中国能源CO_2排放峰值方案及政策建议北大核心CSCDCSSCI

能源活动贡献了CO2排放总量的主要部分。2014年11月,我国政府通过《中美气候变化联合声明》,首次正式提出于2030年左右实现CO2排放峰值,显然,未来时期我国CO2排放总量的峰值取决于能源活动CO2排放的峰值,能源活动CO2排放量又取决于能源消费总量和结构,而能源消费总量和结构又从根本上取决于经济、产业、人口发展和资源环境约束及宏观能源经济财税政策设计。鉴于经济、产业、人口发展、资源环境约束及能源经济政策制度设计对能源消费总量结构、CO2排放的复杂影响机制,本文基于能流图和能源供应消费成本最小化原理,构建跨期能源系统优化和碳排放模型IESOCEM作为定量研究工具,从"新常态"下我国2015-2050年经济、产业、人口等宏观指标预期发展水平出发,预测出能源服务需求量,并考虑已有能源政策目标的硬性约束,对未来时期能源消费总量结构及CO2排放量进行测算得出如下经济可行的峰值方案:一次能源消费总量将从2015年的39.1亿tce逐步增长到2050年的62.65亿tce,年度能源消费总量的增速逐步趋缓,从2015年的年度同比增速1.8%逐步降低到2050年度的0.6%;煤炭占一次能源消费总量比重将从64%持续降低到45%,石油占比从17%下降到8%,天然气占比从7%上升到11%,非化石能源占比将从12%上升到36%;能源活动CO2排放量经历先较快增长达到峰值后缓慢下降的趋势,从2015年的80.1亿t增长到2030的93.5亿t,2015-2030年平均每年增加排放0.89亿t CO2,并在2030年达到峰值,此后CO2排放开始缓慢下降,逐步下降到2050年的91.5亿t,2031-2050年平均每年减少排放0.1亿t。将我国能源活动CO2排放峰值方案与2013年能源消费及CO2排放实际情况进行对比分析的基础上,本文提出了我国能源活动CO2排放2030年达到峰值的政策建议:一是鼓励推广采用公私合作模式,吸引民间资本投入可再生能源基础设施建设,大力开发和利用可再生能源,促使可再生能源在未来能源消费增量中占绝对优势,同时加快可再生能源对化石能源消费存量的替代;二是由我国发起成立天然气进口国家联盟组织,增强天然气进口议价权,积极进口利用海外天然气资源,鼓励民间资本投入,加快国内天然气管网和储气设施建设;三是改革完善资源税、环境保护税、消费税制度,从宏观财税制度设计上加快推动能源资源利用的集约低碳转型。     

秸秆替代煤发电的外部效应测算分析

秸秆发电作为一种可再生的生物质能,具有巨大的社会和环境效益,表现出显著的正外部性特征,用秸秆发电替代燃煤发电是解决当前我国化石能源供应紧张、缓解环境危机、实现可持续发展和建设社会主义新农村的有效举措.因此开发生物质能已成为我国能源战略的重要组成部分.基于不同发电方式外部性的差异性,以及目前研究集中于环境维度、缺少发电方式外部性的综合分析和计量研究这一现实,本文从产业关联、就业、资源和环境四个维度对秸秆替代燃煤发电的外部性进行了分析,采用投入产出技术对秸秆替代煤炭发电产生的产业关联外部性和就业外部性进行计量分析,采用全生命周期理论对秸秆替代煤炭发电的各个环节资源的占用和消耗以及污染物排放的环境成本进行分析,并选择HDPI公司秸秆-煤炭混烧发电项目为案例进行实际测算,测算结果表明秸秆替代燃煤发电具有较好的外部效益.     

中国能源CO_2排放峰值方案及政策建议

能源活动贡献了CO2排放总量的主要部分。2014年11月,我国政府通过《中美气候变化联合声明》,首次正式提出于2030年左右实现CO2排放峰值,显然,未来时期我国CO2排放总量的峰值取决于能源活动CO2排放的峰值,能源活动CO2排放量又取决于能源消费总量和结构,而能源消费总量和结构又从根本上取决于经济、产业、人口发展和资源环境约束及宏观能源经济财税政策设计。鉴于经济、产业、人口发展、资源环境约束及能源经济政策制度设计对能源消费总量结构、CO2排放的复杂影响机制,本文基于能流图和能源供应消费成本最小化原理,构建跨期能源系统优化和碳排放模型IESOCEM作为定量研究工具,从"新常态"下我国2015-2050年经济、产业、人口等宏观指标预期发展水平出发,预测出能源服务需求量,并考虑已有能源政策目标的硬性约束,对未来时期能源消费总量结构及CO2排放量进行测算得出如下经济可行的峰值方案:一次能源消费总量将从2015年的39.1亿tce逐步增长到2050年的62.65亿tce,年度能源消费总量的增速逐步趋缓,从2015年的年度同比增速1.8%逐步降低到2050年度的0.6%;煤炭占一次能源消费总量比重将从64%持续降低到45%,石油占比从17%下降到8%,天然气占比从7%上升到11%,非化石能源占比将从12%上升到36%;能源活动CO2排放量经历先较快增长达到峰值后缓慢下降的趋势,从2015年的80.1亿t增长到2030的93.5亿t,2015-2030年平均每年增加排放0.89亿t CO2,并在2030年达到峰值,此后CO2排放开始缓慢下降,逐步下降到2050年的91.5亿t,2031-2050年平均每年减少排放0.1亿t。将我国能源活动CO2排放峰值方案与2013年能源消费及CO2排放实际情况进行对比分析的基础上,本文提出了我国能源活动CO2排放2030年达到峰值的政策建议:一是鼓励推广采用公私合作模式,吸引民间资本投入可再生能源基础设施建设,大力开发和利用可再生能源,促使可再生能源在未来能源消费增量中占绝对优势,同时加快可再生能源对化石能源消费存量的替代;二是由我国发起成立天然气进口国家联盟组织,增强天然气进口议价权,积极进口利用海外天然气资源,鼓励民间资本投入,加快国内天然气管网和储气设施建设;三是改革完善资源税、环境保护税、消费税制度,从宏观财税制度设计上加快推动能源资源利用的集约低碳转型。     

