久效磷对黄鳝乙酰胆碱酯酶、羧酸酯酶和磷酸酶活性的影响

采用静态急性毒性实验方法,研究了久效磷对黄鳝脑乙酰胆碱酯酶及肝脏、肾脏羧酸酯酶、碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶活性的影响.结果表明,在水温(20±2)℃条件下,经0.25 mg·L-1、0.50 mg·L-1、1.00mg·L-1和2.00mg·L-1的久效磷暴露96 h,黄鳝肝脏、肾脏羧酸酯酶和脑乙酰胆碱酯酶活性均显著下降,但两者表现出不同的抑制模式.随着暴露质量浓度的升高,肝脏和肾脏羧酸酯酶活性的下降幅度逐渐变小,而脑乙酰胆碱酯酶活性下降幅度却由小变大.久效磷暴露黄鳝96 h,肝脏、肾脏酸性磷酸酶活性均升高;而肝脏碱性磷酸酶活性升高;肾脏碱性磷酸酶活性降低.久效磷暴露质量浓度与脑乙酰胆碱酯酶和肝脏、肾脏羧酸酯酶活性之间具有剂量-效应关系,酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶可能在鱼体抵御有机磷农药毒性作用中有着重要的作用,其机理有待进一步研究.此外,本文还探讨了有机磷农药靶标酶乙酰胆碱酯酶和解毒酶羧酸酯酶、磷酸酶之间的相关性.     

三丁基锡(TBT)对罗非鱼两组织SOD和GSH的影响

以雄性奥利亚罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus)为试验材料,研究腹腔注射染毒三丁基锡(TBT)后鱼类肝脏和精巢超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的变化(剂量分别为0、1 μg/kg、3 μg/kg、5 μg/kg、10 μg/kg).结果表明,雄性奥利亚罗非鱼肝脏和精巢中的SOD正常值分别为(42.04±2.55) U/mg prot和(27.70±2.34) U/mg prot,GSH的正常值分别为(243.87±5.63) mg/g prot和(154.84±4.66) mg/g prot,精巢组织低于肝脏组织;染毒后各处理组肝脏与精巢均高于对照组且差异极显著;随着注射剂量的增高,不同处理时间内两组织SOD活性和GSH的含量均先升高后降低,在3 μg/kg体重时都达到最高值,表明TBT对肝脏和精巢中SOD活性和GSH含量均具有一定的诱导激活作用.研究表明,TBT可以通过影响精巢中抗氧化防御系统对雄性生殖细胞造成伤害,并因此增加了破坏鱼类资源的风险.     

北京市郊污灌区镉、铜在小麦中的富集特征

为探讨污灌农田重金属Cd、Cu在小麦中的迁移富集特征及对人类健康的安全性影响,选取北京城郊污灌区17块代表性小麦(Triticum aestivum)样地,运用BCR顺序提取法和高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(HR-ICP-MS)测定了土壤中Cd、Cu不同化学形态质量比和土壤及小麦根、茎、颖壳、籽粒中消解态全量.结果表明,污灌土壤中Cd、Cu质量比均值分别为0.25mg·kg-1和26.67 mg·kg-1,高于北京土壤元素背景值,已出现积累现象.小麦植株各组织中中Cd质量比从大到小为:根(210.09 μg·kg-1)、茎(100.19 μg·kg-1)、颖壳(60.71μg·kg-1)、籽粒(38.33 μg·kg-1).植株地上部分Cd质量比的加权平均值为52.62 μg·kg-1.Cu质量比从大到小为:根(9.47mg·kg-1)、籽粒(6.03mg·kg-1)、茎(3.53 mg·kg-1)、颖壳(2.94mg·kg-1).植株地上部分Cu质量比的加权平均值为5.30mg·kg-1.Cd、Cu富集系数(BCF)分别为0.38和0.27,转移系数(TI)分别为0.25和0.69.土壤中Cd酸提取态(生物有效态)比例和风险评价(RAC)值显著高于Cu.小麦Cd和Cu的有效性系数(BEC)均值分别为0.18和0.28,表明Cu向地上部分转移能力强于Cd,Cu容易被小麦籽粒吸收;小麦籽粒中Cd、Cu最大质量比分别为0.125mg·kg-1和15.48 mg·kg-1,高于食品中污染物限量标准值25%和50%,应对食品安全给予更多关注.从保证粮食安全性角度出发,建议选择种植有效性系数较低的作物品种(如玉米、豆类),以减少重金属向食物链的迁移.     

