长江中下游浅水湖泊中总氮及其形态的时空分布

分析和比较了长江中下游 3个浅水湖泊———太湖、巢湖和龙感湖夏、秋和冬季沉积物和上覆水中的总氮及其氮形态 ,描述了氮及其各形态在 3个湖泊中的时空分布特征 .结果表明 :空间上 ,无论是在表层沉积物还是在上覆水中 ,太湖中总氮的含量均高于其他 2个湖泊 ,且在太湖和巢湖都呈现西高东低的分布特征 .氨氮在沉积物和上覆水及溶解态硝态氮在上覆水中的分布与总氮分布趋势基本相同 .巢湖沉积物中氨氮浓度所占的比例稍高于太湖和龙感湖 .在不同季节 ,表层沉积物和上覆水中的总氮含量冬季高于秋季和夏季 ,表层沉积物中氨氮浓度在秋季最高 .巢湖和龙感湖上覆水中的溶解态硝态氮在冬季浓度较高 ,而在太湖西北部这种季节差异几乎没有 ,氨氮的浓度季节性差异也不十分明显     

南水北调中线源头区蓄水前土壤氮磷分布特征

采集南水北调中线源头区(高程170m以下)19个村庄的43个土壤样品,分析了丹江口水库淅川县蓄水前不同土地利用类型土壤中有机质、总氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和总磷的分布特征.结果表明,研究区土壤总氮含量介于18.15~185.98mg/kg之间,硝态氮介于5.75~77.96mg/kg之间,铵态氮介于5.72~26.38mg/kg之间,总磷介于37.98~147.32mg/kg之间,有机质介于7.19~45.32g/kg之间;研究区土壤氮素、总磷和有机质含量受地形及地理位置影响较小,不同土地利用类型土壤中总氮、硝态氮及有机质含量存在显著差异,总磷和铵态氮含量差异性不明显,有机质含量大小依次为村庄>水稻田>池塘>消落带>旱地>林地,总氮含量大小依次为水稻田>村庄>池塘>消落带>旱地>林地,硝态氮含量大小依次为村庄>池塘>消落带>旱地>水稻田>林地;相关性分析表明,土壤有机质与总氮含量之间存在极显著正相关性(r=0.837, P<0.01),铵态氮含量与有机质、总氮呈显著正相关性(分别为r=0.455, P<0.05;r =0.434, P<0.05),而这三者与硝态氮之间相关性不明显;土壤总磷与有机质、总氮、硝态氮、铵态氮含量之间无明显相关性.     

梁子湖沉积物营养盐的空间分布特征及其污染评价

采集梁子湖柱状沉积物,分析其硝氮、亚硝氮、氨氮、总氮和总磷的空间分布特征,并评价其污染程度.结果表明:梁子湖表层沉积物(0~5 cm)总氮、总磷、氨氮、硝氮、亚硝氮的含量范围依次为598~1372 mg·kg~(-1)、323~804 mg·kg~(-1)、60.7~142 mg·kg~(-1)、4.16~31.6 mg·kg~(-1)和0.001~2.29 mg·kg~(-1).湖心区营养盐含量较低,湖区西部营养盐含量高于湖区东南部.人类活动和污染物输入强度对梁子湖表层沉积物营养盐的空间分布特征有较大影响.沉积物硝氮、亚硝氮含量从深层到浅层递增,在2~3 cm处达到峰值,这表明梁子湖流域在该沉积时期的营养物污染较为严重.沉积物5~10 cm深度的氨氮含量为各深度中的最高值,但因水生生物对氨氮的优先吸收作用,其含量均在150 mg·kg~(-1)以下.同一区域的沉积物总氮、总磷含量的垂向变化特征相似,来自地壳释放的磷使得总磷含量的垂向波动幅度远大于总氮,这揭示了梁子湖沉积物中氮、磷的富集很可能来自同源污染物.该流域发达的水产养殖业是导致沉积物中氮、磷富集的原因之一.表层沉积物总氮和总磷的标准指数变化范围分别为1.09~2.49和0.54~1.34,梁子湖环境质量受到氮素的影响更为严重.湖区表层沉积物总氮、总磷的含量范围分别为598~1372 mg·kg~(-1)和323~804 mg·kg~(-1),均已超出我国东部浅水湖泊沉积物的营养物阈值参考范围,对湖泊生态系统构成了一定的威胁,需要格外关注.     

