刚/柔性障碍物对甲烷/空气预混气体泄爆动力学的影响

为探究刚/柔性障碍物对甲烷/空气泄爆行为的影响，采用自主搭建的连接容器(20 L球形容器连接4 m长爆炸管道和0.5 m长泄压管道)试验系统，研究不同阻塞比与厚度的刚性/柔性障碍物对甲烷/空气爆炸超压及泄爆火焰的影响。结果表明，在球形容器内，随阻塞比和厚度增加，峰值超压与最大升压速率相应增大，在阻塞率为80%和厚度为0.40 mm时峰值超压分别达到了190.4 kPa和273.5 kPa,最大升压速率分别为4.32 MPa/s和7.32 MPa/s。在管道末端，随柔性障碍物厚度增加，爆炸超压与升压速率同样大幅度提升。而随刚性障碍物阻塞比增加，峰值超压和最大升压速率先上升后下降。在设置刚性和柔性障碍物后，泄爆管道内均出现二次爆炸的现象，不同的是，二次爆炸的剧烈程度随柔性障碍物厚度增加而上升，而随刚性障碍物阻塞比增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势。     

开敞空间可燃气云爆炸冲击波超压及灾害动力响应研究评述

为了进一步梳理和分析开敞空间可燃云爆炸冲击波超压传播规律及灾害动力响应方面的各项研究成果,推进可燃气体爆炸安全防控,减少人员伤亡和经济损失。在分析现有研究的基础上,总结开敞空间可燃气云爆炸冲击波超压传播规律及灾害动力响应研究等方面存在的不足,提出开敞空间多元混合气体爆炸冲击波超压传播规律研究、多影响参数下可燃气云爆炸冲击波超压传播规律定量分析、基于可燃气云爆炸冲击波超压作用下的承载体动力响应等未来研究的关键技术问题。     

5种结构障碍物对火焰传播影响的试验研究

为了研究障碍物结构对预混甲烷管道内火焰传播速度和峰值超压的影响,自行设计一套火焰加速系统。在火焰加速管道上安装光电传感器和压力传感器分别测定火焰传播速度和超压,试验中选取5种结构障碍物,即平板、长方体、三棱柱、四棱柱和圆柱,其阻塞比分别为20%,40%和60%3种。研究结果表明:初始阶段障碍物阻碍火焰传播,当火焰越过障碍物后,障碍物能显著加速火焰传播。随着阻塞比增加,相同结构障碍物的火焰传播速度总体上不断增加,而峰值超压先变大后减小。相同阻塞比下,平板、三棱柱对火焰传播速度和超压影响相对较大;长方体居中;圆柱、四棱柱对增加火焰传播速度和超压作用相对较小。较小阻塞比障碍物管道内超压与无障碍物管道中的超压相比显著增加,但此后,管道中超压随阻塞比变化不明显。     

障碍物布置对气体爆炸压力场的影响效果研究

为研究可燃气体爆炸压力场受障碍物布置的影响情况,运用流体动力学软件AutoReaGas建立不同阻塞程度和不同结构（平面、立体）的障碍物爆炸模型,模拟分析不同布置情况对气体爆炸压力场的影响程度和规律。研究表明:改变障碍物的阻塞程度和结构（平面、立体）都会影响可燃气体的爆炸超压峰值。同种障碍物结构下,随着阻塞率的增加,气体爆炸压力的增加程度在一定范围内呈现出先增大后减小的变化情况;相同阻塞率下,立体障碍物对爆炸压力场产生的影响明显大于平面障碍物。研究立体障碍物与平面障碍物对加速燃烧的影响情况旨在为工业生产过程中的实际应用提供理论依据和基础,为防控气体爆炸灾害提供一定参考借鉴作用。     

障碍物对瓦斯爆炸冲击波影响研究

为研究障碍物对瓦斯爆炸冲击波传播规律的影响,利用水平管道式气体——粉尘爆炸实验装置,测试并分析障碍物数量、尺寸和壁面粗糙程度对瓦斯爆炸冲击波超压、冲击波传播规律的影响。结果表明:障碍物对瓦斯爆炸过程中冲击波传播规律具有重要影响。障碍物存在时,改变了爆炸冲击波的传播规律,提高了冲击波超压的最大峰值压力,且随着障碍物数量和尺寸的增加,这种激励作用越明显。随着壁面粗糙程度的增大,瓦斯爆炸冲击波超压明显增大。研究结果对井下巷道瓦斯爆炸冲击波的防治具有一定的指导意义。     