铜、镉对(鱼免)鱼幼鱼鳃丝Na+-K+-ATPase和肝脏SOD酶活性的影响

以(鱼免)鱼(Miichthys miiuy)幼鱼为研究对象,研究了Cu2 和Cd2 对(鱼免)鱼幼鱼鳃丝Na -K -ATPase和肝脏SOD酶活性的影响.以6个Cu2 浓度(0.01 mg/L、0.05 mg/L、0.1 mg/L、0.2 mg/L、0.4 mg/L和0.8 mg/L)和6个Cd2 浓度(0.005 mg/L、0.025 mg/L、0.05 mg/L、0.1 mg/L、0.2 mg/L、0.4 mg/L)对(鱼免)鱼幼鱼进行8 d染毒.结果表明,Cu2 和Cd2 各处理组(鱼免)鱼鳃丝Na -K -ATPase活力随取样时间的变化显著(P＜0.05),且呈峰值变化,在1 d时达到最大值,然后缓慢下降,最后各处理组酶活力趋于稳定.两种重金属离子对(鱼免)鱼鳃丝Na -K -ATPase活力的影响在同一取样时间各处理组间的差异也显著(P＜0.05),其影响程度与重金属的浓度呈负相关,且Cd2 浓度为0.4 mg/L时,在第8天酶活力与对照组的差异不显著(P＞0.05).Cu2 和Cd2 在1～8 d对(鱼免)鱼鳃丝Na -K -ATPase活力的诱导率表现为Cu2 ＞Cd2 .低浓度组Cu2 和Cd2 曝露时,(鱼免)鱼肝组织中SOD活性变化在短时间内不明显(P＞0.05),但随着时间的延长,SOD活性提高,与对照组差异显著(P＜0.05),导致"毒物兴奋效应".高浓度Cu2 和Cd2 曝露时,随着时间的延长和浓度的增强,肝组织SOD的活力抑制越明显(P＜0.05).     

离体条件下十溴联苯醚暴露对鲫鱼肝脏线粒体的氧化损伤

以鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)为试验材料,研究了在离体条件下经不同质量浓度的十溴联苯醚(PBDE-209)暴露后,鲫鱼肝脏线粒体中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)和超氧化歧化酶(SOD)活性的动态变化.结果表明,采用质量浓度为5.6～100.0 mg/L的PBDE-209处理鲫鱼肝脏线粒体30 min,5.6 mg/L组鲫鱼肝脏线粒体中T-AOC、MDA含量、XOD和SOD活性与对照组相比无显著差异(p>0.05); 其余各组的XOD活性和MDA含量随PBDE-209质量浓度增加逐渐上升,而T-AOC和SOD活性逐渐下降,均与PBDE-209质量浓度呈明显的相关关系(p<0.01).这说明PBDE-209对鲫鱼肝脏产生了氧化损伤,具有生化毒性.离体条件下鲫鱼肝脏线粒体中的T-AOC、MDA、XOD和SOD可作为生物标志物来评价多溴联苯醚的生化毒性.     

Cd2+胁迫对文蛤鳃组织SOD、CAT活性及MDA含量的影响

为了解不同质量浓度的Cd2+对水生动物的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和脂质过氧化的影响,以文蛤为研究材料,采用室内模拟试验的方法,依据Cd2+对文蛤96h半致死质量浓度(LC50),设置4个Cd2+胁迫组,胁迫质量浓度分别为0.41 mg/L( 1/32LC50)、0.82 mg/L(1/16 LC50)、1.65 mg/L(1/8 LC50)、3.30 mg/L( 1/4LC50),并设置对照组,每组3个平行.研究不同质量浓度的Cd2+对文蛤鳃组织SOD、CAT活性和MDA含量的影响.结果表明:文蛤鳃组织SOD活性在0.41 mg/L和0.82 mg/L胁迫下,试验前期(0～48 h)呈现诱导效应,试验后期(48～96 h)呈现抑制效应,其余胁迫质量浓度在试验过程中均对文蛤鳃组织SOD活性呈现抑制效应;CAT活性在低质量浓度(0.41 mg/L)胁迫下出现阶段性抑制效应,接着呈现诱导-抑制过程,中高质量浓度在整个过程呈现诱导-抑制的过程;经过96h的胁迫试验,各胁迫组文蛤鳃组织中MDA含量显著上升(p＜0.05),Cd2+对MDA的诱导作用显著且存在剂量-效应关系.     

