铜绿山矿区菜地土壤重金属污染特征

以铜绿山矿区菜地为研究对象,测定了土壤和蔬菜中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 4种重金属的含量,分析了土壤-蔬菜体系重金属的污染特征和蔬菜对重金属的富集能力。结果表明:矿区菜地土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的污染因子分别为10.63、1.12、1.10、0.06,表明Cu污染非常严重,Zn、Pb属轻度污染,Cd无污染;参考《食品中污染物限量》(GB 2762—2017)、《食品中铜限量卫生标准》(GB 15199—94)以及《食品中锌限量卫生标准》(GB 13106—91),蔬菜中Cu、Zn污染较严重且具有普遍性;蔬菜中Cd含量虽均未超出食品安全限值,但明显高于蔬菜根部土壤中的Cd含量;叶菜类、根茎类蔬菜中Pb均未超标,瓜果类蔬菜中Pb超标;蔬菜可食部位对重金属的富集能力为CdZnCuPb;蔬菜中重金属含量与土壤重金属含量总体表现出较弱的相关性,表明蔬菜中重金属的积累不完全决定于土壤重金属的含量,还与土壤中重金属的生物有效性、环境行为及其他环境因素有关。     

洛阳郊区蔬菜基地土壤中重金属污染现状调查与评价

为研究洛阳郊区蔬菜基地土壤重金属污染现状,采集了洛阳郊区3个主要蔬菜基地的15个土壤样品,分析了土壤中重金属镉、汞、砷、铅、铬、铜、锌、镍的含量,并采用单项污染指数和综合污染指数进行评价。结果表明,3个蔬菜基地土壤中8种重金属含量均未超标,土壤中重金属单项污染指数和综合污染指数均小于1.0。在3个蔬菜基地中,北郊和东郊基地土壤中重金属的综合污染指数分别为0.52和0.60,均小于0.7,处于清洁(安全)水平,而西郊基地土壤中重金属的综合污染指数为0.78处于尚清洁(警戒限)水平。     

有机改性蒙脱石负载巯基修复汞污染土壤

以蒙脱石作为原始材料,对其进行有机改性,将巯基基团负载在有机改性的蒙脱石上制备出重金属汞的稳定剂以稳定化修复汞污染土壤。考察稳定化时间、稳定剂添加量、浸出液pH及有机质含量对稳定化效果的影响,探究稳定化前后土壤汞形态变化。通过XRD、FTIR和SEM分析了蒙脱石、有机改性蒙脱石(Mont-OR)和负载巯基有机改性蒙脱石(Mont-OR-SH)的物理化学特征,通过原子吸收法测定汞浓度。稳定化修复结果表明,稳定化时间为30 d,稳定剂添加量为9%时,汞浸出浓度为0.066 mg·L~(-1),稳定率为98.3%,达到GB 5085.3-2007规定的汞限值0.10 mg·L~(-1)。添加不同质量的小麦秸秆作为有机质的来源,均对整个稳定化有促进作用,其中添加量为6%时,促进作用最明显,改变浸出液pH,在强酸性和强碱性条件下,利用此稳定剂对汞的稳定作用降低。TESSIER五步提取法结果表明,负载巯基的有机改性蒙脱石的添加导致可交换态汞、碳酸盐结合态汞、铁锰氧化物结合态汞含量下降,而有机结合态汞、残渣态汞含量增加。实验结果证明有机改性蒙脱石负载巯基能够有效地应用于汞污染土壤修复。     

胡敏素钝化修复重金属Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)污染土壤

通过土壤培养实验,研究了添加胡敏素对污染土壤中Cu、Pb生物有效性和化学形态的影响。结果表明,添加胡敏素可显著降低重金属的浸出浓度。当投加2%的胡敏素5 d后,土壤中重金属Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)的浸出浓度分别下降45.16%和56.97%,并且投加胡敏素10 d后对重金属的钝化基本达到稳定。尿素、硫酸铵、磷酸二氢钾可显著提高胡敏酸对Pb的钝化效果,浸出浓度分别下降了29.36%、23.57%和28.69%,但对Cu的影响不明显。进一步的研究表明,投加2%的胡敏素钝化处理30 d后土壤中交换态铜和铅的所占的比例由原来的15.68%和15.79%下降到了0.48%和1.22%,而有机态铜和铅的比例则由5.35%和10.93%上升到了13.24%和27.32%。因此,采用胡敏素作为重金属污染土壤的钝化剂具有广阔的应用前景。     

