纳米铁对微生物燃料电池启动的影响

设置3组不同阳极底物的微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC):无添加污泥(对照组)、含化学合成零价纳米铁的污泥(c-n ZVI组)和含绿色合成零价纳米铁的污泥(g-n ZVI组),拟探究不同来源零价纳米铁(n ZVI)对MFC启动的影响。3组MFC经由5个周期启动,实验结果表明,在c-n ZVI组和g-n ZVI组的启功阶段,高浓度的绿色合成零价纳米铁和化学合成零价纳米铁均对MFC的输出电压产生抑制作用,当MFC成功启动后,零价纳米铁对MFC的输出电压影响不明显。此外,COD去除率、SEM和电化学表征数据表明,绿色合成零价纳米铁相比于化学合成零价纳米铁在电极表面富集程度、对电极表面性质改变以及产电菌活性的抑制作用更弱。     

零价铁渗透性反应墙原位修复含砷地下水的柱实验研究

为了解决地下水砷污染问题,设计了3根实验柱,开展了零价铁渗透性反应墙(zero valent iron permeable reactive barrier,ZVI PRB)原位修复5价砷的实验研究,调查了ZVI PRB的长期运行效果,探索了反应介质粒径、进水As浓度、渗流速度和腐殖酸(humic acid,HA)对反应墙除砷性能的影响。结果表明,PRB 1(铁粉,30~32目)的As去除率为76.2%~93.8%,出水As浓度为9.8~41.9μg·L~(-1);PRB 2(铁粉,300~325目)的去除率为84.4%~95.9%,出水As浓度为6.5~9.5μg·L~(-1)。ZVI PRB能有效地去除地下水中砷,且PRB 2比PRB 1的性能更高效更稳定并能保证出水水质满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)中As限值要求(10μg·L~(-1))。在现有条件下,ZVI粒径和进水As浓度显著影响ZVI PRB的除砷性能,渗流速度基本未影响除砷性能,而HA显著抑制除砷性能。     

纳米零价铁和零价铁对餐厨垃圾暗发酵制氢过程铁离子和酶活性的影响

通过投加不同浓度的纳米零价铁(NZVI)和零价铁(ZVI),考察了暗发酵制氢过程中铁离子组成和浓度变化、氢化酶和脱氢酶活性,研究了2种添加剂强化餐厨垃圾高温((55±1)℃)暗发酵制氢的作用机制。结果表明:投加NZVI和ZVI均可提高餐厨垃圾暗发酵制氢性能;当投加100 mg·L~(-1) ZVI时,产氢效果最佳,最大产氢潜力和最大产氢速率分别为425.72 mL和66.32 mL·h~(-1),是投加NZVI实验组的1.64倍和1.34倍,代谢途径是以乙醇型发酵为主的混合型发酵;在投加NZVI和ZVI后,暗发酵制氢末端产物的Fe~(2+)和Fe~(3+)浓度升高,投加300 mg·L~(-1)NZVI和100 mg·L~(-1) ZVI实验组Fe2+浓度最大,是未投加实验组的2倍和1.87倍;与反应前相比,Fe~(2+)显著升高,Fe~(3+)由于微生物利用与转化浓度降低,同时可有效提高氢化酶活性。投加100 mg·L~(-1) ZVI不仅可提高氢化酶活性,还可提高脱氢酶活性。以上结果可为提高餐厨垃圾等复杂有机废物的高效能源化提供参考。     

天然有机物对零价铁去除水体中砷的影响研究

在研究零价铁对水体中砷去除动力学的基础上,着重探讨了天然有机物腐殖酸对零价铁除砷的影响.并对零价铁的腐蚀产物进行了分析.结果表明,水体中的砷可以通过在零价铁腐蚀产物上的吸附得到快速去除.腐殖酸显著降低了砷的去除率,这归因于腐殖酸与零价铁腐蚀产生的铁离子形成络合物,阻止了Fe(OH)3(或Fe(OH)2)沉淀的产生.腐殖酸浓度越高.砷的去除率越低.1.00 mg腐殖酸最多可以络合约0.75 mg铁离子.当铁离子与腐殖酸的络合达到饱和后,零价铁进一步腐蚀产生的铁离子可形成Fe(OH)3(或Fe(OH)2)沉淀,这些沉淀物可吸附水体中的腐殖酸和砷,从而加速砷的去除.冷冻干燥后的零价铁腐蚀产物的结构以无定型为主,含有少量的结晶化合物,包括γ-Fe2O3、γ-FeO(OH)和Fe3O4等.腐殖酸的存在可进一步增加腐蚀产物中的无定型成分.光电能谱(XPS)分析结果显示,吸附在腐蚀产物上的砷为5价,没有发现5价砷被还原成3价砷.在应用零价铁修复砷污染水体时,应考虑腐殖酸的影响.     