济源市能源消费二氧化碳排放量核算研究

本研究对济源市化石燃料消费所产生的CO2排放量进行了估算,结果表明,济源市2005-2010年CO2排放量整体呈上升趋势,虽然工业部门的煤炭消费对全市的CO2排放贡献最大,但是随着近年该市优化能源结构,天然气使用的增长速度已高于煤炭。基于此,利用Kaya公式,以济源市目前的发展状况进行情景预测,预测结果表明,到2020年单位GDPCO2排放量比2005年下降51.38%,同时提出了进一步降低济源市CO2排放量的政策建议。     

基于混合生命周期方法的私人电动汽车温室气体排放研究

近年来,电动汽车因其在行驶过程中无任何尾气排放,被各国政府视为推动交通部门清洁、低碳发展的重要途径,主要发达国家纷纷推出了各自的电动汽车发展战略。但是,由于电力属于二次能源,其上游电力生产阶段的能源消费是否清洁将对电动汽车的减排效果产生重要影响。考虑到目前中国绝大部分电力源于煤炭,电动汽车是否真正有益于减排还有待进一步验证。目前一些专家和学者基于传统的过程生命周期评价方法对电动汽车的能源消费、温室气体排放做了一些研究,但研究结果差异较大。为了对电动汽车的减排效果进行更精确的研究,本文采用混合生命周期方法对电动汽车的能源消费、温室气体排放进行了计算。同时,在考虑电动汽车的燃料生命周期、车辆制造生命周期的基础上,将相关配套充电设施建设生命周期纳入到电动汽车的全生命周期系统边界内,以使对电动汽车全生命周期的研究结果更加完整、精确。研究结果显示,纯电动汽车并非是"零排放"的,在燃料周期,虽然纯电动汽车的单位里程能源消费强度较小,约为传统汽油车的94.6%,但以煤为主的高碳电力结构导致目前纯电动汽车燃料周期的单位里程温室气体排放强度约为传统汽油车的1.12倍;车辆周期内,纯电动汽车的能源消费和温室气体排放量也略高于传统汽油车;此外,配套充电设施的建设也将增加纯电动汽车全生命周期的能源消费和温室气体排放量。综合燃料、车辆及充电设备的全生命周期,在当前的电源结构及技术条件下,电动汽车虽然具有较高的能源效率和较好的石油替代效果,但其全生命周期内的煤炭消费较高,导致其温室气体排放量高于传统汽油车,在当前的情况下大规模发展电动汽车并不利于温室气体减排。     

城市产业部门CO2排放三层次核算研究

城市是人类生产和生活的中心,超过75%的温室气体从城市产生,其中又以城市产业部门能源消费和工业过程非能源产生的CO2为主。本文基于投入产出模型,评价城市产业部门3个不同层次的CO2排放。以重庆为案例,核算其2002-2008年产业部门三个层次的CO2排放,包括能源消费直接排放、购买电力间接排放和全生命周期排放,并进行多层次对比。结果显示传统能源消耗和购买电力为对象的核算方法低估了产业部门CO2排放水平。2002-2008年,重庆各产业部门排放量逐年增加,碳排放强度整体呈现下降趋势。煤炭开采和洗选业、非金属矿采选业、非金属矿物制品业、电力、热力的生产和供应业,化学工业、金属冶炼及压延加工业、交通运输、仓储及邮电通讯业部门共7大行业是重庆碳排放的重点行业。部门交通设备制造业是重庆的优势产业,排放总量大,但是排放强度却相对较小,因此应大力发展该产业以促进重庆市低碳经济的发展。     

