久效磷对金鱼肝脏和血浆谷丙、谷草转氨酶活性的影响

为研究久效磷农药对转氨酶活性的影响,分别用0.01 mg/L、0.10 mg/L和1.00 mg/L久效磷暴露金鱼21 d,测定金鱼肝脏指数(HIS)及肝脏和血浆中谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)的活性.结果表明: 1.00 mg/L久效磷造成金鱼肝脏指数显著升高; 随着久效磷暴露质量浓度的升高,金鱼肝脏中GPT和GOT活性逐渐降低,0.01 mg/L久效磷暴露条件下GPT活性下降显著,但GOT活性下降并不明显,可见金鱼肝脏中GPT比GOT对久效磷毒性作用的响应更敏感; 而各暴露组血浆中GPT和GOT的活性均显著升高,且2种酶活性升高与久效磷暴露质量浓度之间具有剂量-效应关系.血浆中GPT和GOT活性变化可以作为检测水体中久效磷农药污染的敏感指标.     

久效磷对金鱼肝脏和血浆谷丙、谷草转氨酶活性的影响

为研究久效磷农药对转氨酶活性的影响,分别用0.01 mg/L、0.10 mg/L和1.00 mg/L久效磷暴露金鱼21 d,测定金鱼肝脏指数（HIS）及肝脏和血浆中谷丙转氨酶（GPT）和谷草转氨酶（GOT）的活性。结果表明：1.00 mg/L久效磷造成金鱼肝脏指数显著升高;随着久效磷暴露质量浓度的升高,金鱼肝脏中GPT和GOT活性逐渐降低,0.01mg/L久效磷暴露条件下GPT活性下降显著,但GOT活性下降并不明显,可见金鱼肝脏中GPT比GOT对久效磷毒性作用的响应更敏感;而各暴露组血浆中GPT和GOT的活性均显著升高,且2种酶活性升高与久效磷暴露质量浓度之间具有剂量-效应关系。血浆中GPT和GOT活性变化可以作为检测水体中久效磷农药污染的敏感指标。     

胎牛血清乙酰胆碱酯酶的酶学性质研究

为研究胎牛血清中乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的酶学特性,分别采用硫酸铵分级沉淀、Sephadex G-100和DEAE-纤维素DE23柱层析方法,从胎牛血清中分离纯化出乙酰胆碱酯酶.结果表明,以碘化硫代乙酰胆碱(ATCI)为底物时,酶促反应的最适温度为37 ℃,最适pH值为8.0,米氏常数Km为7.48 mmol/L,最大反应速度Vmax为0.098 mol/min.研究表明,Mg2+、Ca2+、Zn2+、Fe2+等金属离子对胆碱酯酶具有不同程度的激活作用,而Cd2+、Pb2+、Cu2+对胆碱酯酶活性具有不同程度的抑制作用;分离出的乙酰胆碱酯酶对乐果和敌敌畏的敏感性最强.     

星豹蛛头胸部乙酰胆碱酯酶最佳反应体系及其药剂敏感度

利用正交试验法研究5个因素对测定星豹蛛(Pardosa astrigera)头胸部乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性的影响,以建立酶活测定的最佳反应体系.结果表明,各因素对AChE的比活力影响由大到小的顺序为反应体系的pH值、反应时间、酶质量浓度、反应温度和底物浓度.测定AChE活性的最佳反应条件是: 酶质量浓度为12 g·L-1,底物浓度为0.6 mmol·L-1,反应体系pH值为7.0,反应温度为30 ℃,反应时间为5 min.此外,4种杀虫剂对星豹蛛头胸部AChE活性的影响试验结果表明,灭多威、辛硫磷、高效氯氰菊酯、毒死蜱对AChE的抑制中浓度(IC50)分别为7.76×10-5 mol·L-1、1.76×10-4 mol·L-1、4.12×10-4 mol·L-1和4.94×10-4 mol·L-1,并且上述4种杀虫剂对AChE的抑制具有明显的剂量关系.     