农田蔬菜中重金属污染和铅稳定同位素特征分析

采集南京市栖霞山铅锌矿附近农田中6种蔬菜和相应的根际土壤,测定了蔬菜(根系和茎叶)和根际土壤样品铅、镉、铜和锌含量和铅稳定同位素比率.结果表明,土壤受到铅、镉和锌污染,其中镉是最重要污染物;蔬菜根系和茎叶铅、镉、铜和锌含量具有明显的种属特异性;与<食品中污染物限量>(GB 2762-2005)、<食品中铜限量卫生标准>(GB 15199-1994)和<食品中锌限量卫生标准>(GB 13106-1991)中阈值相比.蔬菜中铅、镉和锌含量超标严重.铅稳定同位素比率表明.蔬菜的铅稳定同位素比率与土壤铅稳定同位索比率明显不同.因而土壤不是蔬菜富集铅的全部来源,大气可能是其重要来源之一.     

成都东郊稻田土中汞的分布特征研究

选取成都东郊唯一的火力发电厂周围的稻田土为研究对象,对稻田土中各种形态汞的分布特征进行了调查与研究,探讨稻田土中汞的分布规律,为分析和判断稻田土中汞的迁移和转化行为及该区汞污染土壤的修复提供重要依据。结果表明,处于火力发电厂烟尘排污口下风向的1#、2#、3#、4#采样点土样受到了严重的汞污染,呈现出高含汞特征,总汞平均质量浓度在9～41mg/kg,平均值为24.546mg/kg,远远超出《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—1995)二级标准所规定的限值(0.5mg/kg),而处于排污口上风向的5#、6#、7#、8#土样没有受到明显的汞污染,大部分土样的总汞含量与成都市土壤汞平均含量接近;1#、2#、3#、4#土样中5种形态汞的垂直分布均呈现出随着土壤深度增加而减少的特征;1#、2#、3#、4#土样中的各形态汞平均百分比为有机结合态汞>硝酸溶汞>残渣态汞>铁锰氧化态汞>水溶和可交换态汞,土壤中含有的大部分汞化学性质比较稳定,难以被植物吸收利用,而易被植物吸收利用的水溶和可交换态汞虽然仅占极小一部分,但含量还是高于成都市土壤中水溶和可交换态汞的背景值。     

还原稳定化法修复六价铬污染土壤的中试研究

为探索还原稳定化法修复六价铬污染土壤的工程可行性,以某化工厂铬渣堆存场内六价铬污染土壤为研究对象,开展还原稳定化法修复六价铬污染土壤的中试研究。结果表明,DARAMEND-M、硫酸亚铁(Fe SO4)和多硫化钙(CPS)3种药剂对土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率超过了99%,糖蜜对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率达93.9%。经糖蜜和DARAMEND-M处理的下层土壤,水溶态铬+交换态铬由原来的21.77%分别下降至6.26%和2.95%;经Fe SO4和CPS处理的渣土混合物,水溶态铬+交换态铬由22.12%分别下降至4.58%和2.94%,铬的稳定性明显增强。采用糖蜜、DARAMEND-M和Fe SO4处理后可以降低土壤p H值,而CPS处理则提高土壤p H值;糖蜜和DARAMEND-M有助于提高土壤微生物量碳含量。总体而言,糖蜜和DARAMEND-M适合修复低Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤,在还原稳定化效果和长效性方面,DARAMEND-M药剂优于糖蜜;Fe SO4和CPS在修复高Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤方面具显著效果。     

磷酸盐稳定化处理铅污染土壤及铅的形态分析

以某铅酸蓄电池厂铅污染土壤为供试土壤,投加不同比例的磷酸二氢钾稳定化处理污染土壤,测定土壤中铅的浸出浓度,以考察磷酸二氢钾对土壤中铅的稳定化效果,并采用BCR(European Community Bureau of Reference)连续提取法进行形态分析,分析磷酸二氢钾对土壤中铅形态分布的影响。结果表明:随着磷酸二氢钾投加比的增加,各处理组铅的浸出液浓度呈下降趋势,投加比为6%时铅的浸出含量可满足《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》中0.25 mg·L~(-1)的浓度限值,达到了预期的稳定化效果。随处理时间延长,磷酸二氢钾对土壤中铅各形态分布变化规律如下:酸可提取态铅和可还原态铅含量呈下降的趋势,可氧化态和残渣态铅则呈增大的趋势。各形态铅含量在前10 min都快速变化,随后变化趋缓。经过磷酸二氢钾处理过的污染土与污染原土相比,酸可提取态和可还原态显著降低,可氧化态和残渣态显著提高。     

