淫羊藿果实成熟与生境的关系

以四川省南充市金城山3个不同海拔高度(562 m, 640 m和726 m)的淫羊藿为研究对象,对其果实成熟的时间及数量进行了研究;同时也对其果实成熟量与大气湿度、温度、光照强度之间的关系进行了研究.相关的数据分析表明,淫羊藿果实成熟过程可分为初始期、高峰期和末期3个阶段.果实成熟主要受湿度,光照和温度的影响.气温的突变可能是促进淫羊藿果实成熟的机制之一;果实数与相对光照、温度之间都存在极显著的相关性.随着海拔高度的变化,淫羊藿果实成熟时间也有相应变化.由于淫羊藿果实成熟后易自裂,所以研究不同生境淫羊霍果实成熟时间的差异对于淫羊霍种子的采收也相当重要.     

苍耳子的化学成分

苍耳子(Fructus Xanthii)是常用中药,主要用于慢性鼻炎的治疗,有一定的毒性.为明确苍耳子产生生物活性的物质基础,通过溶剂萃取、正、反相反复硅胶柱色谱及MCI柱色谱等方法,对苍耳子80%甲醇提取物进行分离纯化,用质谱、核磁共振谱等方法进行结构鉴定.从正丁醇萃取物中分离鉴定7个化合物:阿魏酸(1)、咖啡酸(2)、绿原酸(3)、4-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸甲酯(4)、6,7-二甲基-1,4-二氢-2,3-喹喔啉二酮(5)、咖啡酸胆碱酯(6)和4′-O-二氢红花菜豆酸钠盐-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7).其中,化合物4~7为首次从该植物中分离得到.图1参10     

洋河大曲的化学成分

酒曲被称为酒之骨,曲药质量直接关系到白酒的出酒率和品质,目前对大曲的研究主要集中在其理化性质和大曲中的微生物,对沸点较高的化学成分的研究较少.本研究以洋河酒厂提供的大曲为材料,综合利用正、反相硅胶,Sephadex LH-20等多种色谱技术进行分离,结合核磁共振、质谱等波谱技术进行鉴定.从大曲中共分离得到9个化合物,分别将其鉴定为丙三醇(1)、赤藓醇(2)、核糖醇(3)、甘露醇(4)、9,12-十八碳二烯酸(5)、亚油酸单甘油酯(6)、油酸单甘油酯(7)、β-胡萝卜苷(8)、L-焦谷氨酸(9).除化合物5外,其余8个化合物均首次从大曲中分离得到.     

细叶草乌的化学成分研究

从细叶草乌根中首次分离得到12个化合物,通过理化性质及波谱分析,将其分别确定为滇乌碱(Ⅰ)、乌头碱(Ⅱ)、丽江乌头碱(Ⅲ)、塔拉萨敏(Ⅳ)、8-去乙酰滇乌碱(Ⅴ)、展花乌头宁(Ⅵ)、大黄酚(Ⅶ)、β-谷甾醇(Ⅷ)、棕榈酸(Ⅸ)、4,4'-二甲氧基联苯(Ⅹ)、胡萝卜苷(Ⅺ)和1-O-对乙氧肉桂酰基-D-吡喃葡萄糖(Ⅻ).参9     

饮水中有机物分离鉴定方法研究

本文提供一个在没有气相色谱/质谱/计算机联机(简称GC/MS/DS)情况下,进行饮水中有机物分离鉴定的方法。通过大孔树脂Amberlite XAD吸附、不同溶剂洗脱,硅胶柱层析和薄层分离等步骤浓集和分离饮水中有机物。然后在薄层板上用萤光激发光谱鉴定多环芳烃;根据在硅胶柱洗脱液中的位置和气相色谱中保留时间这二个参数鉴定其它化合物。 本文测定了包括有机氯农药、硝基化合物、氯代芳烃、酚类、蓉二甲酸酯类和多环芳烃等六类共三十四个有机物的鉴定参数。 用本法以某市自来水中检出五十二个组分,其中巳鉴定的有六六六四种异构体、1,2,4-三氯苯、萤蒽、(艹屈)、芘、苯并〔a〕芘等九种有机物。     

黄海棠中的多酚类化学成分

金丝桃属(Hypericum)植物具有悠久的药用历史、丰富的植物资源、众多的生物活性.前期本研究组从金丝桃属植物中分离得到了一系列结构新颖的多环多异戊烯基取代的简苯三酚类化合物,为了能够发掘出更多结构新颖的天然产物,对云南哈巴雪山金丝桃属植物黄海棠(H.ascyron)地上部分中的多酚类化学成分进行研究.采用反复硅胶柱色谱、MCI、Sephades LH-20、制备型和半制备型高效液相色谱等分离手段从黄海棠中共分离纯化得到10个多酚类化合物.运用MS和NMR等波谱技术分别鉴定为槲皮素(1)、山奈酚(2)、3,8"-Biapigenin(3)、木樨草素(4)、2-(3,4-二羟基苯甲酰基)-2,4,6-三羟基-3(2H)-苯并呋喃酮(5)、2,4-二羟基-6-(3,4-二羟基苯甲酰氧基)-苯甲酸(6)、2,4-二羟基-6-(4-羟基苯甲酰氧基)-苯甲酸(7)、七叶内酯(8)、原儿茶酸(9)、原儿茶酸甲酯(10).化合物5-7为首次从藤黄科植物中分离得到,而化合物3、4、8、10为首次从该植物中分离得到.     

