地面浓度反推法计算石化企业无组织排放源强

对某石化企业储罐区和原油脱酸装置区的无组织排放非甲烷总烃进行监测，对监测数据进行Pearson相关分析，运用地面浓度反推法计算源强。实验结果表明：原油脱酸装置区各采样线浓度间的相关性好，反推出的源强较为准确，50，100，150 m采样线的反推源强非常接近，分别为21.68，21.60，19.76 t/a；而储罐区监测浓度的相关性不佳，该区域的非甲烷总烃无组织排放源可能不单一，不适用地面浓度反推法计算其源强。     

炼油污水处理装置恶臭气体源强估算方法的比较

以某炼油污水处理装置为例，根据其运行现状及恶臭气体的监测结果，使用卫生防护距离反推法、源强经验估算法以及地面浓度反推法3种方法对恶臭气体源强进行估算，并利用AERMOD模式进行预测，对预测值与监测值进行方差分析。实验结果表明：在监测得到的NH₃和H₂S的平均质量浓度分别为0.113，0.006 mg/m³的条件下，卫生防护距离反推法得到的NH₃和H₂S的无组织排放源强分别为2.395，0.127 kg/h。源强经验估算法得到的NH₃和H₂S的源强分别为0.255，0.080 kg/h，地面浓度反推法得到的NH₃和H₂S的源强分别为3.120，0.250 kg/h;源强经验估算法为炼油污水处理装置气体源强估算的最优方法。     

现代煤化工行业挥发性有机物管控问题分析

分析了现代煤化工行业存在的VOCs管控相关产业政策、标准要求与产业发展不匹配,泄漏检测与修复(LDAR)工作推进缓慢、VOCs排放量核算不准确和VOCs治理工作难开展等问题。提出如下建议:在LDAR工作方面,重新认识LDAR工作、源头控制和增加泄漏情况数据统计环节;在VOCs排放量核算方面,全面识别企业VOCs排放源项、准确收集VOCs核算所需参数和控制采样分析误差;在VOCs治理方面,尽快制定VOCs排放有关标准、识别VOCs管控重点和开发VOCs过程及末端治理技术。     

石化废水挥发性有机物逸散量的估算方法

总结了实测法、物料衡算法、模型法、排放系数法、工程估算法等国内外石化废水挥发性有机物(VOCs)逸散量估算方法的主要特点及适用范围。应用排放系数法和实测法估算国内某石化厂废水收集处理系统VOCs逸散量为354.26 t/a。根据估算方法的实际应用研究,建议物料衡算法中废水油相VOCs逸散可结合油相敞口面积和油相性质,提供废水油相的排放系数;应用Water 9软件估算含油膜废水设施逸散量时,应单独估算油膜VOCs逸散量;建议排放系数法中废水收集系统排水口、检查井未密闭VOCs排放系数均确定为0.032 kg/h(每个逸散源),废水处理系统油水分离器、气浮装置按进水中石油类浓度的大小,分别提供VOCs排放系数。     

东北地区能源生产行业VOCs排放清单及不确定性分析

采用排放系数法得到了东北地区2013年能源生产行业挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放清单,按行业及省份分析了VOCs排放的分担率。计算结果表明:东北地区2013年能源生产行业VOCs排放总量为96.300 kt,焦炭生产业是VOCs排放的最大贡献源,其次是石油精炼业、原油开采业、火力发电业及天然气开采业;地区排放量由多到少依次为辽宁省、黑龙江省、吉林省。采用蒙特卡罗数值分析方法传递不确定性,所得到的排放中值与排放清单的计算结果较为接近。在考虑实际情况的数据不确定度后,蒙特卡罗模型预测平均值高于清单计算结果。此处还提出了VOCs的控制对策。     

石化企业废水挥发性有机物无组织排放定量方法

阐述了石化企业废水挥发性有机物(VOCs)无组织排放定量估算的必要性,介绍了手工计算法、模型计算法、气相测定法、排放系数法和物料衡算法等几种常用的估算方法及方法的适用条件和优缺点.以 WATER9 模型为主结合其他方法,对国内某石化企业废水 VOCs 无组织排放量进行了定量估算.     

火电厂烟塔合一和烟囱排放大气环境影响比较——以宝鸡第二发电厂为例

以宝鸡第二发电厂间接空冷机组为例,分别采用德国AUSTAL2000大气预测模式与美国AERMOD大气预测模式,对烟塔合一和烟囱两种排放方式的大气环境影响进行分析预测,并分析了地形因素对预测结果的影响。通过对比分析得知,烟塔合一排放的地面浓度分布较分散,而烟囱排放造成的地面浓度分布较集中。考虑地形影响时采用AUSTAL2000计算的烟塔合一地面浓度比AERMOD计算的烟囱小,不考虑地形时则反之。     

石化企业挥发性有机物排放量核算常见问题分析

石化行业是我国工业源挥发性有机物（VOCs）排放管控的重点行业,也是VOCs排放量核算最为复杂的行业。本文梳理了石化行业12类排放源项VOCs排放核算方法的适用条件,依据广东省重点石化企业VOCs治理实施情况评估所掌握的情况,以实例对比分析的方式,总结了企业在实际VOCs排放量核算方面存在的问题,并就如何提高VOCs排放量核算的真实性和准确性提出了相关建议。     

