利用CPS还原稳定化修复Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤

通过研究多硫化钙(CPS)与水溶液中六价铬(Cr(Ⅵ))中的反应,得出CPS与Cr(Ⅵ)的化学计量关系及主要反应产物;以CPS为修复剂,开展还原稳定化法对Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤的修复实验,并用Fe SO_4作对比,比较两者的稳定化效果。结果表明:CPS与水溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)反应的化学反应计量比为3∶2,对反应产物进行XRD表征,发现其主要成分为Cr(OH)3和单质S;CPS能够在短时间内大幅度降低砂土中总铬和Cr(Ⅵ)的浸出浓度以及土壤的Cr(Ⅵ)含量;经CPS处理之后的Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤,pH值从原来的8.9下降至8.2,而经Fe2+处理的土壤明显酸化,其pH值降至7.5;土壤氧化还原电位(ORP)先显著下降,后期随着CPS的逐步消耗稍有上升;经CPS稳定化处理后,土壤可交换态铬和碳酸盐结合态铬均明显减少,铬的稳定性增强,环境风险显著减小。     

铬污染土壤的还原稳定化修复

以湖南某工业场地的铬污染土壤为修复对象,投加不同比例的Fe SO4·7H2O、Fe SO4·7H2O和Ca(OH)2混合物及Na HSO3,通过测定土壤及浸出液中六价铬、总铬以及铬的形态,比较3种稳定剂对该污染土壤的还原稳定化作用。结果表明,Fe SO4·7H2O和Na HSO3对铬污染土壤的还原稳定效果都较好,可以有效还原土壤中六价铬并能降低土壤中总铬的浸出浓度。当Fe SO4·7H2O投加量为2%时,土壤六价铬和总铬浸出浓度降幅分别达到99.0%和57.5%;当Na HSO3投加量为0.8%时,六价铬和总铬浸出浓度降幅分别达到97.7%和42.2%,与前二者相比,Fe SO4·7H2O和Ca(OH)2混合物还原稳定化效果较差。投加Fe SO4·7H2O能够将土壤中活性大的可交换态和碳酸盐态铬转化为稳定的有机态和残渣态铬;而Na HSO3主要将可交换态和碳酸盐态铬转化为相对稳定的铁锰氧化态铬,其稳定化效果要差于Fe SO4·7H2O。     

铁系物还原稳定化技术修复铬污染土壤应用研究

铁系物还原与稳定化是修复铬(Cr)污染土壤的重要手段。采用硫化亚铁(FeS)、硫酸亚铁(FeSO₄)、四氧化三铁(Fe₃O₄)和纳米零价铁(nZVI)4种铁系物对Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤进行修复，优化修复条件，并进一步联用3种稳定剂(石英砂、高岭土和石灰石)对Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤进行修复。结果表明，4种铁系物对土壤Cr(Ⅵ)的还原效果为FeSO₄>nZVI>Fe₃O₄>FeS,3种稳定剂对土壤总Cr和Cr(Ⅵ)的稳定化效果为高岭土>石灰石>石英砂。其中，nZVI-石英砂和nZVI-高岭土联用对土壤Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率超过99%,修复后，土壤中可交换态和碳酸盐结合态的Cr含量减少，残渣态Cr含量增加。     

还原稳定剂配伍对铬污染土壤的稳定化效果

以某铬盐生产场地内的铬(Cr)污染土壤为研究对象,探讨了多硫化钙(CPS)、硫酸亚铁(FeSO_4)、零价铁粉(Fe~0)、葡萄糖和淀粉单用或复配对土壤中六价铬(Cr(Ⅵ))含量和浸出毒性的影响。结果表明:添加质量比3%的CPS和FeSO_4对土壤Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率分别为81.5%和46.4%,而Fe~0无显著还原作用,但FeSO_4和Fe~0对Cr(Ⅵ)的稳定效率分别为95.2%和90.9%,明显高于CPS(83.0%);养护5 d时,CPS+FeSO_4对土壤Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率和稳定效率分别为99.8%和97.0%,但养护30 d时,其还原率和稳定效率分别显著降低1.3和8.0个百分点;与CPS+FeSO_4类似,CPS+Fe~0对土壤Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率随养护时间增加而显著降低,但其稳定效率并未随养护时间增加而显著降低;此外,与CPS-6相比,Fe~0参与的复配处理对土壤总Cr和Cr(Ⅵ)的稳定效率显著增加,均达到99.8%以上,浸出浓度均小于0.05 mg·L~(-1);有机碳源参与的复配处理的还原率和稳定效率均随养护时间的增加而增加,其中CPS+Fe~0+葡萄糖处理养护30 d时土壤Cr(Ⅵ)为0.24 mg·kg~(-1),总Cr和Cr(Ⅵ)浸出浓度均小于0.05 mg·L-1,满足《重金属污染场地土壤修复标准》(DB 43 1165-2016-T)要求。同等药剂添加比例下,还原稳定剂复配可以取长补短,提高药剂对土壤Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率和稳定效率。     