邻苯二甲酸二乙酯对鲤精巢组织结构和脑精巢生物标志物的影响

以水和吐温80组为对照,用0.125 mg/L、0.5 mg/L、2 mg/L、8 mg/L的邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)分别对雄性鲤暴露2 d和20 d,研究了DEP对鲤精巢生物标志物酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)活性,及脑生物标志物乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性和一氧化氮(NO)含量的影响,同时研究了暴露20 d时,DEP对鲤鱼精巢组织结构变化的影响。结果表明:与水和吐温80组相比,暴露2 d时,0.5mg/L以上组精巢LDH、γ-GT和脑NOS活性,0.5 mg/L组精巢ACP活性及2 mg/L、8 mg/L组脑NO含量均显著升高,但各DEP组精巢AKP和8 mg/L组脑TChE活性显著降低。暴露20 d时,各DEP组精巢LDH、AKP活性,2 mg/L、8 mg/L组ACP活性,8 mg/L组γ-GT活性,0.5 mg/L以上组脑NOS含量,及2 mg/L、8 mg/L组TChE活性均明显受到抑制,但0.5 mg/L、2 mg/L组脑NO含量显著升高。DEP暴露20 d时,2 mg/L、8 mg/L组精原细胞、精母细胞异常、退化,8 mg/L组精小叶基膜断裂,间质细胞固缩,精子凝聚,精子数量减少。研究表明,在试验质量浓度范围内,DEP对鲤鱼具有生殖毒性,而0.5 mg/L以上DEP对鲤鱼具有神经毒性。     

DEP、DOP暴露对鲤鱼的酸碱性磷酸酶的影响

为了研究酞酸酯类对水生生物的毒性作用,将鲤鱼暴露于DEP与DOP的6个质量浓度组中进行96h-LC50急性毒性试验,测得其半致死质量浓度(96 h-LC50)分别为41.50mg/L与7.95 mg/L。分别设置3个质量浓度和1个对照组,测定DEP与DOP对鲤鱼肝脏及肌肉组织酸性磷酸酶(ACP)与碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性的影响。结果表明:DEP与DOP对鲤鱼肝脏及肌肉组织ACP活性的影响趋势均表现为低质量浓度诱导,高质量浓度抑制;DEP对鲤鱼肝脏及肌肉组织ALP活性的影响亦表现为低质量浓度诱导,高质量浓度抑制;而DOP对鲤鱼肝脏ALP活性的影响表现为随着暴露质量浓度的增大而活性降低,呈现出明显的剂量-效应关系。酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶可能在鱼体抵御酞酸酯毒性作用中有重要作用,其机理有待进一步研究。     

重金属镉胁迫下鲫鱼不同组织中金属硫蛋白的动态变化

研究一定环境条件下,重金属镉(Cd)胁迫对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)不同组织中金属硫蛋白(MT)含量的影响.结果表明,水温为(16.5±1.0)℃时,平均体长(15.32±0.63)cm、体重(310.60±5.69)g的鲫鱼不同组织中MT含量的本底值存在显著差异(p<0.05),含量顺序为肝脏(3.018±0.023)～(3.226±0.010)υg·g-1>肾脏(2.663±0.009)～(2.852±0.003)υg·g-1>鳃丝(1.523±0.017)～(1.623±0.009)υg·g-1 >肌肉(1.432±0.011)～(1.474±0.005)υg·g-1,且相对比较稳定.在0.005 mg·L-1、0.050 mg·L-1、0.100 mg·L-1、0.250 mg·L-1和0.500 mg·L-1的Cd2 胁迫下,鲫鱼4种组织中MT含量的总体变化趋势基本一致,即先升高后稳定,且在0～6 h内MT含量的增加速率最大;鳃丝、肝脏和肾脏3种组织中MT含量在12 h时达到峰值,随后略有下降并趋于稳定;肌肉中MT含量在24～96 h达到峰值.鲫鱼4种组织中MT含量在12 h内的增加量与Cd2 的质量浓度显著相关,表现出一定的剂量-效应关系,这表明水体中Cd2 可诱导鲫鱼组织中MT的合成与表达,且诱导时间主要在前12 h内.鲫鱼肝脏、肾脏和鳃丝组织中的MT可作为评价外源重金属Cd污染的生物标志物.     