零价铁与厌氧微生物协同还原地下水中的硝基苯

通过间歇式实验,考察了零价铁与厌氧微生物协同还原地下水中硝基苯的效果。实验结果表明,由零价铁腐蚀为厌氧微生物提供H2电子供体还原硝基苯的效果明显优于零价铁和微生物单独作用,硝基苯去除率分别提高21.8%和57.0%。弱酸性条件有利于协同反应进行,当初始pH为5.0和6.0时,4 d后硝基苯去除率比初始pH为7.0时的提高74.4%和35.2%。增加零价铁投加量可提高协同还原的效果,零价铁最佳投加量为250 mg/L。零价铁腐蚀产生的Fe2+无法作为电子供体被微生物利用,但可作为无机营养元素促进协同过程。由于零价铁产H2速率受表面覆盖物影响不明显,在地下水修复过程中可保证协同效果并延长零价铁的使用寿命。     

饮用水除砷材料吸附特性及影响因素分析

采用活性氧化铝、零价铁粉和载铁沸石作为吸附剂,通过静态吸附实验,研究3种饮用水除砷材料的吸附特性及影响因素。结果表明,在pH值为6.5,砷浓度为1 mg/L,投加量为2 g/L,25℃恒温的条件下,活性氧化铝、零价铁粉和载铁沸石分别在90 min、150 min和90 min达到吸附平衡状态,均较好符合langmuir等温吸附模型,对砷的最大吸附容量依次为7.3、3.3和3.9 mg/g。pH值和竞争性阴离子对砷的去除均有显著影响。降低溶液pH值能明显提高3种材料的除砷效率;水中磷酸根离子的存在,能够明显降低活性氧化铝和零价铁粉的除砷效率;水中硅酸根离子的存在,能够明显降低零价铁粉和载铁沸石的除砷效率。     

零价铁耦合芬顿氧化法处理TNT红水

采用零价铁耦合芬顿氧化法处理TNT红水,研究了初始pH、零价铁投加量、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)投加量及温度对红水中总有机碳(TOC)去除效果的影响,同时进行了TOC去除过程中反应动力学的探讨。结果表明,零价铁耦合芬顿氧化体系可有效降解TNT红水中的2,4-二硝基甲苯-3-磺酸钠和2,4-二硝基甲苯-5-磺酸钠。在初始pH为2,温度为20?C的条件下,加入1.5 g·L~(-1)零价铁反应1 h后,再加入100 mL·L~(-1)H_2O_2反应4 h,红水中二硝基甲苯磺酸盐浓度从500 mg·L~(-1)降至0 mg·L~(-1),去除率为100%,TOC浓度从150 mg·L~(-1)降至30 mg·L~(-1),去除率达到80%。反应中TOC的降解过程遵循拟二级反应动力学方程。零价铁耦合芬顿氧化法可以作为TNT红水的有效处理途径。     

基于茶渣的生物炭负载零价铁对水体和土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的修复及机理研究

利用茶渣中的残余多酚类物质,通过绿色合成法制得零价铁(ZVI),并以茶渣烧制的生物炭(BC)作为载体负载ZVI,将制得的ZVI/BC材料用于去除水体中Cr(Ⅵ)及修复Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤。结果表明,茶渣中提取的多酚可以成功还原Fe(Ⅱ)制备ZVI,且制得的ZVI/BC复合材料具有优秀的Cr(Ⅵ)去除能力;ZVI/BC对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程为单分子层化学吸附,ZVI为反应中心,其对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型,在溶液初始pH为3时对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附性能最佳。与BC相比,ZVI/BC更能促进土壤中的铬从易被利用的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态向较难被利用的铁锰氧化态、有机态转化。ZVI/BC主要通过还原反应修复土壤和水体中的Cr(Ⅵ),同时也伴随着表面络合过程。     