不同活化剂对镉、铅单一及复合污染土壤的修复效果影响

选取柠檬酸(CA)、木醋液(WV)、聚天冬氨酸(PASP)、羟基乙叉二磷酸(HEDP)和FeCl_3作为活化剂,以镉、铅单一和复合污染土壤为研究对象,采用振荡淋洗法结合形态分析技术研究活化剂对重金属污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明:(1)重金属单一污染时,5种活化剂对镉、铅均有一定的淋出效果,淋出效率均随活化剂浓度的增大而增大。活化剂通过淋洗实验主要淋出酸溶态和可还原态重金属。(2)重金属复合污染时,金属离子间的竞争作用会不同程度地影响重金属在土壤中的存在形态,进而影响重金属的淋出效率,多数情况下,铅的存在会促进镉的淋出,但镉的存在会抑制土壤铅的释放。     

功能微生物对污染农田土壤中铅锌的溶出实验

用微生物修复重金属污染的土壤是当今的研究热点之一。试图寻找一类可以增加土壤中重金属铅、锌的可溶态的功能微生物,并研究该微生物在不同土壤含水率和不同投菌比条件下对铅、锌溶出作用的影响。最终筛选出符合条件的菌JK3,并发现当土壤含水率为35%,投菌比为0.15 mL/g土(菌液OD=1)时,土壤中铅和锌的可溶态增加量最多。其中,可溶态铅的含量由原来的0.49 mg/kg增加到了5.04 mg/kg,可溶态锌的含量由原来的2.23 mg/kg增加到了22.44mg/kg。该方法为后续用植物提取或化学淋洗等方法将土壤中的重金属彻底去除提供了可能。     

某矿区土壤和地下水重金属污染调查与评价

为了解湘南某矿区土壤和地下水重金属污染状况，对该矿区东河流域附近重金属污染源进行了调查，同时，对地下水和土壤样品进行了采样分析，结果表明：（1）该矿区东河流域附近的主要污染源有18个，其中有色金属选厂、尾矿库、采矿场和冶炼厂是排放重金属较多的污染源；（2）20个采样点中土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Zn、As和Hg大部分超过国家土壤环境质量标准（GB15618-1995），综合污染指数P综〉1，该矿区主要的重金属污染元素为Cd、As和Hg，且土壤中Cd、Zn和As的含量两两之间存在着极显著的正线性相关关系；（3）重金属元素在土壤中的纵向迁移不明显，该矿区附近20个采样点的地下水并未受到污染，综合污染指数P综〈1。20个采样点地下水Pb、Cd、Zn、As、Hg浓度均能达到地下水质量标准（GB／T14848．9）中的Ⅲ类标准。     

Speciation of metals in contaminated sediments from Oskarshamn Harbor,Oskarshamn, Sweden

Bottom sediments in coastal regions have been considered the ultimate sink for a number of contaminants, e.g., toxic metals. In this current study, speciation of metals in contaminated sediments of Oskarshamn harbor in the southeast of Sweden was performed in order to evaluate metal contents and their potential mobility and bioavailability. Sediment speciation was carried out by the sequential extraction BCR procedure for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn and the exchangeable (F1), reducible (F2), oxidizable (F3), and residual (R) fractions were determined. The results have shown that Zn and Cd were highly associated with the exchangeable fraction (F1) with 42–58 % and 43–46 %, respectively, of their total concentrations in the mobile phase. The assessment of sediment contamination on the basis of quality guidelines established by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) and the Italian Ministry of Environment (Venice protocol for dredged sediments) has shown that sediments from Oskarshamn harbor are highly contaminated with toxic metals, especially Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg, As, and Zn posing potential ecological risks. Therefore, it is of crucial importance the implementation of adequate strategies to tackle contaminated sediments in coastal regions all over the world.     