蓝藻暴发对巢湖表层沉积物氮磷及形态分布的影响

以巢湖表层沉积物及上覆水体为对象,于蓝藻暴发前(4月)和蓝藻暴发期(7月)采集水样及沉积物样品,分析了氮磷及其形态赋存特征,并探讨了沉积物氮磷及其形态与蓝藻暴发的关系.结果发现,蓝藻暴发时,巢湖表层沉积物总磷减少,总氮增加,同时削弱了磷在空间上分布的异质性.从氮磷形态来看,蓝藻暴发未造成巢湖表层沉积物氮形态(NH4+-N、NO3--N和Org-N)含量和比例的明显波动,但却造成了活性磷(弱吸附态磷和铁铝结合态磷之和)含量及比例的下降,钙结合态磷(Ca-P)以及有机磷(OP)含量及比例增加,生物有效性磷(AAP)的含量的减小.相关性分析表明,上覆水中叶绿素a(Chl-a)的浓度与铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)以及有机磷(OP)的含量显著相关(P<0.05),却与氮形态(铵态氮,硝态氮和有机氮)相关性不显著.巢湖沉积物磷(Fe/Al-P及AAP)对巢湖水体蓝藻暴发具有促进作用,而氮及其形态对蓝藻暴发作用较弱.     

巢湖流域农田氮磷污染物径流流失及淋溶特性

分别对巢湖流域水田和旱田降雨径流和雨水淋溶污染情况进行了测定,测定结果表明:水田径流中氨氮、硝态氮、溶解磷和COD浓度明显高于旱田径流中相应污染物浓度值,水田径流中总磷浓度在部分测定时间相差不大,其余测点值均高于旱田径流中总磷浓度值。水田淋溶液中氨氮和硝态氮浓度同旱田淋溶液中相差不大,多数情况下水田淋溶液中溶解磷和总磷浓度同旱田淋溶液中相差不大;淋溶液中氨氮、硝态氮、溶解磷、总磷浓度均显著高于径流中;水田淋溶液中COD值略低于水田径流中COD值;旱田淋溶液中COD浓度均值与旱田径流中COD浓度均值相差不大。     

滏阳河表层沉积物氮分布特征和界面无机氮扩散通量估算

为了揭示非常规水源补给河流沉积物-水界面氮交换过程及其特点,为非常规水源补给河流富营养化机制提供基础数据.选择典型非常规水源补给河流(滏阳河)为研究对象,分析河流沉积物中氮素空间分布及上覆水-孔隙水氮营养盐垂直分布特征,并估算滏阳河不同区段沉积物-水界面无机氮扩散通量.结果表明,滏阳河整体表层沉积物总氮含量范围在770~10590 mg·kg~(-1)之间,其中有机态氮为氮素的主要存在形式,占总氮比例达84.9%~99.3%.NH3-N为无机氮的主要形态,含量范围为3.23~1135.00 mg·kg~(-1).溶氧量作为影响沉积物-水界面无机氮分布的主要因素.邯郸段硝氮浓度在孔隙水中随深度逐渐升高,孔隙水平均硝态氮浓度达3.54 mg·L~(-1),为上覆水8倍之多.邢台、衡水、沧州段硝氮浓度随深度而逐渐降低;滏阳河下游衡水段和沧州段进入沉积物-水界面后氨氮浓度呈下降趋势.滏阳河上游邯郸段与邢台段沉积物-水界面NH3-N由沉积物向上覆水扩散,扩散通量为48.9~1471.0μmol·m~(-2)·d-1.下游河段部分点位NH3-N表现为上覆水向沉积物中扩散,扩散通量在-932~-456μmol·m~(-2)·d-1之间.非常规水源补给河流在氮营养盐外源得到控制后,仍存在内源释放风险,将会加大河流治理与修复的难度.     