基于粒径分布的不同异位修复工艺除Cr特性

以我国某铬盐厂的铬污染土壤为研究对象,采用改进的BCR顺序提取法研究了粒径对不同修复工艺(异位淋洗、异位稳定化、湿法解毒)去除土壤中各形态Cr的影响。实验结果表明:粒径是影响铬渣污染土壤总铬和Cr(VI)去除的关键影响因素之一,粒径越细,越有利于3种异位修复工艺对土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除或还原,粒径越细越有利于异位淋洗工艺对总铬的消减。粒径对水溶态Cr、酸溶态Cr的去除影响显著,粒径越细,水溶态Cr、酸溶态Cr的去除率越高,水溶态Cr和酸溶态Cr的分离或去除是不同异位修复工艺实现铬渣污染土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)高效去除的有效手段;粒径对可还原态Cr的去除影响不显著,pH是影响可还原态Cr去除的主要影响因素;粒径对可氧化态Cr含量提升显著,尤其是对异位稳定化和湿法解毒工艺,粒径越细,可氧化态Cr增大倍数越高;粒径对残渣态Cr的去除影响不显著。     

不同还原药剂修复Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤的稳定性评估

针对目前铬污染场地修复后的长期稳定性问题,选用轻、重污染土壤和表层渣土混合物为研究对象,在分析其理化特性的基础上,对经CaS_4、FeSO_4·7H_2O和葡萄糖还原后土壤的长期稳定性进行评估,通过设置干燥和淹水2个条件,探究了水分对Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤长期稳定性的影响。结果表明:针对3种不同类型铬污染土壤,投加CaS_4对土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原效果较FeSO_4·7H_2O和葡萄糖好;在360 d的采样周期内,干燥条件下的3种土壤经CaS_4处理后Cr(Ⅵ)浓度均保持稳定,经FeSO_4·7H_2O和葡萄糖药剂还原后,渣土混合物中Cr(Ⅵ)波动幅度较大,其余2种土壤呈稳定状态;淹水密闭条件下的3种土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度均有下降趋势,特别是渣土混合物在投加FeSO_4·7H_2O和葡萄糖药剂处理后,下降趋势更为明显;在长期稳定性方面,在360 d的实验周期内,与淹水密闭条件相比,经还原修复后的Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤在干燥条件下的稳定性更强;Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤经还原后,有效的过量还原剂能在一定程度上抑制土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度变化,且在淹水密闭条件下,土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度呈下降趋势。     

秸秆-复合菌-污泥联合修复铬污染土壤技术

为探索修复Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤的新方法,以模拟某化工厂铬渣堆存场内Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤为研究对象,分别研究了秸秆-复合菌-污泥修复铬污染土壤单因素和3因素条件下对铬污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明:单独添加3%的秸秆时,土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)还原率可以达到25.88%;单独添加3%复合菌时,土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)还原率可以达到72.07%;单独添加50%的活性污泥时,土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)还原率可以达85.65%。3个因素中复合菌对土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)还原率的影响最大。综合考虑秸秆、污泥和复合菌3个因素对土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)还原的影响,设计了秸秆、污泥和复合菌的3因素联合实验,最后从修复的经济成本和修复效率考虑,确定最优物料组合为1%秸秆+1%复合菌+30%污泥,对土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)还原率可以达到96.6%。秸秆-复合菌-污泥对铬污染土壤的修复明显高于单独对铬污染土壤修复的效率。该技术在实现对铬污染土壤进行修复的同时,为秸秆和活性污泥的资源化利用开辟了新的途径,实现了"以废制废"。     

Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤的热解还原无害化处理

提出了用热解还原法对含铬土壤进行无害化处理的新技术,研究了热解温度、热解时间及土壤有机质对铬无害化处理的影响,分析了热解前后土壤中铬的元素形态的变化.同时还探讨了热解还原过程中Cr(Ⅵ)的无害化机制.结果表明,土壤中的有机质在热解还原过程中产生的挥发分对Cr(Ⅵ)的无害化起核心作用;在200～600℃范围内,Cr(Ⅵ)的还原量随着热解温度升高而增大,500.0℃最适合于经济有效地实现Cr(Ⅵ)的热解还原处理;Cr(Ⅵ)的热解还原过程较快.铬的形态分析结果表明,热解后可交换态和碳酸盐结合态铬量大大降低,大部分铬转化成了活性低的残渣态,极大地降低了铬的危害.     