Amelioration of alkali soil using flue gas desulfurization byproducts: productivity and environmental quality

In this study, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) byproducts are used to ameliorate alkali soil. The average application rates for soils with low exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), mid ESP, and high ESP are 20.9, 30.6, and 59.3 Mg ha(-1), respectively. The experimental results obtained for 3 consecutive years reveal that the emergence ratios and yields of the crops were 1.1-7.6 times and 1.1-13.9 times those of the untreated control, respectively. The concentrations of Cr, Pb, Cd, As, and Hg in the treated soils are far below the background values stipulated by the Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB15618-1995). Their concentrations in the seeds of corn and alfalfa grown in the treated soils are far below the tolerance limits regulated by National Food Standards of China. The results of this research demonstrate that the amelioration of alkali soils using FGD byproducts is promising.     

Survey of heavy metal pollution and assessment of agricultural soil in Yangzhong district, Jiangsu Province, China

We investigated concentrations of Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, As, Ni, and Cr in samples of soil, cereal, and vegetables from Yangzhong district, China. Compared to subsoils, the sampled topsoils are enriched in Hg, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As. High levels of Cd and Hg are observed in most agricultural soils. Concentrations of Cr and Ni show little spatial variation, and high Cu, Pb, and Zn contents correspond well to areas of urban development. High As contents are primarily recorded at the two ends of the sampled alluvion. The contents of Cd, Hg, and total organic carbon (TOC) increase gradually to maximum values in the upper parts of soil profiles, while Cr and Ni occur in low concentrations within sampled profiles. As, Pb, Cu, and Zn show patterns of slight enrichment within the surface layer. Compared to data obtained in 1990, Cd and Hg show increased concentrations in 2005; this is attributed to the long-term use of agrochemicals. Cr and Ni contents remained steady over this interval because they are derived from the weathering of parent material and subsequent pedogenesis. The measured As, Cu, Pb, and Zn contents show slight increases over time due to atmospheric deposition of material sourced from urban anthropogenic activity. Low concentrations of heavy metals are recorded in vegetables and cereals because the subalkaline environment of the soil limits their mobility. Although the heavy metal concentrations measured in this study do not pose a serious health risk, they do affect the quality of agricultural products.     

Comprehensive assessment of toxic metals in urban and suburban street deposited sediments (SDSs) in the biggest metropolitan area of China

A set of toxic metals, i.e. As, Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr, in urban and suburban SDSs were investigated comparatively in the biggest metropolitan area of China, Shanghai. Results showed that all of the metals except As were accumulated greatly, much higher than background values. Geo-accumulation index indicated that metal contamination in urban SDSs was generally heavier than that in suburban SDSs. Potential ecological risk index demonstrated that overall risks caused by metals were considerable. Cd contributed 52% to the overall risk. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that in urban SDSs, Zn, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cu and Cr were related to traffic and industry; coal combustion led to elevated levels of Hg; soil parent materials controlled As contents. In suburban SDSs, Pb, Cu, As and Cd largely originated from traffic pollution; Zn, Ni and Cr were associated with industrial contaminants; Hg was mainly from domestic solid waste.     

Enhanced phytoextraction of an agricultural Cr- and Pb-contaminated soil by bioaugmentation with siderophore-producing bacteria

Bioaugmentation-assisted phytoextraction may enhance the phytoextraction efficiency thanks to larger metal mobilization by microbial metabolites. Green fluorescent protein-tagged cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens or Ralstonia metallidurans, able to produce siderophores, were inoculated in an agricultural soil containing Cr (488 mg kg(-1)) and Pb (382 mg kg(-1)) and maize was cultivated. Bacteria were inoculated as free or immobilized cells in Ca-alginate beads, with skim milk in the aim at improving both the bacterial survival and the in situ siderophore production. Skim milk addition increased inoculated Pseudomonads concentration in soil. Soil inoculation with free cells of R. metallidurans supplied with skim milk increased Cr accumulation in maize shoots by a factor of 5.2 and inoculation with immobilized P. aeruginosa cells supplied with skim milk increased Cr and Pb uptake by maize shoots by a factor of 5.4 and 3.8, respectively. However total metal taken up by the whole plant decreases almost always with bioaugmentation. Translocation factor also increased with P. aeruginosa or R. metallidurans by a factor of 6 up to 7. Inoculated bacteria concentration in soil was correlated with metals in the exchangeable fraction. Cr and Pb concentrations in the exchangeable fraction were correlated with metal contents in shoots or roots. Our results suggest that bioaugmentation-assisted phytoextraction is a relevant method in the aim at increasing the phytoextraction rate which usually limits the use of phytoremediation technologies.     

