthrobacter, Micrococcus and Nocardia spp. In vitro studies in defined medium revealed variations in abilities of the isolates to catabolise phenol, and in pH growth optima ranging from 6.8 to 7.6. The pH of culture media decreased with growth, and phenol catabolism was impeded below pH 5.4. Phenol catabolism in landfill leachate occurred after longer lag phases than in defined medium, and relative efficiencies of phenol catabolism did not correspond with the patterns in defined medium. Inoculum size affected phenol removal rates. The results describe factors which may be manipulated to prevent pollution problems in the codisposal of phenolic industrial waste.