基于FLACS的地下暗厨房燃气爆炸数值模拟

为更好地按抗爆要求设计地下暗厨房,利用FLACS软件建立含地下暗厨房的某民用建筑有限元模型,研究气云尺寸、点火位置、障碍物的形状以及位置和尺寸对燃气爆炸压力的影响,并根据数值模拟结果确定爆炸对暗厨房结构的损伤程度。研究表明：在暗厨房中,随着气云尺寸增大,爆炸对建筑物损坏程度也加大。点火位置在厨房、通风井和客厅时,压力峰值分别为41.9、19.5和3.25 kPa。障碍物的存在会使爆炸产生更大的压力,障碍物截面形状为正方形时的压力峰值远大于圆形和长方形;障碍物越靠近点火位置,压力峰值越大;随着障碍物截面尺寸增加,压力峰值不断升高,电梯区域附近压力峰值上升幅度最大。地下暗厨房燃气爆炸产生的冲击波对地上空间影响大于传统厨房。     

立体结构障碍物对甲烷预混火焰传播影响的研究

使用自行设计的火焰加速试验系统,研究了3种立体结构障碍物对管道内预混火焰传播速度和超压的影响。选用长方体、正四棱柱和圆柱,其阻塞比均为40%。结果表明,管道内障碍物对火焰传播的初始阶段起阻碍作用,当火焰越过障碍物后,障碍物加速火焰传播过程。有障碍物时管道内最大火焰传播速度和峰值超压比无障碍物时要大。随着点火距离的增大,管道中最大火焰传播速度和超压先变大后减小。当障碍物位于约6倍管径处时,对管道中火焰传播速度和超压影响最大。点火距离的改变对火焰传播速度的影响大于对管道内超压的影响。     

障碍物对气体爆炸压力场影响数值模拟

气体爆炸是工业生产和生活领域中爆炸灾害的主要形式之一,研究障碍物对管道内可燃气体爆炸的影响规律具有十分重要的现实意义。运用计算流体动力学软件AutoReaGas,定量地研究了障碍物阻塞率、个数等因素对管道中预混乙炔/空气混和物爆炸压力场的影响规律。计算结果表明,障碍物的个数和阻塞比对管道内乙炔气体爆炸峰值超压均有显著影响。本文的研究结果对于预防和控制气体爆炸灾害有一定的借鉴作用。     

巷道中瓦斯爆炸诱导激波传播特性研究

利用AutoReaGas软件,数值模拟巷道中瓦斯浓度和火源对瓦斯爆炸传播的影响,其计算结果表明:爆炸静态超压随着传播距离的增加而减小,而爆炸动压随着传播距离的增加而增大;点火位置距离巷道封闭端越近,各测点得到的爆炸静态超压值越大;瓦斯浓度对爆炸峰值超压影响显著,当浓度为9.5%的氧化反应当量比浓度时,得到的最大峰值超压为70.95kPa,爆炸威力最大。     

综合管廊燃气舱燃气爆炸冲击波传播特征研究*

为研究综合管廊燃气舱燃气爆炸冲击波的传播特征,采用数值模拟方法研究首次超压峰值和首次流速峰值的变化规律,建立首次流速峰值与首次超压峰值和填充长度的耦合关系,分析不同填充长度情况下燃气爆炸后的超压和水平流速的变化规律。结果表明:燃气爆炸后,燃气舱内存在多个超压峰值,峰值间存在明显的时间差。冲击波到达各测点的时间与燃气填充长度成反比关系。水平流速曲线随着时间的变化以0为基点上下振荡,存在正向峰值和反向峰值。随着燃气填充长度的增加,流速下降趋势变快。首次超压峰值随传播距离的增加先增大后减小再增大,随着填充长度的增加,产生超压峰值最大值的位置由接近填充长度结束的位置转移到燃气舱封闭端。首次流速峰值随传播距离的增加先增大后减小。首次流速峰值与首次超压峰值呈现正比关系,通过拟合得到流速峰值与超压峰值及填充长度的耦合关系。研究结果可为燃气舱燃气爆炸后的流速分布研究以及燃气舱防火分区的设计提供参考。     

