对离子选择电极法测定氟化物时电极清洗方法的改进

离子选择电极法测定氟化物时,电极清洗采用ｐＨ为４～５的配性溶液,省时、省力,且不影响电极性能及测定结果。     

双极铝电极电凝聚除氟研究

一种投资不大的脱氟方法——双极铝电极电凝聚脱氟法,用模拟水样研究电极间距、氟化物浓度、温度以及溶液的ｐＨ值对电凝聚的影响,并对其优化条件进行了探讨。同时,用南阿尔及利亚水样讨论了电流密度和面积／体积比率对脱氟作用的影响。研究表明：用双极铝电极电凝聚法去除撒哈拉水中的氟化物不需加可溶性盐。铝与氟化物的质量比为１７：１。     

浅谈水质中氟化物的分析方法

经过长期的工作实践，笔者总结出能够大大提高水中氟化物测定效率及准确度的操作方法。即在使用离子选择电极法测量水中氟化物时，首先要保证试验用的去离子水的纯净度，同时确保电极清洗到260mv以上，再开始试验，最后在绘制标准曲线时保证斜率的绝对值在（58±1）之间。     

嘉陵江下游饮用水氟化物时空变异特征研究

饮用水中可溶性氟化物是公众摄入氟的主要途径,其含量水平影响人体健康。分别于2015~2017年的丰水期和枯水期6次随机采集监测了嘉陵江下游52个饮用水样中氟化物含量,并基于地理信息系统平台和健康风险指数法进行了评价。结果表明,该区域饮用水中氟化物浓度平均为0.20~0.25 mg/L。除2015年部分样点外,其余样点的氟浓度均低于国家标准限值。其年际变化为2015年明显高于2016年和2017年(P<0.05);年内变化为枯水期略高于丰水期。研究表明,研究区饮用水中氟化物不会对人体造成威胁,且有逐年降低的趋势,建议当地居民适当增加氟的摄入量,以降低患龋齿的风险。     

离子选择电极测定釜溪河水中的氟

水中氟的测定用比色法手续繁琐,采用离子选择电极测定具有选择性好,快速准确,在总离子强度调节缓冲液中,氯化钠可以调即离子强度,而柠檬酸钠可以消除Fe~(3 ),Al~(3 )的干扰。在pH值为5—6时测定较适宜。天然水中氟含量较低,地面水含氟量一般每升含0.2—0.5毫克之间,自来水中要求含氟量每升不超过1.0毫克,有些地下水含氟量较高,可达每升数毫克。水中氟含量的测定方法有茜索锆比色法,茜素络合剂比色法,对磺基苯偶氮变色酸锆比色法,用比色法测定氟,需要蒸馏或萃取等费时费事,特别是在测定微量的氟时,若蒸镏操作不严密,反而给测定结果带来较大的误差,因此令人感到检洲氟化物快速而可靠的方法颇为重要,采用离子选择电极测定微量的氟化物,方法准确、快速,简便,灵敏度高,不破环试样等优点,所以很快地得到人们的重视,在美国已将氟电极法作为水中氟化物的标准分析方法之一,本文采用标准加入法,使用上海生产PF—1型氟电极,对自贡市釜溪河水中的氟进行测定,现将方法小结如下。     

水中总氮测定方法研究进展

水中总氮含量的测定,受到无氨水的制备、试剂纯度、试剂配制、实验室环境、玻璃器皿洗涤、消解条件控制等因素的制约。本文介绍了上述各制约因素对国标方法 -碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法实验结果的影响,对比几种常见测定方法,并探讨了目前存在的主要问题。     

含高可溶性盐油田废水中悬浮物的测定

实验研究了可溶性盐对滤纸过滤法测定水中悬浮物的干扰，讨论了蒸馏水洗涤法消除可溶性盐干扰的不足。提出用双滤法消除可溶性盐干扰，通过室内和现场试验证明很有效。该法不改变原有的测定条件，具有较高的准确度和精密度。     

温度对离子选择电极法测定氟化物的影响

环境监测分析工作中,离子选择电极法测定氟化物,温度对测定结果有较大影响,这个问题在实际工作中往往容易忽视,提出能够解决问题的、实用的技术方案,供实际工作中参考。     

大通地区大气氟化物对小麦和油菜的污染危害

对西宁市大通县种植小麦、油菜受大气氟化物污染危害的情况作了简述 ,分析了污染危害产生的原因以及污染危害程度与废气排放高度与气象要素的关系 ,通过对小麦、油菜受氟化物危害的症状与受病虫害危害的症状比较得出 ,小麦、油菜的叶片与果实的氟含量与大气氟化物浓度呈高度正相关 ,认为可把 2 .0 μg/dm2 ·d的大气氟化物浓度作为保护小麦、油菜等农作物的基准值 ,提出了防治大气氟污染的对策。     