硫系物对铬污染土壤的还原稳定化处理

采用化学还原技术,添加硫代硫酸钠、硫酸亚铁、连二亚硫酸钠、硫化钠处理某化工厂遗留地的铬污染土壤,考察了4种还原剂处理铬污染土壤的效果。结果表明:在养护时间为30d时,4种还原剂对土壤Cr(Ⅵ)的稳定效率均高于90%,其中采用硫代硫酸钠和硫酸亚铁的稳定效率分别为99.1%和96.8%;硫酸亚铁、硫代硫酸钠、连二亚硫酸钠和硫化钠对土壤Cr(Ⅵ)的还原效率分别为74.2%、64.1%、52.7%、49.2%;连二亚硫酸钠和硫化钠处理后土壤中铬有效态无明显变化,硫酸亚铁和硫代硫酸钠处理后土壤中铬有效态有所下降,占比(质量分数)从原土的27.4%降至14.0%、21.4%,残渣态从原土的23.4%分别增加至39.8%和39.7%,稳定性增强。在相同投加量下,硫酸亚铁是处理铬污染土壤效果最佳的还原剂。     

多硫化钙与亚铁盐联用去除工业废水中的Cr(Ⅵ)

还原稳定化修复技术是当前重金属污染修复领域的主要技术,其中,重金属去除率和环境扰动是评价修复效果的重要指标.以不同pH重铬酸钾溶液模拟Cr(Ⅵ)污染水体,分别研究了多硫化钙、硫酸亚铁和二者联用对水体重金属Cr(Ⅵ)的还原稳定性,同时考察了环境因素对药剂联用的影响并探究各药剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除机理.结果表明:当多硫化钙与硫酸亚铁投加比例为1:2时,药剂联用对Cr(Ⅵ)和总Cr的去除效果均优于单独施加药剂时的去除效果且还原产物较稳定,对体系扰动作用相对较小;低pH和较高温度有利于联用药剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除,HCO3-、Cl-、Mn2+的加入有利于去除Cr(Ⅵ),Fe3+对 Cr(Ⅵ)去除表现为低浓度抑制、高浓度促进;经反应产物成分分析,多硫化钙与硫酸亚铁反应生成了具有催化效果的FeS,提高了修复效果.以上研究结果可为后期Cr(Ⅵ)污染水体的控制和修复提供参考.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Leaching of seven pesticides currently used in cotton crop in Mato Grosso State—Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the leaching of pesticides and the applicability of the Attenuation Factor (AF) Model to predict their leaching. The leaching of carbofuran, carbendazim, diuron, metolachlor, α and β endosulfan and chlorpyrifos was studied in an Oxisol using a field experiment lysimeter located in Dom Aquino – Mato Grosso. The samples of percolated water were collected by rain event and analyzed. Chemical and physical soil attributes were determined before pesticide application to the plots. The results showed that carbofuran was the pesticide that presented a higher leaching rate in the studied soil, so was the one representing the highest contamination potential. From the total carbofuran applied in the soil surface, around 6 % leached below 50 cm. The other pesticides showed lower mobility in the studied soil. The calculated values to AF were 7.06E-12 (carbendazim), 5.08E-03 (carbofuran), 3.12E-17 (diuron), 6.66E-345 (α-endosulfan), 1.47E-162 (β-endosulfan), 1.50E-06 (metolachlor), 3.51E-155 (chlorpyrifos). AF Model was useful to classify the pesticides' potential for contamination; however, that model underestimated pesticide leaching.     