Influence of built-in obstacles on unconfined vapor cloud explosion

The obstacle structure in the vapor cloud has a significant influence on the gas explosion. Obstacles could not only lead to the acceleration of flame, but also they may occupy some space, thus affecting the amount of combustible gas. In this paper, a new two-step method was proposed to respectively study the effects of the obstacles amount and volume blockage ratio (VBR) on the gas explosion by using Computation Fluid Dynamic software AutoReaGas, and the obstacles in the vapor cloud were set to “Solid” instead of “Subgrid”. Based on the results and analysis, it is found that the peak overpressure and the maximum combustion rate rise with the increase of the number of obstacles for a single VBR, which indicated that the vapor cloud explosion of more obstacles was more dangerous for a single VBR. However, under a single number of obstacles, the peak overpressure and the maximum combustion rate increase firstly and then decrease as VBR increases and reach the highest at the VBR of 0.74, which indicated that the intensity of vapor cloud explosion reach a peak at a certain VBR in the middle instead of the largest. In addition, the existence and structure of obstacles have little effect on the size of explosion fireball when the size and concentration of combustible gas cloud are the same.     

LES – DFSD modelling of vented hydrogen explosions in a small-scale combustion chamber

Accidental explosions are a plausible danger to the chemical process industries. In the event of a gas explosion, any obstacles placed within the path of the flame generate turbulence, which accelerates the transient flame and raises explosion overpressure, posing a safety hazard. This paper presents numerical studies using an in-house computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for lean premixed hydrogen/air flame propagations with an equivalence ratio of 0.7. A laboratory-scale combustion chamber is used with repeated solid obstacles. The transient compressible large eddy simulation (LES) modelling technique combined with a dynamic flame surface density (DFSD) combustion model is used to carry out the numerical simulations in three-dimensional space. The study presented uses eight different baffle configurations with two solid obstructions, which have area blockage ratios of 0.24 and 0.5. The flame speed, maximum rate of pressure-rise as well as peak overpressure magnitude and timing are presented and discussed. Numerical results are validated against available published experimental data. It is concluded that, increasing the solid obstacle area blockage ratio and the number of consecutive baffles results in a raised maximum rate of pressure rise, higher peak explosion overpressure and faster flame propagation. Future model development would require more experimental data, probably in a more congested configuration.     

水平管道内障碍物数量对瓦斯爆炸过程的影响研究

为了研究水平管道内障碍物数量对瓦斯爆炸的影响,利用自制的水平管道式气体爆炸试验装置,选用阻塞率为60%的圆环型障碍物,在常温常压下对管道内障碍物数量分别为1片、3片、5片和7片时瓦斯(试验气体为甲烷与空气的混合物,下同)爆炸过程进行试验研究。结果表明:瓦斯的爆炸压力及其上升速率均随障碍物数量的增加呈先增后减的变化规律,而火焰传播速度则随着障碍物数量的增加单调递增,但递增幅度逐渐减小。在密闭置障管道内瓦斯的爆炸压力及其上升速率随测试位置长径比的增大先减小后增大,而火焰传播速度则随测试位置长径比的增大单调递减。     

The acceleration of flames in tube explosions with two obstacles as a function of the obstacle separation distance

The separation distance (or pitch) between two successive obstacles or rows of obstacles is an important parameter in the acceleration of flame propagation and increase in explosion severity. Whilst this is generally recognised, it has received little specific attention by investigators. In this work a vented cylindrical vessel 162 mm in diameter 4.5 m long was used to study the effect of separation distance of two low blockage (30%) obstacles. The set up was demonstrated to produce overpressure through the fast flame speeds generated (i.e. in a similar mechanism to vapour cloud explosions). A worst case separation distance was found to be 1.75 m which produced close to 3 bar overpressure and a flame speed of about 500 m/s. These values were of the order of twice the overpressure and flame speed with a double obstacle separated 2.75 m (83 characteristic obstacle length scales) apart. The profile of effects with separation distance was shown to agree with the cold flow turbulence profile determined in cold flows by other researchers. However, the present results showed that the maximum effect in explosions is experienced further downstream than the position of maximum turbulence determined in the cold flow studies. It is suggested that this may be due to the convection of the turbulence profile by the propagating flame. The present results would suggest that in many previous studies of repeated obstacles the separation distance investigated might not have included the worst case set up, and therefore existing explosion protection guidelines may not be derived from worst case scenarios.     

