应用大气化学模型解析华北地区大气氮沉降时空分布特征及影响因素

本研究基于大气化学传输模型模拟结果,分析了2005—2015年华北地区大气氮沉降的时空分布特征,通过对2005年和2015年的结果进行模型敏感性实验,定量分析了全国和华北本地的人为源排放以及气象场对华北地区氮沉降年际变化的贡献。结果表明：(1)2005—2015年华北地区氮沉降年均量为28.7 kg·hm^-2·a^-1(以N计,余同),其中18.7 kg·hm^-2·a^-1来自还原态氮(NH_x),10.0 kg·hm^-2·a^-1来自氧化态氮(NO_y)。湿沉降占比为56%(16.1 kg·hm^-2·a^-1),略高于干沉降(12.6 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)。氮沉降的高值主要集中在华北的东南地区,低值集中在华北的西北地区,整体呈夏季高冬季低的季节特征。(2)2005—2015年,华北地区氮沉降整体呈先增加后减少的趋势,波动范围在27....     

陕西省天然源挥发性有机物排放清单及时空分布特征研究

基于Guenther提出的天然源性有机化合物(BVOCs)公式计算模型,利用高精度土地利用遥感资料,模拟估算了2000—2020年陕西省107个区县BVOCs的排放量、排放组成及时空分布规律.测算结果显示,陕西省近20年来BVOCs排放量呈上升趋势,总排放量从101.17×10⁴ t·a^-1上升至111.43×10⁴ t·a^-1.近20年陕西省年平均BVOCs排放量为106.01×10⁴ t·a^-1,其中,异戊二烯排放量为31.65×10⁴ t·a^-1,占比为29.86%;单萜烯排放量为35.61×10⁴ t·a^-1,占比为33.60%;其他VOCs排放量为38.75×10⁴ t·a^-1,占比为36.54%.BVOCs排放总量存在季节性变化,呈夏季高、冬季低的规律,夏、冬两季排放量分别为69.0×10⁴、...     

影响山东参考作物蒸散量变化的气象因素定量分析

根据山东省1961-2010 年90 个气象站的逐日气象观测数据,采用计算参考作物蒸散量(ET₀)的Penman-Monteith 模型方法,分析了山东省ET₀对最高气温、最低气温、风速、日照时数、相对湿度的敏感性,并结合各气象要素的多年相对变化定量探讨了影响ET₀变化的主导因素。结果表明:近50 a 来,山东平均ET₀以-1.818 mm/a的趋势减少,夏季减少趋势最显著,1983 年前后ET₀发生突变。各气象要素对ET₀变化的敏感区域、与ET₀相关性地域差异明显。虽然平均风速和日照时数的敏感系数较低,但其减小趋势极显著,多年相对变化较大,使平均风速成为ET₀变化负贡献最大的气象要素,日照时数次之,最高气温贡献最低,相对湿度在沿海地区的正贡献较大。年、春、秋和冬季对ET₀变化的主导因子是平均风速,夏季是日照时数,半岛大部分地区一年四季的主导因子是相对湿度。突变后主导因子是平均风速的站点明显减少,主导因子为相对湿度的站点明显增多,由于夏季日照时数极显著减少,导致突变后夏季大多数站点对ET₀变化的主导因子为日照时数。     

长江流域蒸发皿蒸发量及影响因素变化趋势

采用MannK-endall非参数检验方法和反距离权重插值法IDW对长江流域近40年来20cm蒸发皿蒸发量及其影响因素进行了时空变化趋势分析,研究结果表明:近40年来,长江流域年平均蒸发皿蒸发量在全流域和不同区域内均呈现显著的下降趋势,且中下游地区(99%的置信度)比上游地区(95%的置信度)下降趋势显著,夏季(99%的置信度)比其它季节下降趋势显著。影响蒸发皿蒸发量的主要气象因子太阳净辐射和风速呈现显著下降趋势,气温表现为显著升高趋势,但中下游地区夏季温度微弱下降,降水微弱增加,但中下游地区夏季降水显著增加。因此,长江流域年平均太阳净辐射和风速的显著下降是年平均蒸发皿蒸发量显著下降的主要原因,而中下游地区夏季气温的微弱下降和降水的显著增加使得中下游地区夏季蒸发皿蒸发量下降趋势尤其显著。     

泾惠渠灌区潜在蒸散发量的敏感性及变化成因

潜在蒸散发量(ET₀)是计算作物需水量的关键因子和制定灌溉制度的依据,敏感性分析对评估气候变化对ET₀的影响至关重要.根据泾惠渠灌区4 个气象站1961—2011 年逐日气象资料,采用Penman-Monteith 公式计算日ET₀,应用Mann-Kendall 趋势检验方法研究气象因子变化趋势,采用无量纲的相对敏感系数分析ET₀对4 个主要气象因子的敏感性,结合气象因子的多年变化定量分析ET₀的变化成因.结果表明,泾惠渠灌区风速和日照时数呈显著下降趋势,气温呈显著上升趋势,相对湿度在南部和东南部呈显著下降趋势,而西部和东北部呈不显著的上升趋势,ET₀呈显著下降趋势;ET₀对相对湿度、太阳辐射、风速和气温的敏感系数分别为-0.77、0.41、0.16 和0.08;风速和太阳辐射的显著下降是灌区ET₀下降的主要原因.     