川莓的化学成分

川莓 (ＲｕｂｕｓｓｅｔｃｈｕｅｎｅｎｓｉｓＢｕｒ .ｅｔＦｒａｎｃｈ .)为蔷薇科 (Ｒｏｓａｃｅａｅ)悬钩子属植物 ,分布于两湖和西南地区 ,其根和叶可用于治疗痨伤吐血、咳血、月经不调等[1] .该植物的化学成分还未见报道 ,我们将其根和叶用甲醇室温提取 ,提取物经硅胶柱层析分离纯化得到的 5个化合物 ,经波谱分析和与标准品对照分别鉴定为草莓苷Ｆ1(ｋａｊｉ ｉｃｈｉｇｏｓｉｄｅＦ1,1)、( ) 表儿茶素 ( 2 )、胡萝卜苷 6′ 棕榈油酸酯 ( 3)、胡萝卜苷 ( 4 )和β 谷甾醇 ( 5) .1　实验部分1 .1　仪器、材料和样品ＮＭＲ谱用Ｂｒｕｋ…     

变绿毛壳霉CIB608次级代谢产物及抗菌活性

抗菌活性筛选表明变绿毛壳霉(Chaetomium virescens CIB608)大米固态发酵乙酸乙酯提取物具有显著的抗金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)活性.为阐明抗菌活性物质基础,利用硅胶柱层析、反相C-18硅胶柱层析、高效液相色谱等分离技术以及核磁共振、质谱及液质联谱波谱分析手段对该菌的化学成分进行分离、分析和鉴定,并采用管碟法对部分化合物的抗菌活性进行评价.结果显示,变绿毛壳霉次级代谢产物种类丰富,共分离鉴定14个化合物,分别为7-methoxy-eugenitol(1)、eugenitol(2)、2,4-二羟基-3,6-二甲基-苯甲酸(3)、甲氧基柄曲霉素(4)、柄曲霉素(5)、二氢柄曲霉素(6)、奥佛尼红素(7)、nidurufin(8)、腺苷(9)、2′-甲氧基腺苷(10)、对羟基苯甲酸(11)、毛壳霉素(12)、毛壳霉素B(13)和毛壳霉素C(14).化合物12具有显著的抗菌活性,在浓度1.0μg/mL时对金黄色葡萄球菌仍具有显著抗菌活性.化合物13和14中的含有3个硫的硫桥键不稳定,分离纯化过程中会逐步脱掉1个硫,进而转化为化合物12.本研究表明变绿毛壳霉次级代谢产物种类丰富,化合物1为新的色原酮天然产物,化合物12为该菌的抗金黄色葡萄球菌物质基础;变绿毛壳霉CIB608可作为毛壳霉素类活性物质的重要来源.(图5表2参30)     

短序醉鱼草的化学成分研究

为研究短序醉鱼草中具有血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制活性的成分,从该植物地上部分95%乙醇提取物中首次分离并鉴定了11个化合物,分别是洋芹素(1)、芦丁(2)、槲皮素(3)、E-对-羟基肉桂酸(4)、β-谷甾醇(5)、β-胡萝卜甙(6)、豆甾醇(7)、3,4-二甲氧基肉桂酸(8)、木樨草素(9)、丁香醛(10)和华良姜素(11).化合物1、3和9显示一定的ACE抑制活性.图1表1参15     

南方灵芝子实体的化学成分

南方灵芝[Ganoderma australe(Fr.)Pat.,Bull.]为一种常见的生长在阔叶树枯立木、倒木和伐桩上的灵芝属真菌,具有很好的药用和保健价值.采用硅胶、凝胶柱色谱、反相ODS柱和高效液相色谱等方法从野生南方灵芝子实体的乙醇提取物中分离到14个化合物,结合核磁共振(1H-NMR,13C-NMR)、质谱(MS)、红外(IR)、紫外(UV)等波谱技术将其分别鉴定为灵芝烯酸G甲酯(Methyl ganoderenate G,1)、灵芝烯酸G(Ganoderenic acid G,2)、灵芝烯酸A(Ganoderenic acid A,3)、灵芝烯酸A甲酯(Methyl ganoderenate A,4)、灵芝烯酸D(Ganoderenic acid D,5)、灵芝烯酸F(Ganoderenic acid F,6)、灵芝酸AP(Ganoderic acid AP,7)、7β,23α-dihydroxy-3,11,15-trioxolanosta-8,20E(22)-dien-26-oic acid(8)、Elfvingic acid A(9)、3β,5α-dihydroxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one(10)、对羟基苯甲酸(p-hydroxybenzoic acid,11)、3-羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲酸(3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid,12)、油酸-α-单甘油酯(9-octadecenoic acid-2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester,13)及谷甾醇(β-sitosterol,14).其中,化合物1为新化合物,化合物1-9为从南方灵芝中首次分离得到的羊毛甾烷型三萜化合物.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.