Endosulfan in China 2—emissions and residues

Background, aim, and scope  Endosulfan is one of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and also a candidate to be included in a group of new persistent organic pollutants (UNEP 2007). The first national endosulfan usage inventories in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution has been reported in an accompanying paper. In the second part of the paper, we compiled the gridded historical emissions and soil residues of endosulfan in China from the usage inventories. Based on the residue/emission data, gridded concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese soil and air have been calculated. These inventories will provide valuable data for the further study of endosulfan. Methods  Emission and residue of endosulfan were calculated from endosulfan usage by using a simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model—SGPERM, which is an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. By using the emission and residue inventories, annual air and soil concentrations of endosulfan in each cell were determined. Results and discussion  Historical gridded emission and residue inventories of α- and β-endosulfan in agricultural soil in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution have been created. Total emissions were around 10,800 t, with α-endosulfan at 7,400 t and β-endosulfan at 3,400 t from 1994 to 2004. The highest residues were 140 t for α-endosulfan and 390 t for β-endosulfan, and the lowest residues were 0.7 t for α-endosulfan and 170 t for β-endosulfan in 2004 in Chinese agricultural soil where endosulfan was applied. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell. We have estimated annual averaged air concentrations and the annual minimum and maximum soil concentrations across China. The real concentrations will be different from season to season. Although our model does not consider the transport of the insecticide in the atmosphere, which could be very important in some areas during some special time, the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil derived from the endosulfan emission and residue inventories are in general consistent with the published monitoring data. Conclusions  To our knowledge, this work is the first inventory of this kind for endosulfan published on a national scale. Concentrations of the chemical in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were calculated for each grid cell. Results show that the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil agree reasonably well with the monitoring data in general. Recommendations and perspectives  The gridded endosulfan emission/residue inventories and also the air and soil concentration inventories created in this study will be updated upon availability of new information, including usage and monitoring data. The establishment of these inventories for the OCP is important for both scientific communities and policy makers.     

Impact of spiked concentrations of Cd,Pb, As and Zn in growth medium on elemental uptake of Nasturtium officinale (Watercress)

This study is aimed at investigating the impact of water quality on the uptake and distribution of three non-essential and toxic elements, namely, As, Cd and Pb in the watercress plant to assess for metal toxicity. The plant was hydroponically cultivated under greenhouse conditions, with the growth medium being spiked with varying concentrations of As, Cd and Pb. Plants that were harvested weekly for elemental analysis showed physiological and morphological symptoms of toxicity on exposure to high concentrations of Cd and Pb. Plants exposed to high concentrations of As did not survive and the threshold for As uptake in watercress was established at 5 ppm. Translocation factors were low in all cases as the toxic elements accumulated more in the roots of the plant than the edible leaves. The impact of Zn on the uptake of toxic elements was also evaluated and Zn was found to have an antagonistic effect on uptake of both Cd and Pb with no notable effect on uptake of As. The findings indicate that phytotoxicity or death of the watercress plant would prevent it from being a route of human exposure to high concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in the environment.     

Butyltin compounds in sediment and fish from the Polish Coast of the Baltic Sea

Concentrations of mono- (MBT), di- (DBT), and tri-(TBT) butyltin compounds were measured in eggs, liver, and muscle of nine species of fish from four regions of the Baltic Sea - the Firth of Vistula, the Gulf of Gdańsk, Puck Bay, and the mouth of the Vistula River. The overall concentration ranges among all the fish sampled from the four sites were: < 7 to 79 ng/g for MBT, 6 to 1100 ng/g for DBT, 7 to 3600 ng/g for TBT, and 16 to 4800 ng/g for total BTs, on a wet wt basis. The highest concentration of total BTs was found in herring liver from the Firth of Vistula (4800 ng/g, wet wt) and in roach muscle from Puck Bay (3300 ng/g, wet wt), while the least concentration was found in burbot eggs and liver from the Vistula River (39 and 32 ng/g, wet wt, respectively). TBT was the major form of BTs present in most samples analyzed. Sediment samples collected from shipyards in the Gulf of Gdańsk contained butyltin concentrations ranging from 1.2 to 46 μg/g (dry wt) for MBT, 2.0 to 42 μg/g for DBT, and 2.6 to 40 μg/g for TBT. As with the fish, the majority of the BTs in sediment were present as TBT, which suggested recent exposure of the aquatic environment of the region to TBT.     

Malathion-induced sublethal toxicity on the hematology of cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis)

The effect of malathion [diethyl(dimethoxythiophosphorylthio)succinate] at sublethal concentration (0.006 ppm) on hematological parameters of the cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) was studied for 24 hrs to 240 hrs of exposure and remarkable hematological alterations were observed. The study on hematological parameters revealed a highly significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the total erythrocytes count in malathion-exposed animals from 24 hours to 96 hrs of exposure as compared to control. Significant decreases (P < 0.01) of hemoglobin and packed cell volume were also observed from 48 hrs to 240 hrs. A significant increase (P < 0.01) in leucocytes count was noted throughout the exposure period. Elevated numbers of lymphocytes and eosinophils as found in the present study revealed lymphocytosis as well as eosinophilia, suggesting that this was a result of direct stimulation of the immunological defense due to the presence of a toxic substance or may be associated with tissue damage. The cytomorphological and cytopathological study of erythrocytes and leucocytes in malathion-exposed frogs at 0.006 ppm concentration revealed various cytotoxic effects at different exposure times. It was noted that the size and the shape of the erythrocytes were subjected to variation in different blood disorders.     