洪泽湖表层底质营养盐的形态分布特征与评价

为揭示洪泽湖底质的营养盐空间分布特征,于2008年6月采集了该湖具有代表性的10个点位的表层底质,测定了其有机质、总氮、有机氮、氨氮、硝氮、总磷、无机磷、铁铝-磷、钙-磷等的含量.结果表明,底质中的有机质和总氮有很好的相关性,且有机氮约占总氮的90%,说明碳、氮有同源性;底质中的无机磷约占总磷的70%,而其中钙-磷占无机磷的比重较大;洪泽湖底质有机质与总氮,有机氮,总磷的空间分布特性极为相似,属洪水冲刷型堆积模式(Turbidity Flood Model方式);通过C/N域值得知沉积物中有机物主要来源为生物沉降.通过用有机指数评价法和有机氮评价法对洪泽湖表层底质的分析表明,洪泽湖底质除局部区域如龙集乡北表现为一定程度的有机氮污染外,整体处于清洁至尚清洁范畴.     

长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物对磷的吸附特征

研究了长江中下游浅水湖泊1 1个沉积物对磷的吸附等温线及其吸附动力学,并分析了沉积物理化特征对磷吸附特征的影响,研究发现:①沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附主要在前1 0h内完成,在0.5h内吸附反应十分迅速,并逐渐达到吸附平衡;②沉积物本底吸附态磷与其有机质、CEC、总磷、无机磷、有机磷、Fe/Al 磷和总氮显著正相关;对磷酸盐的最大吸附量与其CEC和无机磷、有机质和总磷呈显著负相关;而总最大吸附磷量与其有机质、CEC、总磷、无机磷、有机磷、Fe/Al 磷和总氮含量呈显著正相关;③就目前长江中下游浅水湖泊的水质而言,其沉积物存在解析;沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附 解吸平衡浓度与其有机质,CEC ,总氮,总磷以及各形态磷含量均有显著的正相关关系.本研究条件下,即使是污染较为严重的湖泊,其沉积物也具有向上覆水体释磷酸盐的趋势.     

巢湖西部河口区沉积物氮磷分布特征与原位扩散通量估算

选取巢湖西部重污染入湖河口区,研究表层沉积物氮磷污染特征,并运用Fick定律估算沉积物-水界面氮磷原位扩散通量.结果表明:南淝河、派河、十五里河河口表层沉积物总氮平均含量达到2208.17 mg·kg~(-1),氮形态以有机氮为主,占比达到90%以上.表层沉积物总磷平均含量为704.59 mg·kg~(-1),其中铁铝结合磷、活性有机磷和钙镁结合磷分别占比27%、28%和18%.河口区水体氨氮浓度从上覆水到孔隙水中总体呈上升趋势,沉积物表层(0~5 cm)孔隙水中氨氮平均浓度为25.42 mg·L~(-1),是上覆水中的7倍.沉积物孔隙水中硝氮与正磷酸盐浓度在垂向上随深度的增加呈先上升后降低的趋势,在沉积物-水界面附近达到浓度最高值.3个河口沉积物孔隙水中氮磷营养盐均向上覆水扩散,其中氨氮扩散通量分别为25.87、74.85与18.08 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1).硝氮与正磷酸盐扩散通量较低,范围分别在1.38~2.78和0.011~0.024 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1)之间.总体上看,巢湖西部河流入湖河口区表层沉积物氮污染严重,且存在较高的氮磷营养盐释放风险,应是巢湖富营养化控制过程中重点关注的区域.     

光合细菌投加量对湖泊污染修复的作用效应

富营养化湖泊的微生物修复具有良好的发展前景。采用室内模拟实验,选取武汉市墨水湖表层沉积物及相应上覆水,研究了光合细菌投加量对湖泊污染修复的作用效应。结果表明:经过10 d的处理,随着PSB投加量的增加,上覆水及沉积物的各项指标均呈现下降的趋势。与对照相比,投加1%PSB,上覆水中CODMn降低了31.6%,氨氮和总氮含量分别降低了52.4%、20.5%,溶解性磷和总磷含量分别降低了83.7%、63%;沉积物的总氮、总磷含量也明显下降,沉积物有机质含量降低了60.3%。PSB投加百分比与上覆水CODMn、总氮、总磷含量及沉积物总磷呈显著的负相关关系(P<0.05),与上覆水氨氮及沉积物有机质之间呈极显著的相关性(P<0.01)。证明利用富营养化水体修复接种光合细菌可以起到有效降低水体营养水平的目的。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.