不同扰动方式对底泥/水系统中生物有效磷的影响

为了解底泥扰动对水体磷迁移转化的影响,通过模拟试验研究了底泥不同扰动方式(间歇扰动、持续扰动)下上覆水中生物有效磷(BAP)及其组成的变化规律.结果表明,间歇扰动作用下,在24～216h和216～624 h之间,BAP分别稳定在0.09mg·L-1和0.052 mg·L-1.显著低于初始状态(0.679 mg·L-1);持续扰动作用下,BAP在第6 h达到最大值(2.437mg·L-1),随后下降,24h后稳定在0.759mg·L-1.但其组成以颗粒态生物有效磷(BAPP)为主(超过93%).间歇扰动作用下,溶解性总磷(TDP)占BAP的百分比下降了约10%,而无扰动试验中,该值有所增加.说明扰动促进了TDP向BAPP的转化,降低了水体富营养化的直接风险.     

多溴联苯醚对鲫鱼肝脏组织乳酸脱氢酶及同工酶的影响

以鲫鱼(Carassius auratua)为试验材料,研究了经不同浓度的2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚(PBDE-47)和十溴联苯醚(PBDE-209)连续暴露后,鲫鱼肝脏组织中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性及其同工酶谱的动态变化.结果表明,采用质量浓度为0.10～5.00 mg/L的PBDE-47和质量浓度为10.0～50.0 mg/L的PBDE-209对鲫鱼进行水质接触染毒,在试验的10 d内,除了0.10 mg/L的PBDE-47试验组外,其余各组鲫鱼肝脏组织中的LDH活性都发生了明显的动态变化(p<0.01),呈先升高后降低的趋势,在试验的第4～6 d达到峰值,LDH活性与多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)之间的剂量-效应关系并不显著;鲫鱼肝脏组织的LDH同工酶谱也发生了明显变化,不仅同工酶的谱带数有所增加,而且着色明显加深.研究表明,LDH及其同工酶可作为污染生物标志物来评价多溴联苯醚对鱼类肝脏组织的损伤及其生化毒性效应.     

Cd和Pb对鲫鱼超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响

为了解不同浓度Cd2+、Pb2+及其联合胁迫对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响,以鲫鱼为材料,采用急性毒性试验研究了质量浓度为0.5 mg/L、2.0 mg/L、6.0 mg/L的Cd2+溶液和10 mg/L、20 mg/L、40 mg/L的Pb2+溶液及其混合液作用下,24 h、48 h、96 h后鲫鱼肝胰脏SOD活性的变化.结果表明,0.5 mg/L的Cd2+对鲫鱼肝胰脏的SOD活性有促进作用,其余各浓度组的Cd2+和Pb2+对SOD有抑制作用;Cd2+和Pb2+的联合作用比单独作用对SOD的影响大.     

金针菇菌柄非食用部分对镉的生物吸附

采用金针菇(Flammulina velutipes)除去其可食用部分后剩余的废弃部分菌粉作为生物吸附剂吸附Cd2 ,研究金针菇吸附Cd2 的理想条件.试验评价了5个影响因子:样品的不同处理方式,振荡吸附时间,溶液pH值,Cd2 初始浓度和菌粉投加量.结果表明,菌粉颗粒越细,吸附能力越强;振荡时间对吸附的影响不显著;pH值是影响金针菇吸附能力的关键因子,pH值为7时达到最大吸附率(63.1%);吸收60 min时,金针菇对Cd2 的吸附率最高(71.9%);随着溶液初始Cd2 浓度的增加,吸附率降低,但随菌粉生物量的增加,吸附能力上升;当溶液Cd2 的浓度为80 mg·L-1时,最大吸附量达到5.573mg·g-1.可以认为金针菇菌柄非食用部分是一种有效的生物吸附剂.     