Effects of multiple annular obstacles on flame propagation of local corn starch dust in a vertical pipe

With high-speed camera technology, the propagation behavior of explosion flame for the local dust cloud of corn starch in a semi-open vertical pipe under the action of the annular obstacle was studied experimentally, and the blockage rate and the annular obstacle numbers as well as impact of dust cloud concentration on the flame propagation were investigated. The researches showed that both the blockage rate and the annular obstacle numbers have significant effects on the flame speed and propagation process for the dust cloud explosion of corn starch. The increase of the blockage rate of such annular obstacles will cause that the combustion of dust cloud with high concentration is mainly concentrated in the lower part of the pipe. The increase of the annular obstacle numbers will lead to the acceleration of combustion of the dust cloud. With the increase of the blockage rate and the annular obstacle numbers, the maximum flame speed shows a trend of the first increasing and then decreasing, and the phenomenon of accelerated propagation of the flame becomes more and more obvious, however, the distance of continuous acceleration for the flame is gradually decreased and the maximum flame speed is farther from the outlet of the pipe. Under the action of such annular obstacles, the concentration of dust cloud has a significant effect on the flame speed and shape of the dust cloud of the corn starch. The increase of the concentration of the dust cloud will decrease the acceleration effect of such annular obstacles to result in maximum flame speed showing a trend of the first increasing and then decreasing. However, the acceleration distance of the flame is longer, and the maximum flame speed is closer to the outlet of the pipe. The increasing concentration will make the flame speed develop more slowly, the flame color will be darker, and the flame segmentation phenomenon will be more obvious.     

长径比对管道油气爆炸特性与火焰传播规律影响研究*

为了探究长径比对油气爆炸传播特性与火焰传播规律的影响,为复杂管道受限空间油气爆炸防控提供理论参考,结合油气爆炸与爆炸抑制工程实际需要,构建不同长径比管道油气爆炸模拟实验系统,在此基础上开展不同初始浓度的预混油气-空气混合气爆炸实验。研究结果表明:管道内部的预混油气爆炸超压信号呈先上升后下降的趋势,由于耗散以及憋压效应导致超压下降平稳后仍大于初始压力;同时长径比增加会导致达到最大爆炸超压的油气浓度增加,油气爆炸超压峰值随着长径比的增加呈现上升→下降→上升的规律,小长径比管道的油气爆炸超压峰值高于大长径比管道,但同为小长径比管道或大长径比管道工况的实验结果对比显示爆炸超压峰值随着长径比增加而提升;而超压上升速率则会随着长径比的增加而上升;长径比的增加同时也会促进火焰的加速传播并减小火焰持续时间。     

受限空间障碍物截面变化对混合气体爆炸特性参数的影响研究

为研究障碍物截面变化对混合气体爆炸特性参数的影响规律,运用3D动态流体动力学软件AutoReaGas建立障碍物截面不同变化方式和趋势的爆炸模型,模拟分析截面不同变化方式（渐变、突变）和不同变化趋势（由大变小、由小变大）对气体爆炸特性参数（速度、压力场）的影响程度和规律。研究表明:改变障碍物的截面变化方式和趋势都会影响可燃气体的爆炸参数。对于爆炸压力场,截面变化情况下的爆炸超压大于截面不变的情况,截面渐变大于截面突变的情况,截面由大到小变化与截面由小到大变化下的爆炸超压呈现相反变化趋势。对于爆炸速度场,截面不同变化方式和趋势下的速度变化情况均为在开始的一小段时间内先减小然后逐渐增大。     

点火位置对独头巷道中瓦斯爆炸超压的影响

运用AutoReaGas爆炸仿真模拟器研究了独头巷道中点火位置对瓦斯爆炸后果的影响。结果表明,在本计算条件下,爆炸静态超压随着距离的增加而减小,爆炸动压随着距离的增大而增大,点火位置对爆炸后果有重要影响,点火位置离封闭端越近,各个测点上所得到的超压越大。     

不同曲率弯曲巷道爆炸冲击波传播特性数值模拟研究

为研究爆炸冲击波在不同曲率弯曲巷道内的传播规律,采用数值模拟手段建立了不同曲率弯曲巷道爆炸模型,分析了爆炸冲击波在巷道内的传播特性及其变化规律, 并结合冲击波超压对人体的伤害程度分类,研究了不同曲率弯曲巷道内爆炸破坏效应分区。模拟结果表明,弯曲角度改变了巷道内冲击波超压分布,随着巷道弯曲角度的不断增大,壁面反射对冲击波超压峰值分布起主要作用,随着传播距离的增加,冲击波超压峰值衰减显著,体现了超压峰值变化的距离效应。此外,巷道弯曲角度的增加整体减小了爆炸损伤严重程度。研究结果可实现对不同曲率弯曲巷道内冲击波超压分布的预测,并为巷道内爆炸事故预防及应急救援提供借鉴。