能源消费与环境污染的边限协整分析

能源的使用是导致环境恶化的主要原因之一,所以研究能源消费与不同污染物之间的关系就很有必要。本文以1985-2007年的年度数据为样本,建立了自回归分布滞后—误差修正模型,并运用边限检验对我国的能源消费与环境污染之间的关系进行了实证研究。研究结果表明:长期来看能源消费总量、煤炭占能源消费总量的比重和水电、核电、风电占能源消费总量的比重对SO2的排放有重要影响,但是对工业烟尘排放量来说只有水电、核电、风电占能源消费总量的比重的影响是显著的;短期来看煤炭占能源消费总量的比重对SO2排放的影响是显著的,能源消费总量和水电、核电、风电占能源消费总量的比重对工业烟尘的排放有显著影响。由于能源消费总量和结构对不同污染物的长期和短期影响存在较大差异,所以在治理时应区别对待。     

能源替代政策能否改善空气质量——兼论能源定价机制的影响

中国城市严重的空气污染与企业及家庭对燃煤的依赖密切相关。因此,以天然气等清洁能源替代燃煤被视为治理空气污染的重要手段。在能源替代政策的推进下,"煤改气"工程正在众多大城市如火如荼地进行。在此背景下,本文针对清洁能源替代问题进行经济学讨论,并对城市"煤改气"政策施行效果进行实证检验。本文首先利用包括西气东输等天然气长输管道项目作为外生冲击,考察了城市天然气供应对空气污染的影响。利用城市面板数据回归的结果发现,长输管道的联通对城市空气污染有显著地遏制作用,而这种作用在煤炭城市更为明显。在稳健性检验部分,利用城市液化石油气代替天然气进行安慰剂检验,发现天然气长输管道对于液化石油气的供给并没有显著促进作用,后者也未影响天然气替代煤炭对城市空气污染的减排效应。其次,在考察城市特征对天然气长输管道联通影响的基础上,考察途经城市是否存在选择效应,结果发现空气污染、煤炭消费等变量对管道联通均无显著影响,表明城市天然气管道联通并不存在明显的选择效应。在机制分析部分,进一步分析城市天然气管道长度、供应量与使用人口对空气污染的影响,发现天然气主要通过替代城市民用燃煤来遏制空气污染,对工业燃煤造成的污染则减排作用不明显。最后,从价格角度讨论了天然气难以通过替代工业燃煤遏制空气污染的可能原因,并分析了"煤改气"政策在现阶段的局限性。     

户用沼气模式生命周期减排清单与环境效益分析

相对于传统农业活动,以沼气为纽带的生态农业生产具有清洁的能源生产和高度闭环的废物回收处置等明显优势,在全国范围内得到入户推广。本文综合考虑沼气工程建造、使用和综合利用等生命周期过程,分析了典型户用沼气池综合利用各阶段环境节能减排清单,并在此基础上评价其环境效益。结果表明,"猪-沼-稻-果"综合农业利用模式下单位沼气池节能减排效果明显,其中CO2、PM10、CH4和CO净减排量分别达3 060.700kg、19.820kg、12.960kg和75.590kg,总净节能达9 068.4MJ。其中,玉米秸秆、沼液沼渣的利用和燃煤替代对温室效应的减缓明显,畜禽粪便的利用和燃煤的替代减缓了环境酸化以及富营养化过程,而光化学氧化的减缓主要来自玉米秸秆的利用而减少的CO、VOC的排放,沼气工程对人体毒害的减缓主要是来自燃煤替代而减少的SO2和PM10排放。户用沼气利用对各种环境影响均有减缓作用,其中对光化学氧化、富营养化、环境酸化和温室效应的改善最为显著,对于降低能源耗竭、减缓对人体的毒性也起到了较好的作用。     

中国生活能源消费的典型污染物排放及驱动因素研究

家庭能源消费在我国碳减排战略中的地位日益突出,但作为改善室内外大气污染和人群健康的重要抓手,其全面评估和系统对策却仍十分缺乏。为此,本文以PM2.5、SO2和NOx这3种决定雾霾形成的关键污染物为研究对象,建立1992—2014年我国城乡居民生活部门的排放清单。在此基础上利用对数平均迪氏分解(LMDI)模型分别对全国排放总量的动态变化和各省人均排放的空间差异进行驱动因素分析,从家庭(收入、消费意愿和能耗开支)、社会(能源价格和城市化率)和技术(排放因子)不同层面识别居民生活用能影响大气污染物排放的短板所在。结果显示:(1)22年间PM2.5的减排量有限,SO2和NOx的排放量分别增加12.5%和122.7%。城市居民的人均排放降幅明显,而农村居民2012年3种污染物人均排放为前者的1.2—8.2倍,仍面临很高的暴露风险。(2)人均排放高值区集中在华北和东北,北京、四川、重庆、江苏和福建的农村排放突出,而新疆和黑龙江的城市SO2和NOx排放水平高于农村,表现出较明显的城乡差异。(3)家庭收入和能源平均价格分别是排放的最主要正向和负向驱动力,人口的增排作用不断下降而城市化率和排放因子的减排效应日益明显。城市生活排放的价格弹性相较于农村排放更明显,而后者对收入变化更敏感。(4)城乡协同减排需要厘清多污染物的减排侧重点并体现区域特征。本文根据决定排放空间差异的主导因素将各省农村和城市各自划分为清洁均衡型、能源价格主导型和高污染型等6种类型,并从优化能源消费结构和生活用能价格体系、提高用能效率和农民收入等多方面提出针对性减排建议。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.