R-工程菌表达产物酯酶B1的纯化及其特性

为将酯酶B1应用于果蔬农药残留的降解,对其进行分离纯化,并对其酶学特性进行研究。R-工程菌在LB液体培养基中37℃震荡培养14 h,细胞经石英砂冰浴研磨破壁,粗提酶液经硫酸铵分级盐析、Sephadex G-50分子筛柱层析脱盐、DEAE-Sepharose FastFlow离子交换层析、Sephadex G-75分子筛柱层析得到凝胶电泳均一的酯酶B1。SDS-PAGE结果表明,该酶分子量为67 kDa。酯酶B1的纯化倍数为43.4,收率为2.94％。该酶的最佳作用条件是37℃、pH=7.O,常温(25℃)下,酯酶B1的半衰期为62 h,42℃时该酶仍然十分稳定。酶促反应动力学曲线采用双倒数法,37℃时最大酶促反应速度Vm=0.73 mg/(mL·min),米氏常数Km=3.89 mg/mL。酯酶B1活力强、在常温下反应速度快、稳定高,说明其用于果蔬农残降解在技术上是可行的。本文将酯酶B1纯化至电泳纯,因而工艺复杂、收率较低,但在实际应用中,只需进行粗分离,工艺简单,收率高达70％,因此,该酶的开发应用在经济上也是可行的。     

摇蚊乙酰胆碱酯酶最佳反应体系的建立及有机磷类药剂敏感度比较

花翅摇蚊(Chironomus kiiensis)是一种重要的水生昆虫,经常用于水体环境质量的生物学评价.用正交试验方法研究了酶浓度、底物浓度、反应体系pH值、反应温度、反应时间5个因素对花翅摇蚊(Chironomus kiiensis)乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性测定的影响.通过对正交试验结果进行极差和方差分析,明确了测定摇蚊AChE活性的最适反应条件是酶浓度为5头/mL、底物浓度为6 mmol/L、pH值为8.0、温度为35℃、反应时间为10 min.DDVP、马拉硫磷和甲胺磷对花翅摇蚊的LC50值分别为8.93 mg/L、16.74 mg/L和47.65 mg/L.利用正交试验得到的反应最适条件进一步研究了花翅摇蚊接触上述3种药剂亚致死剂量后对其体内AChE活性的影响.结果表明,无论是时间效应还是剂量效应,3种药剂对花翅摇蚊幼虫体内AChE影响的趋势与生物测定结果是一致的,其对花翅摇蚊幼虫体内AChE的抑制能力依次为DDVP、马拉硫磷和甲胺磷.     

有机磷农药对大蒜素含量的影响及其原因

在不同浓度乐斯本、对硫磷灌根胁迫条件下,测定大蒜生长过程中大蒜素含量及农药的残留量.结果表明,低浓度胁迫条件下,大蒜素含量的变化趋势为先上升后下降再上升;高浓度时,表现为先下降后上升;大蒜素含量与两种农药使用浓度有明显的负剂量效应关系,相关系数均大于0.85,乐斯本、对硫磷残留量分别在用药后5 d、7 d未检出.通过化学分析得知,有机磷农药与大蒜素或蒜氨酸(大蒜素的前身)间可能发生两种作用:1)有机磷农药水解成碱性,与蒜氨酸或蒜酶发生酸碱中和反应;2)蒜氨酸与有机磷农药分子中都有双键,两者间发生了双键聚合反应.研究结果为大蒜的安全生产及加速有机磷农药降解剂的研究与开发提供了理论依据.     

阜山金矿进回风巷粉尘孔粒径分布及其分形特征

为探究金属矿井下粉尘孔粒径特征,以阜山金矿为例,系统研究其进风巷粉尘(IAD)、回风巷粉尘(RAD)的孔粒径分布(PSD)情况.首先,利用激光粒度分析仪与扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、低温液氮吸附仪分别测试粉尘粒径与孔参数,然后利用分形理论计算并分析其粒度分形维数与孔分形维数.结果 表明:RAD粒径比IAD粒径小,两者最可...     

HAZOP、LOPA和SIL方法的应用分析

通过概括介绍危险与可操作性分析(HAZOP)、保护层分析(LOPA)和安全完整性等级分析(SIL)三种方法的特点,总结三种分析方法之间的关系.LOPA分析是HAZOP分析的继续,可以解决HAZOP分析中残余风险不能定量化的不足,是对HAZOP分析结果的丰富和补充;SIL分析则在LOPA分析的基础上,进一步对需要增加的安全仪表系统(SIS)进行设计,并对LOPA分析结果进行验证,即HAZOP、LOPA分析是SIL分析的前期准备工作.因此,在详细介绍SIS的组成、安全生命周期阶段、SIL的选择确定方法以及SIL分析流程之前,也简要介绍了HAZOP、LOPA分析方法,梳理了两种方法的分析流程.最后通过引入示例来展示三种分析方法之间的关系.     