包装印刷业VOCs污染特征分析

选取了北京市的14家大型包装印刷企业进行现场采样、监测,统计分析了生产工艺和原辅材料,识别了VOCs污染来源和排放节点。根据不同排放节点的特征搭建了相应的采样系统,并以此为基础考察了VOCs的排放特征、臭氧生成潜势和二次有机气溶胶(SOA)生成潜势。结果表明:包装印刷业所排放的VOCs以醇类和酯类为主;乙醇和异丙醇为主要的臭氧前体物,生产线和烘干集气系统排气口为主要的臭氧生成节点;烷烃和醇类为主要的SOA前体物,烘干集气系统排气口为首要的SOA生成节点。     

油气生产过程中放空燃烧气的检测与回收利用现状

本文对油气生产中放空燃烧气的检测方法进行了总结,并对国内外放空气回收利用的主要技术进行了比较分析。指出:利用遥感监测数据计算放空燃烧气量具有较好的应用前景,但需同地面常规实测数据结合,改进反演算法,以减少不确定性;采用油气混输、天然气发电、压缩天然气（CNG）、液化天然气（LNG）、液态产品转化等回收利用手段将显著减少放空燃烧气带来的温室气体排放。     

基于氢火焰离子化检测仪响应因子的设备泄漏排放核算

氢火焰离子化检测仪(FID)是检测设备泄漏挥发性有机物(VOCs)的主要仪器。通过变异系数分析了FID响应因子与FID型号、被测气体种类和被测气体浓度的关系,并进行了实例验证。分析结果表明,FID响应因子与各因素关联强度的排序为:被测气体种类FID型号被测气体浓度。响应因子应用实例的验证结果表明:对于芳烃重整装置145个接触甲苯、二甲苯两组分物料的泄漏设备,响应因子修正后的排放量计算值仅为修正前的18.68%;MTBE装置涉甲醇设备的甲醇排放量计算值修正后为修正前的3倍左右。在此基础上,就设备泄漏VOCs污染源,提出通过响应因子实现排放量精细化核算的建议。     

Emissions from mesoscale in situ oil fires: the mobile 1991 experiments

A series of 14 mesoscale burns were conducted in 1991 to study various aspects of oil burning in situ. Extensive sampling and monitoring of these burns were conducted to determine the emissions. This was done at two downwind ground stations, one upwind ground station and in the smoke plume using a blimp and a remote-controlled helicopter. Particulate samples in air were taken and analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs were found to be lower in the soot than in the starting oil. Metals in the oil were found concentrated in the residue and could not be measured in soot samples using conventional industrial hygiene sampling techniques. Particulates in the air were measured by several means and found to be greater than recommended exposure levels only up to 150 m downwind at ground level. Combustion gases including carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide did not reach exposure level maximums. These gases were emitted over a broad area around the fire and are not directly associated with the plume trajectory. Volatile organic compound (VOCs) emissions are extensive from fires, but the levels are less than those emitted from a non-burning test spill. Over 50 compounds were identified and quantified, several at possible levels of concern up to 200 m downwind. Water under the burns was analyzed; no analytes of concern could be found at the detection levels of the methods. The burn residue was analyzed for the same compounds as the air particulate samples. The residue contained elevated amounts of metals. PAHs were at a lower concentration in the residue than in the starting oil, however there is a slight differential concentration increase in some higher molecular weight species. Overall, indications from these mesoscale trials are that emissions from in situ burning are low in comparison to other sources of emissions and result in concentrations of air contaminants that are below exposure limits beyond 500 m downwind.     

A new approach to estimation of methane emission rates from landfills

Methane emission monitoring has become increasingly essential for diffusive area sources, especially for landfills, which contribute to a significant fraction of the total anthropogenic methane emission globally. Statutorily, methane emission rate from landfills in Germany shall be examined on a semiannual basis; however, an appropriate approach has yet to be developed and adopted for general use. In this study, a new method is proposed based on experimental results, which utilizes a TDLAS (Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy) instrument – GasFinder2.0® system and a dispersion model LASAT (Lagrangian Simulation of Aerosol Transport) as the measurement device and calculation model, respectively. Between April 2010 and December 2011, a research project was conducted at a pilot scale landfill in the south of Germany. Drawing on the extensive research into this pilot project, an effective strategy of measurement setup was determined. Methane concentration was measured with GasFinder2.0® system in the upstream and downstream sections of the project site, while wind and turbulence data were measured simultaneously by an ultrasonic anemometer. The average methane emission rate from the source can be calculated by using the results as input data in the dispersion model. With this method, site-specific measurement approaches can be designed for not only landfills, but also different diffusive area sources with less workload and lower cost compared to conventional FID (Flame Ionization Detector) method.     

Using an integrated approach for quantifying VOC source areas for site remediation

Locating and quantifying free-phase volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the subsurface represent one of the more difficult challenges facing hazardous waste site remediation programs. Successful remediation programs require reliable data on the size and extent of potential VOC contamination sources. Improving subsurface quantification of VOCs requires a large number of reliable low-cost samples. Satisfying this objective relies on improved sampling techniques, field analysis of samples, and a modified quality assurance program. This paper describes an integrated approach using conventional split-spoon samplers, microcore sampling, hexane extractions, and a field gas chromatograph with an autosampler as part of a technical demonstration for innovative remediation technologies. Using this approach, it was possible to delineate a subsurface source of free-phase VOCs at a cost of $15 per sample. The distribution of dense nonaqueous phase liquid determined by this sampling approach agreed with the conceptual model for the site.