Relation between forest vegetation, atmospheric deposition and site conditions at regional and European scales

Several monitoring programs have been set up to assess effects of atmospheric deposition on forest ecosystems. The aim of the present study was to evaluate effects on the understorey vegetation, based on the first round of a regional (the Netherlands) and a European forest monitoring program. A multivariate statistical analysis showed surprisingly similar results for both data sets; the vegetation appeared to be largely determined by the ‘traditional’ factors soil, climate, and tree species, but there was a small but statistically significant effect of atmospheric deposition. The effects of deposition include a slight shift towards nitrophytic species at high N deposition in the European network, and towards acidophytic species at high S-deposition in the Dutch network. The relatively small effect of atmospheric deposition is understandable in view of the very large natural variation in environmental conditions. Time series of both vegetation and environment are needed to assess deposition effects in detail.     

Influence of crop residues on trifluralin mineralization in a silty clay loam soil

Trifluralin is typically applied onto crop residues (trash, stubble) at the soil surface, or onto the bare soil surface after the incorporation of crop residues into the soil. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of the type and amount of crop residues in soil on trifluralin mineralization in a Wellwood silty clay loam soil. Leaves and stubble of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) (P); Canola (Brassica napus) (C), Wheat (Triticum aestivum) (W), Oats (Avena sativa), (O), and Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) (A) were added to soil microcosms at rates of 2%, 4%, 8% and 16% of the total soil weight (25 g). The type and amount of crop residues in soil had little influence on the trifluralin first-order mineralization rate constant, which ranged from 3.57E-03 day^?1 in soil with 16% A to 2.89E-02 day^?1 in soil with 8% W. The cumulative trifluralin mineralization at 113 days ranged from 1.15% in soil with 16% P to 3.21% in soil with 4% C, again demonstrating that the observed differences across the treatments are not of agronomic or environmental importance.     

Concurrent nitrate and Fe(III) reduction during anaerobic biodegradation of phenols in a sandstone aquifer

The biodegradation of phenols (5, 60, 600 mg l⁻¹) under anaerobic conditions (nitrate enriched and unamended) was studied in laboratory microcosms with sandstone material and groundwater from within an anaerobic ammonium plume in an aquifer. The aqueous phase was sampled and analyzed for phenols and selected redox sensitive parameters on a regular basis. An experiment with sandstone material from specific depth intervals from a vertical profile across the ammonium plume was also conducted. The miniature microcosms used in this experiment were sacrificed for sampling for phenols and selected redox sensitive parameters at the end of the experiment. The sandstone material was characterized with respect to oxidation and reduction potential and Fe(II) and Fe(III) speciation prior to use for all microcosms and at the end of the experiments for selected microcosms.The redox conditions in the anaerobic microcosms were mixed nitrate and Fe(III) reducing. Nitrate and Fe(III) were apparently the dominant electron acceptors at high and low nitrate concentrations, respectively. When biomass growth is taken into account, nitrate and Fe(III) reduction constituted sufficient electron acceptor capacity for the mineralization of the phenols observed to be degraded even at an initial phenols concentration of 60 mg l⁻¹ (high) in an unamended microcosm, whereas nitrate reduction alone is unlikely to have provided sufficient electron acceptor capacity for the observed degradation of the phenols in the unamended microcosm.For microcosm systems, with solid aquifer materials, dissolution of organic substances from the solid material may occur. A quantitative determination of the speciation (mineral types and quantity) of electron acceptors associated with the solids, at levels relevant for degradation of specific organic compounds in aquifers, cannot always be obtained. Hence, complete mass balances of electron acceptor consumption for specific organic compounds degradation are difficult to confine. For aquifer materials with low initial Fe(II) content, Fe(II) determinations on solids and in aqueous phase samples may provide valuable information on Fe(III) reduction. However, in microcosms with natural sediments and where electron acceptors are associated with the sediments, complete mass-balances for substrates and electron acceptors are not likely to be obtained.