锑电极测试油田污水pH值方法的试验研究

为了在线测试中原油田污水水质改性后碱性废水的ｐＨ值,进行了锑电极酸度计测试油田污水ｐＨ值方法的试验研究。该酸度计主要由刮板电机、清洗刮板、温度测量电极、锑电级、参比电极、防护罩等组成。室内实验中锑电极测定两种标准缓冲液的ｐＨ值,当温度小于６０℃时,最大绝对误差为０．２３;温度为７０℃时为０．４６。在采油二厂濮二联合站进行半年的现场监测对比实验,相对于标准电极,该电极测量的最大绝对误差为０．３２,相对误差３．９％,比玻璃电极和复合电极精密度略低,但能够满足现场监测要求,且寿命较长。     

Visitor-induced changes in the chemical composition of soils in backcountry areas of Mt Robson Provincial Park, British Columbia, Canada

Balancing recreation and conservation is an important issue in Canada's parks and protected areas. Increased levels of visitation to parks, especially to backcountry areas, create undue pressure on natural resources, resulting in a variety of ecological impacts. This paper illustrates the issue of visitor-induced changes on the chemical composition of soils in Mt Robson Provincial Park, British Columbia. Soil samples were collected from dish wash stations and fire pits (disturbed sites) at seven campgrounds located along two popular backcountry trails, and were compared to samples obtained from adjacent undisturbed control sites. Analysis of soil samples suggest that the lower amounts of aluminum, potassium, magnesium and sodium in many of the 'disturbed' samples can be related to intense leaching in dish wash stations, and can be attributed to frequent disposal of waste water from washing and cooking activities. Soils in wash stations generally had higher phosphorus, copper and zinc contents as compared to controls. Soils in fire pits were elevated in copper, relative to controls. Results of this study support park regulations that waste water disposal and camp fires be restricted to designated areas. Informing the public of scientific studies helps them understand the consequences of their activities; this may help persuade them to observe park rules and regulations.     

A washing procedure to mobilize mixed contaminants from soil: II. Heavy metals

We conducted a laboratory study to assess the efficiency of nonionic and anionic surfactants in combination with a sparing quantity of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) to simultaneously extract heavy metals (HMs) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) compounds from a field-contaminated soil. A soil wash that mobilized both HMs and PCBs was combined with back-extraction with hexane to remove PCBs from the aqueous wash. The aqueous washing suspension was then regenerated by precipitation of the HMs induced by corrosion and hydrolysis of zero-valent Mg to provide a cleaned soil and innocuous extract. Finally, the washing suspension was recycled twice to mobilize more contaminants from the soil particulate fraction. After ultrasonic equilibration, EDTA in admixture with a nonionic surfactant did not appreciably change the efficiency of mobilization of most heavy metals (Al, Cd, Cr, Fe Mn, Ni, and Zn), but did increase the recovery of Cu and Pb. The release of EDTA from HM complexes was efficient for most metals (99%) but was influenced by the chemical characteristics of the surfactant. The EDTA recovery (62-65%) after three cycles of soil washing, hexane back-extraction, and Mg(0) treatment was similar for all reagent combinations. In toto, these studies demonstrate that after treatment with ultrasound, selected heavy metals can be coextracted efficiently from soil with a single washing suspension containing EDTA and a nonionic surfactant.     

Evaluation of an acid ammonium oxalate extraction to determine fluoride resident concentrations in soils

Fluoride depositions near aluminum smelters and other fluoride-emitting plants can lead to fluoride accumulation in soils, which constitutes a risk for ground water contamination. This study was conducted to investigate the capacity of a 0.2 M acid ammonium oxalate solution to selectively and quantitatively extract fluoride accumulated in soils. The recovery of fluoride added to three soils was evaluated following 7- to 28-d incubations. Oxalate extraction was also compared with a total fluoride extraction method, using oxalate-extractable fluoride (Fox) and total fluoride (Ftot) accumulation profiles derived from column percolation experiments. To determine low-level fluoride concentrations without interference from high Al and Fe concentrations, an adapted ion chromatography method was used. Following soil incubations, oxalate extracted 42 to 86% of added fluoride. Recovery varied between soils and, in one soil, increased with added fluoride concentration. Recovery was unaffected by incubation time. Maximum recovery was obtained in a soil high in amorphous Fe and Al, low in clay, and free of carbonate. Lower recoveries were obtained in soils with higher clay or carbonate contents. Only 4 to 8% of Ftot was extracted in untreated samples using Fox, which suggests a high selectivity of this method for added fluoride. In percolation experiments, the use of Fox reduced considerably the background noise associated with Ftot for the evaluation of fluoride accumulation profiles. Because of its high selectivity and despite incomplete fluoride recovery, the use of Fox to determine fluoride resident concentrations in soils may improve environmental monitoring of fluoride accumulation and movement in contaminated soils.     