Investigating the different characteristics of weekday and weekend crashes

IntroductionThis study provides a systematic approach to investigate the different characteristics of weekday and weekend crashes.MethodWeekend crashes were defined as crashes occurring between Friday 9 p.m. and Sunday 9 p.m., while the other crashes were labeled as weekday crashes. In order to reveal the various features for weekday and weekend crashes, multi-level traffic safety analyses have been conducted. For the aggregate analysis, crash frequency models have been developed through Bayesian inference technique; correlation effects of weekday and weekend crash frequencies have been accounted. A multivariate Poisson model and correlated random effects Poisson model were estimated; model goodness-of-fits have been compared through DIC values. In addition to the safety performance functions, a disaggregate crash time propensity model was calibrated with Bayesian logistic regression model. Moreover, in order to account for the cross-section unobserved heterogeneity, random effects Bayesian logistic regression model was employed.ResultsIt was concluded that weekday crashes are more probable to happen during congested sections, while the weekend crashes mostly occur under free flow conditions. Finally, for the purpose of confirming the aforementioned conclusions, real-time crash prediction models have been developed. Random effects Bayesian logistic regression models incorporating the microscopic traffic data were developed. Results of the real-time crash prediction models are consistent with the crash time propensity analysis. Furthermore, results from these models would shed some lights on future geometric improvements and traffic management strategies to improve traffic safety.Impact on IndustryUtilizing safety performance to identify potential geometric improvements to reduce crash occurrence and monitoring real-time crash risks to pro-actively improve traffic safety.     

对CFAST不同区域划分方法的分析

运用区域模拟CFAST程序,按照三种不同子区域划分方式对某二层商场进行火灾烟气运动模拟.结果表明,第三种子区域划分方法更加合理,即火源附近子区域划分的密集,远离火源边界区域划分的稀疏,所计算出的模拟结果也更加可靠,准确.     

不同污泥预处理方法对污泥过滤脱水性能的影响

研究了3种污泥预处理方法(表面活性剂处理、碱处理、Fenton处理)对污泥过滤脱水性能的影响。结果表明,对于3种预处理方法,使污泥过滤脱水性能最佳的阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)的投加质量比为50 mg/g,NaOH质量比为150 mg/g,Fenton试剂Fe~(2+)与H_2O_2的投加比n(Fe~(2+))∶n(H_2O_2)为1.5。3种预处理方法对污泥均有一定破解作用,其中由于Fenton反应的强氧化性,污泥破解率最大,污泥粒径减小了近50%,释放的溶解性COD(SCOD)最高(786.88 mg/L)。Fenton处理后的污泥紧密结合型胞外聚合物(Tightly Bound-Extracellular Polymeric Substances,TB-EPS)及TB-EPS中蛋白质和多聚糖的量减少得最多。此外,还分析了3种预处理方法脱水效率与速率的差异。     

不同物质对铬价态测定结果的影响

采用单波长法和双波长法,分别考察了KH2PO4、H3PO4、H2SO4、KNO3、牛肉膏和蛋白胨对Cr(III)和Cr(VI)质量浓度测定的影响。结果显示,Cr(III)和Cr(VI)在测量中是相互影响的,并且Cr(III)对Cr(VI)影响较显著。在单波长法测定中,牛肉膏、蛋白胨及2种酸对Cr(III)和Cr(VI)的影响较钾盐对其影响更为显著,H3PO4和H2SO4对Cr(III)和Cr(VI)的特征吸收峰值影响最大,降低幅度在20%～50%。这些物质对双波长法测定Cr(VI)几乎没有影响;但对Cr(III)测定中,H2SO4和H3PO4的影响较大,其相对误差分别为14.57%和8.87%,其余物质产生的相对误差均小于1.6%。因此,双波长法可用于生物样品中Cr(III)和Cr(VI)的测定,线性范围分别为0～160 mg/L和0～80mg/L。     

A challenge to the assumed generalizability of prediction and countermeasure for risky driving: different factors predict different risky driving behaviors

In road safety, it may be debated whether all risky behaviors are sufficiently similar to be explained by similar factors. The often assumed generalizability of the factors that influence risky driving behaviors has been inadequately tested. Study 1 (N=116) examined the role of demographic, personality and attitudinal factors in the prediction of a range of risky driving behaviors, for young drivers. Results illustrated that different driving behaviors were predicted by different factors (e.g., speeding was predicted by authority--rebellion, while drink driving was predicted by sensation seeking and optimism bias). Study 2 (N=127) examined the generalizability of these results to the general driving population. Study 1 results did not generalize. Predictive factors remained behavior-specific, but different predictor-behavior relationships were observed in the community sample. Overall, results suggest that future research and practice should focus on a multi-factor framework for specific risky driving behaviors, rather than assuming generalizability across behaviors and driving populations.     