利用修正的Hargreaves公式计算青海湖流域参考作物潜在腾发量

根据青海湖流域刚察气象站1958—2006年的逐日气象资料,分别采用Penman-Monteith公式和Hargreaves公式对参考作物潜在腾发量进行了计算并对两种方法的计算结果进行了对比分析,发现两种方法的计算结果存在较大差异。为了提高Hargreaves公式在该地区的适用性,引入平均相对湿度因子对Hargreaves公式进行了修正,并利用刚察气象站2007—2012年的逐日气象资料对Hargreaves公式修正式的计算结果进行了验证,发现对Hargreaves公式的修正结果非常好,在青海湖流域可以作为计算参考作物潜在腾发量的一种计算方法而使用。     

氮添加与凋落物处理对橡胶林砖红壤有机碳组分及酶活性的影响

研究氮添加与凋落物处理对土壤有机碳组分及酶活性的影响对调控人工林生态系统恢复具有重要意义.于海南岛西部橡胶林地开展野外微区模拟试验,采用二因素完全随机设计,设置4个氮水平[不施氮(CK,0 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,以N计,下同),低氮(LN,50 kg·hm^-2·a^-1),中氮(MN,100 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)和高氮(HN,200 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)]以及2种凋落物处理[凋落物去除(LR),凋落物保留(L)],分析0～10 cm和10～20cm土层的土壤理化性质、总有机碳(SOC)及其组分、酶活性等指标.结果表明,土壤pH随N添加量增加以及凋落物的去除呈显著降低的趋势(P <0.05).土壤NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N含量随N添加的增加显著增加,N添加和凋落物处理对NO₃^-     

氮负荷增强对闽江河口湿地植物-土壤系统硫分布及其转运特征的影响

选择闽江河口典型短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)湿地为研究对象,基于野外原位氮(N)负荷增强模拟实验,探讨了不同氮负荷梯度下(NL0(对照处理)：0 g·m^-2·a^-1;NL1(低氮处理)：37.5 g·m^-2·a^-1;NL2(中氮处理)：50 g·m^-2·a^-1;NL3(高氮处理)：100 g·m^-2·a^-1)湿地植物-土壤系统硫分布及其转运特征.结果表明,不同氮负荷处理下湿地土壤的TS含量整体表现为NL3>NL2>NL0>NL1(p<0.05).相较于NL0处理,NL2和NL3处理下的TS平均含量分别增加了10.02%和37.25%,而在NL1处理下其值降低了38.07%.植被生态特征是影响不同氮负荷处理下土壤TS含量分布的共性因素,而高氮负荷处理下的土壤TS含量还受到pH和EC变化的影响.氮负荷增强条件下植物不同器官的TS含量均发生了明显变化,除NL3处理下根与茎的...     

基于无人机观测的塔克拉玛干沙漠反应性气体特征及来源分析

为研究沙漠地区大气环境和反应性气体变化机理，利用无人机观测平台于春季(2022年5月8—30日)和夏季(2021年7月19—31日)对塔克拉玛干沙漠中心(塔中站)和南缘(民丰站)的反应性气体体积分数、气温、相对湿度和风速进行垂直观测，对比沙漠腹地和边缘的反应性气体垂直变化，结合HYSPLIT模式究其来源.结果表明：(1)民丰站CO体积分数整体略高于塔中站，春季CO体积分数明显高于夏季，并且可能存在较强的SO₂和NO₂污染现象. CO平均体积分数呈民丰站春季(524.68×10^-9)>民丰站夏季(468.95×10^-9)>塔中站春季(313.42×10^-9)>塔中站夏季(133.64×10^-9)的特征；SO₂体积分数夏季高于春季，呈民丰站夏季(105.22×10^-9)>民丰站春季(69.21×10^-9)>塔中站夏季(65.38×10^-9)&g...     

南疆地区主要城市CO特征分析及其影响研究

利用2020—2022年中国生态环境监测总站逐小时一氧化碳(CO)和臭氧(O₃)数据,结合中国气象局环境监测数据及全球资料同化系统(GDAS)数据,使用随机森林(RF)模型、相关性分析、潜在贡献源因子法(PSCF)、浓度权重轨迹法(CWT)分析了南疆地区主要城市的CO浓度变化趋势与潜在来源.结果表明:(1)在近3年期间南疆除库尔勒外各主要城市的CO浓度有一定程度的上升趋势,且在2021年变化较为明显,其浓度年平均值排序为喀什((1.10±4.21) mg·m^-3)>和田((1.06±3.07) mg·m^-3)>阿克苏((0.78±2.13) mg·m^-3)>阿图什((0.66±2.69) mg·m^-3)>库尔勒((0.47±0.71) mg·m^-3).南疆5座城市之间,CO浓度月变化幅度最大的城市为喀什,最高值为1月的2.469 mg·m^-3,最低值为6月的0.436mg·m^-3;变化幅度...     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.