高氟温泉水中氟在周边水环境中的分布特征与评价

针对温泉水中高氟现象,本实验利用离子选择性电极法,分析测定高氟温泉水周边河水中氟含量及河水底泥中氟含量。通过对高氟温泉水分布特征的研究可初步得知,温泉中高氟在周边水环境中分布因其氟含量大、不易被重视,对环境的影响相对较大。     

A washing procedure to mobilize mixed contaminants from soil: I. Polychlorinated biphenyl compounds

We conducted a laboratory study to assess the feasibility of a washing process with nonionic and anionic surfactants in combination with ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) for the simultaneous mobilization of heavy metals and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from a field-contaminated soil. Unit processes consisting of complexometric extraction and surfactant-assisted mobilization were combined with reagent regeneration and detoxification steps to generate innocuous products. Ten minutes of ultrasonic mixing of the soil with a combination of 30 mL L(-1) surfactant suspension and a sparing quantity (2 mmol) of EDTA mobilized appreciable quantities of PCBs, virtually all of the available Cd, Cu, Mn, and Pb, and lesser amounts of the Zn, Ni, and Cr but only small quantities of Al and Fe. Relative to individual reagents, combinations of surfactant (Brij 98, Triton X-301, or Triton XQS-20) with EDTA did not influence PCB extraction efficiencies perceptibly. Of the three surfactants, the Brij 98 proved to be the most efficient for three successive extractions with a single charge, mobilizing 83% of the PCBs, whereas companion extractions that used fresh reagent each time mobilized 87% of the soil PCB content. The decreased PCB mobilization with the same quantity of anionic surfactant (71 or 68%) resulted from losses during the EDTA regeneration process with zero-valent Mg. In toto, these studies demonstrate that PCB compounds and selected heavy metals can be coextracted efficiently from soil with three successive washes with the same washing suspension containing EDTA and a nonionic surfactant.     

Fluoride removal and its impact on oral health in Sri Lanka's dry zone: Discussion and recommendation

Fifty percent of the dry zone areas in Sri Lanka have fluoride levels above 1 ppm. This paper discusses the ground conditions and recommends an appropriate range of fluoride in drinking water which can support preventive practices for improving the oral health of children 8-years old and younger. In efforts to address the Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown etiology (CKDU), water treatment to reduce contaminant level in potable water has been implemented. Such treatment would also remove fluoride and has resulted in potable water with various fluoride levels, depending on concentrations in the raw water. While it is important to reduce fluoride levels, it is important to have appropriate residual levels for prevention of dental caries. It needs, however, to be noted fluoride in excess can cause dental fluorosis. In Sri Lanka's dry zone areas increasing prevalence of dental fluorosis with decreasing prevalence of dental caries has been noted. Consumption of tea and powdered milk could increase total intake of fluoride. Fluoridated toothpaste, when used properly, may, however, result in negligible intake of fluoride. Sri Lanka's hot tropical climate which results in substantial intake of fluids reinforces the need to consider reduction in water fluoride. Consideration of local studies and international standards indicate fluoride levels should be in the range of 0.225–0.500 ppm. In the range of 0.225–0.500 ppm, the prevalence of dental fluorosis and caries was only 14% and 8%, respectively, in an endemic district. When fluoride levels are above 0.500 ppm, the issue of dental fluorosis shall need to be addressed. When levels are below 0.225 ppm, oral health care services shall need to be directed at preventing dental caries.     

Effect of salt solution treatment on impurity removal: A case study on phosphogypsum

This study gives a brief demonstration of impurity removal efficiency upon salt solution treatment of phosphogypsum (PG). The experimental set up has been designed according to a multi-variable Box–Behnken Design (BBD) with stirring time, solid: liquid (PG:salt solution) ratio and temperature as the conducted in various salt solutions. PG sample has been treated with sea water, 5% NaCl and 10% NaCl solutions according to the BBD matrix. Fluoride (F), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and nickel (Ni) amounts in the PG sample have been measured upon pre- and post-treatment with salt solutions. Among other operating conditions, temperature has been the dominant factor on fluoride removal efficiency, and responses for the factors determined in the experiment runs indicated that a significant correlation could be established between temperature and fluoride removal, sea water being the most efficient salt solution. Higher copper, manganese, and nickel removal efficiencies have been observed in single salt NaCl solution systems however no significant correlation could be established between factors. Results indicate that pre-treatment of PG located near coastal regions with sea water can be a cost-effective approach and applicable on industrial scale when fluoride removal is of importance.     

洗涤法处理含油土壤的研究

研究了用洗涤法处理含油土壤，考察了洗涤剂种类与浓度、洗涤温度、液固比、洗涤时间、表面活性剂、洗涤液直接循环使用次数对洗涤效果的影响，结果表明：当混合减浓度为10000mg／L、洗涤温度为70℃、液固比2：1、洗涤时间20min时，可将含油量为30％的土壤洗至残油率仅为0．3％左右。OP、EL型表面活性剂的加入对洗涤效果没有改善，特别有意义的是洗涤液能够直接循环使用而对洗涤效果基本无影响，这不仅能够减少用水量，还可以大大减少废水的排放量，降低操作费用及废水处理费用。该洗涤法不涉及物质的相变过程，混合碱由廉价的无机碱和无机盐组成，故能量消耗低，处理费用也低，且洗脱下来的原油可回收。