Safety and kinetic parameters analysis for 1,1,-Di(tert-butylperoxy) cyclohexane mixed with monoammonium phosphate

Runaway reactions by organic peroxides have occurred throughout the world. In this study, we used 1,1,-Di(tert-butylperoxy) cyclohexane (CH) 70 mass% as the main material, which was extensively employed as initiator for styrene in polymerization. Fire extinguishers are the first fire-fighting apparatus when fires occur. If a fire extinguisher has sat idle for a long time, which would cause the extinguishing agent to damp, it cannot achieve the desired effect and be properly handled at the start of the accident, thereby causing more casualties and property losses. CH 70 mass% was employed to mixed with monoammonium phosphate (MAP) for understanding the phenomenon by applying differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Safety parameters also were carried out for more deeply understanding the basic characteristics for preventing an accident from occurring, in terms of applying CH 70 mass% as the initiator in the manufacturing process.     

河北曹妃甸近海沉积物中多环芳烃的含量、分布、来源及生态风险评价

2010年9月在河北曹妃甸近海采集表层沉积物样品,用气相色谱质谱仪(GC/MS)测定分析16种US EPA(美国国家环境保护署)优先控制的多环芳烃(PAHs).结果表明,曹妃甸近海9个站位沉积物中的PAHs质量比为267.2～ 858.2 ng/g,平均值为376.5 ng/g,其高值区位于原油码头东部.与国内外其他区域沉积物中的PAHs质量比进行对比发现,曹妃甸近海沉积物中PAHs的质量比总体处于中等水平.本次调查检出的PAHs种类较多,主要同系物为菲(Phe)、芴(Fl)和荧蒽(Flu).与国内研究的渤海湾近岸表层沉积物PAHs质量比进行对比发现,曹妃甸近海表层沉积物中萘、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘等组分质量比要高出很多,这与曹妃甸石油化工与机械制造等发展迅速密切相关.异构体比值法分析表明,该区表层沉积物中PAHs主要来源于生物质、煤及燃料燃烧.根据效应区间值进行生态风险评价,结果表明,曹妃甸沉积物对周围生物的影响较小.与国内一些典型区域的生态风险研究进行对比分析发现,各研究区域均存在芴超过影响范围低值(Effects Range Low,ERL)的站位.潜在影响等级(Probable Effects Level,PEL)分析表明,同系物中的芴也存在超过相应标准值的站位,应引起海洋环保部门的重视.     

基于遗传算法的支持向量机预测有机物自燃点的研究

根据定量构效关系(QSPR)原理,研究自燃点(AIT)与其分子结构间的内在定量关系。以265种有机化合物作为样本集,随机选择238种作为训练集,27种作为测试集,用遗传算法(GA)进行变量选择,分别建立多元线性回归(MLR)模型和支持向量机(SVM)模型研究有机物的自燃点与其分子结构间的关系。通过分析,发现造成模型预测效果不佳的原因是试验数据本身存在问题。通过对2个模型的比较,结果为GA-SVM模型明显优于GA-MLR模型,说明自燃点与其分子结构间具有很强的非线性关系。     

A neuro-fuzzy algorithm for assessment of health,safety, environment and ergonomics in a large petrochemical plant

Process plants such as petrochemical units have been continuously trying to improve Health, Safety, Environment and Ergonomics (HSEE) programs. This study proposes an adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for assessment of HSEE programs in a petrochemical plant. The proposed neuro-fuzzy approach is applied to a set of operators in the petrochemical unit to show its applicability and superiority. To achieve the objectives of this study, standard questionnaires with respect to HSEE are completed by operators. The average results for each category of HSEE are used as inputs and accomplishment of HSEE programs is used as output for the algorithm. Moreover, this algorithm is used to rank operators performance with respect to HSEE. Finally, the algorithm identifies efficient operators with respect to HSEE. This is the first study that introduces an intelligence algorithm for assessment and improvement of HSEE program in a petrochemical plant.     