含油污泥中不同族组分的脱附特性研究

针对含油污泥的热水脱附处理方法,在优化脱附工艺条件下,研究不同单组分脱附剂对含油污泥中各族组分的脱附特性,并据此复配脱附剂,研究各复配脱附剂对含油污泥中不同族组分的脱附特性.结果表明,聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂对含油污泥的脱附效率优于多元醇型非离子表面活性剂; 各脱附剂对饱和烃、芳烃的脱附效率高于对胶质沥青质的脱附效率; 带脂肪链的脱附剂对饱和烃的脱附效率较高,带苯环的脱附剂对芳烃的脱附效率较高; 脱附剂亲油基与族组分的亲和性越强,脱附剂对该族组分的脱附效率越高.研究表明,根据各单组分脱附剂对不同族组分的脱附特性复配高效脱附剂的方法可行,复配脱附剂NP-8 5 & AEO-8 5对含油污泥的脱附效率可达89.40%.     

不同溶剂对化感物质抑藻效果的影响

以铜绿微囊藻作为生物材料,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和没食子酸作为化感物质,研究了这两种化感物质在不同浓度下对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响,对比了不同溶剂中两种化感物质的抑藻效果.结果表明,低浓度的邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对铜绿微囊藻的生长具有一定促进作用.但高浓度时抑制其生长;没食子酸对铜绿微囊藻的生长具有一定的抑制作用,但浓度的影响规律性并不明显;对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯来说,乙醇溶剂可以增强其对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用,而对没食子酸来说,甲醇溶剂可以减弱其对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用.可见,在化感物质发生作用时,化感物质用量和溶剂种类起着极其重要的作用.     

不同煤矿噪声暴露时间对视觉认知影响研究

噪声是煤矿井下主要危害,对人体视觉系统的影响不容忽视。为了提高暴露在噪声环境中工人的视觉认知能力,进而减少人因事故的发生,针对视觉认知随噪声暴露时间的变化进行研究,利用Eye Link II眼动仪采集被试者的平均注视时间、平均眼跳幅度和眼跳次数3个眼动指标来衡量视觉认知能力随着综采工作面噪声暴露时间的变化。结果表明:1)噪声能够使视觉注意力下降,对视觉认知效率的影响不显著,对视觉辨识能力的影响较复杂;2)噪声在0~10 min和40~55 min时间段对视觉注意力影响较严重,在0~15 min和50~80 min时间段对视觉辨识能力影响较严重;3)被试者随时间变化出现视觉性疲劳后,噪声可轻微提高视觉认知效率和视觉辨识能力。     

J-value analysis of different regulatory limits for workers and the public

The J-value technique allows an objective determination to be made of the resources that should be applied cost effectively to improve heath and safety. This is essential if capabilities are to be employed optimally and risks reduced in a way that reflects their severity. Although other considerations such as good practice and socio-political influences may affect a final decision on the resources to be sanctioned, the incorporation of these additional factors should be made transparent if the decision is no longer to be based on cost effectiveness. The J-value provides an objective criterion by which to judge when “reasonable practicability” has been achieved in committing resources for safety improvement, which is the legal requirement under health and safety law in the UK.Moreover, the J-value methodology also allows other related issues to be addressed objectively. Regulatory bodies apply different limits for workers and the general public, with higher risks being permitted for workers. Although a factor of about 10 has been used in several contexts, no objective rationale has been developed for this particular figure until now. However, it is shown that application of the J-value analysis can provide a justification for a ratio of workers’ risk to public risk of approximately this size if certain reasonable assumptions are made. Thus the paper provides the first quantitative explanation for the different levels of protection demanded by regulators nationally and internationally for workers and public.     

Investigation of seat belt use among the drivers of different education levels

Seat belt use habit has been investigated according to the education level of drivers. Copies of a questionnaire were distributed to 1000 participants of four different education levels. Factors such as seat belt usage habit, restricting factors and crash data have been investigated. Data have been analyzed with SPSS 15.0 software. Increased level of education leads to increased seat belt usage, lower numbers of crashes and crash severities. The factors restricting seat belt use are lack of habit, discomfort and short distance driving. The use of precaution signal and increases in comfort can increase seat belt usage. The primary and high school education on traffic safety and seat belt usage has been serving the purpose.