Heavy metal levels and solid phase speciation in street dusts of Delhi,India

Street dust samples were collected from three different localities (industrial, heavy traffic and rural) situated in the greater Delhi area of India. The samples analyzed for Cd, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Cr indicated remarkably high levels of Cr, Ni, and Cu in the industrial area, whilst Pb and Cd did not show any discernible variations between the three localities. A multivariate statistical approach (Principal Component Analysis) was used to define the possible origin of metals in dusts. The street dusts were sequentially extracted so that the solid pools of Cd, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr could be partitioned into five operationally defined fractions viz. exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter and residual. Metal recoveries in sequential extractions were +/- 10% of the independently measured total metal concentrations. Cd was the only metal present appreciably (27.16%) in the exchangeable fraction and Cu was the only metal predominantly associated (44.26%) with organic fraction. Zn (45.64%) and Pb (28.26%) were present mainly in the Fe-Mn oxide fraction and the residual fraction was the most dominant solid phase pool of Cr (88.12%) and Ni (70.94%). Assuming that the mobility and bioavailability are related to the solubility of geochemical forms of the metals and decrease in order of extraction, the apparent mobility and potential metal bioavailability for these highly contaminated street dust samples is: Cd>Zn approximately equal Pb>Ni>Cu>Cr.     

Genotypic and environmental variation in chromium, cadmium and lead concentrations in rice

Genotypic and environmental variation in Cr, Cd and Pb concentrations of rice grains and the interaction between these metals were investigated by using 138 rice genotypes grown in three contaminated soils. There were significant genotypic differences in the three heavy metal concentrations of rice grains, with the absolute difference among 138 genotypes in grain Cr, Cd and Pb concentrations being 24.5-, 9.1- and 23.8-folds, respectively, under the slightly contaminated soil (containing 4.61mgkg(-1) Cr, 1.09mgkg(-1) Cd and Pb 28.28mgkg(-1), respectively). A highly significant interaction occurred between genotype and environment (soil type) in the heavy metal concentrations of rice grains. Cr concentration in rice grains was not correlated with Cd and Pb concentration. However, there was a significant correlation between Cd and Pb in slightly and highly contaminated soils. The results suggest the possibility to develop the rice cultivars with low Cd and Pb concentrations in grain.     

Spatial distribution of heavy metals in urban soils of Naples city (Italy)

Concentrations of surface and sub-surface soil Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn in the Naples city urban area were measured in 1999. Contourmaps were constructed to describe the metals spatial distribution. In the most contaminated soil samples, metals were speciated by means of the European Commission sequential extraction procedure. At twelve sites, Cu, Pb and Zn levels in soil were compared with those from a 1974 sampling. Many surface soils from the urban area as well as from the eastern industrial district contained levels of Cu, Pb and Zn that largely exceeded the limits (120, 100 and 150 mg kg(-l) for Cu, Pb and Zn, respectively) set for soils of public, residential and private areas by the Italian Ministry of Environment. Chromium values were never above regulatory limits(120 mg kg(-1)). Copper apparently accumulates in soils contiguous to railway lines and tramway. Cu and Cr existed in soil mainly inorganic forms (-68%), whereas Pb occurs essentially as residual mineral phases (77%). The considerable presence of Zn in the soluble, exchangeable and carbonate bound fraction (23%) suggests this element has high potential bioavailability and leachability through the soil. Concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn have greatly increased since the 1974 sampling, with higher accumulation in soils from roadside fields.     

煤矿复垦区土壤重金属分布特征与质量评价

为保证煤矿复垦区种植农作物的充填复垦土壤的生态安全,以淮南矿区煤矸石充填复垦地为研究对象,通过对研究区内Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb、Cu、Zn和Hg 7种重金属不同深度含量分析,总结其纵向分布特征,并将研究区土壤重金属含量与淮南市土壤背景值、《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618-1995)作比较,分析这7种重金属的污染程度.结果表明,这7种重金属都有不同程度的污染,其中土壤受Cd污染最严重,土壤中重金属垂直方向上无确定分布规律.总体而言,土壤重金属潜在生态风险属于强生态危害.从垂直方向来看,重金属潜在生态风险指数(RD随着深度的增加出现先下降后升高的趋势,其中40～60 cm深度的RI最大.重金属生态危害程度依次为Cd＞ Hg＞ Ni＞ Cu＞ Cr＞ Pb＞ Zn,其中Cd为矿区土壤中最主要的重金属污染生态风险因子.