煤热动力学参数、特征温度与挥发分关系的试验研究

通过煤的热动力学参数和特征温度可以表征煤自燃危险程度。而在实际情况中,这些数据缺少,往往只有煤的工业参数。因此,研究工业参数与表征煤自燃危险参数的关系十分必要。为了分析和建立该关系,基于非等温试验方法对不同煤样进行热重试验分析,得出8个煤样在10℃/min升温速率下的反应动力学参数与煤工业分析参数的关系,揭示挥发分与煤的氧化特性、特征温度的关系。试验结果表明:8个煤样的挥发分排序F3>F8>F4>F7>F2>F1>F5>F6,各特征温度排序基本满足T3相似文献   

Sensitivity evaluation of the visual,tactile, and auditory detection response task method while driving

Objectives: In this article, we evaluate the sensitivity to cognitive load of 3 versions of the Detection Response Task method (DRT), proposed in ISO Draft Standard DIS-17488.

Methods: We present a user study with 30 participants in which we compared the sensitivity to cognitive load of visual, audio, and tactile DRT in a simulated driving environment. The amount of cognitive load was manipulated with secondary n-back tasks at 2 levels of difficulty (0-back and 1-back). We also explored whether the DRT method is least sensitive to cognitive load when the stimuli and secondary task are of the same modality. For this purpose, we used 3 forms to present the n-back task stimuli: visual, audio, and tactile. Responses to the task were always vocal. The experiment was based on a between-subject design (the DRT modalities) with 2 levels of within-subject design study (modalities and difficulty of the secondary n-back tasks). The participants' primary task in the study was to drive safely, and a second priority was to answer to DRT stimuli and perform secondary tasks.

Results: The results indicate that all 3 versions of the DRT tested were sensitive to detecting the difference in cognitive load between the reference driving period and driving and engaging in the secondary tasks. Only the visual DRT discriminated between the 0-back and 1-back conditions on mean response time. Contrary to expectations, no interaction was observed between DRT modality and the stimuli modality used for presentation of the secondary tasks.

Conclusions: None of the 3 methods of presenting DRT stimuli showed a consistent advantage in sensitivity in differentiating multiple levels of cognitive load if all response times, hit rates, and secondary task performance are considered. If only response time is considered, the visual presentation of the DRT stimulus used in this study showed some advantages. In interpreting these data, it should be noted that the methods of DRT stimulus presentation varied somewhat from the currently proposed draft ISO standard and it is possible that the relative salience level of the visual DRT stimulus influenced the findings. It is further suggested that more than 2 levels of difficulty of the n-back task should be considered for further investigation of the relative sensitivity of different DRT stimuli modalities. Parameters that indicate change in cognitive load (response time, hit rate, task performance) should be analyzed together in assessing the overall impact on the driver and not individually, in order to obtain a fuller insight of the assessed cognitive load.     

Reaction hazard and mechanism study of H2O2 oxidation of 2-butanol to methyl ethyl ketone using DSC,Phi-TEC II and GC-MS

Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) oxidation via H₂O₂ with tungsten-based polyoxometalate catalysts has gained much attention with an ever-growing body of knowledge focusing on the development of environmentally benign processes in chemical industry. In this study, two calorimetry techniques, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Phi-TEC II adiabatic calorimetry, were employed to analyze the thermal hazards associated with the 2-butanol oxidation reaction system. Hydrogen peroxide was the oxidant and a tungsten-based polyoxometalate as the catalyst. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for identification of the organic products. Important thermal kinetic data were obtained including “onset” temperature, heat of reaction, adiabatic temperature rise and self-heat rate. From DSC results, three exothermic peaks were detected with a total heat generation of approximately 1.26 kJ/g sufficiently to induce a thermal runaway. Possible reaction pathway for three stages were proposed based on both DSC and GC-MS results. One exotherm was detected by Phi-TEC II calorimeter and the pressure versus temperature profile together with the DSC and GC-MS data demonstrate the complexity of 2-butanol reaction system under both thermal screening and adiabatic conditions.     

新西兰无过失伤害的预防、康复和赔偿体制介绍

新西兰意外赔偿局(ACC),是管理新西兰意外事件赔偿的政府机构。ACC计划是对在新西兰境内的公民、居民或临时来访的人提供受伤赔偿的服务。每年在复原、治疗和酬劳补偿等方面要花费十几亿元,为了保证这些服务,ACC从劳动者的薪金、燃油税、政府赞助和投资收入等方面来支付赔偿金,不同行业的工伤赔偿申请比率也不同。另外,ACC建立了培训基金,代替雇主负责对员工的安全与健康培训。虽然这一体制正面临一些私有化和费用不断增加的挑战和困难,但总体来说,ACC体制是适合新西兰的一个优良的方案,比其他国家的体制在管理效率和雇主利益等方面明显显示出优势。