小分子有机酸对纳米铁稳定砷的影响

金矿开采后的尾矿中含有大量的砷,纳米零价铁可以有效稳定尾矿中的砷,但是在尾矿的后期复垦过程中,表层植被分泌的小分子有机酸,会使土壤中稳定的砷重新释放,造成二次污染。以植物根系分泌的常见小分子有机酸中的乙酸作为研究对象,在纳米零价铁(NZVI)去除砷的动力学基础上,利用批实验方法研究乙酸对稳定砷的影响过程。结果表明,纳米铁可以在几分钟内去除尾矿浸出液中的砷,反应符合准二级动力学模型,铁砷质量比约500∶1时,砷去除率可以达到94%以上。NZVI快速去除As(Ⅴ)主要是在NZVI表面的氧化铁上发生吸附、共沉淀作用。有氧条件下的NZVI对As(Ⅴ)去除效果优于无氧条件下的效果,长期有氧腐蚀NZVI对浮选尾矿和生物氧化尾矿的砷去除率比未腐蚀的分别增加了18.03%和15.21%。乙酸盐对长期有氧腐蚀NZVI稳定的浮选尾矿和生物氧化尾矿砷的解吸率比未腐蚀的分别减少了7.56%和20.01%。当乙酸(以三水合乙酸钠计)与纳米铁的质量比达到2.72∶1时,由于乙酸的羧基与砷酸根有相似的电荷类型,可以与砷竞争吸附铁氧化物表面的吸附位点,又可以与三价铁离子形成稳定的配合物,会使稳定的砷重新释放。但当铁砷质量比逐渐增大(大于5 000∶1),较多的吸附位点会有效抑制乙酸盐对砷的释放。     

零价铁还原协同微生物降解处理化工废水的研究

针对某工园区综合化工废水的水质特征,拟将零价铁(ZVI)还原与厌氧折板反应器(ABR)、前置反硝化(A/O)工艺耦合对其进行处理,考察了系统的运行效果,并对废水中的特征污染物——对氯硝基苯的降解性能进行了分析。结果表明,ZVI预处理后化工废水中残留的对氯硝基苯在ABR中厌氧微生物作用后得到进一步降解,且在ABR处理过程中COD去除率较单独ZVI或微生物作用时大幅提高,虽然ZVI对难降解有机物无矿化作用,但可将难降解有机物转化为毒性较小的有机物,明显改善废水的生化性;通过控制合适的混合液回流比、有效补充碳源和碱度,可以提高A/O系统的运行效率;在较佳的工况(ABR系统HRT为24h,A/O池污泥回流比为100%、混合液回流比为3∶1,碳源投加量为3.5g)下运行连续2个月,整个系统的COD平均去除率在90%以上,出水COD质量浓度基本低于100mg/L,NH3-N去除率在80%~90%,出水NH3-N质量浓度在20mg/L以下,出水对氯硝基苯、对氯苯胺质量浓度分别在0.58~4.08、0.68~5.88mg/L,出水水质符合《江苏省化学工业主要水污染物排放标准》(DB32/939—2006)。     

微生物燃料电池在污水处理中的研究进展

微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)利用微生物催化剂将其代谢能直接转化为电能,具有原料广泛、反应条件温和、清洁高效等优点.简述了MFC的工作原理及分类,总结了用于污水处理的MFC的性能及其影响因素.探讨了MFC在实际应用中的瓶颈,并展望其在污水处理中的应用前景.     

脱氮副球菌YF1微生物燃料电池生物阴极脱氮和产电

以脱氮副球菌YF1构建纯种生物阴极微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)进行脱氮和产电机理的研究。研究结果发现,阴极碳氮比、pH值对产电和脱氮效率有明显影响。当MFC的阴极运行条件pH值为8.0,碳氮比为20时,运行时间15 h时,脱氮率高达100%,输出电压为150 mV。上述结果表明,微生物燃料电池运行过程中,细菌降解硝酸根的机理为将硝酸根还原为N2或者直接将其作为自身的营养物质而利用。循环伏安(CV)与扫描电镜(SEM)的结果表明,在微生物燃料电池运行中,副球菌YF1通过接触导电作为产电的电子供体。     

Simultaneous bioelectricity generation and decolorization of methyl orange in a two-chambered microbial fuel cell and bacterial diversity

The objectives of this study were to investigate the simultaneous bioelectricity generation and decolorization of methyl orange (MO) in the anode chamber of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) in a wide concentration range (from 50 to 800 mg L^?1) and to reveal the microbial communities on the anode after the MFC was operated continuously for more than 6 months using MO-glucose mixtures as fuel. Interestingly, the added MO played an active role in the production of electricity. The maximum voltage outputs were 565, 658, 640, 629, 617, and 605 mV for the 1 g L^?1 glucose with 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 500 mg L^?1 of MO, respectively. The results of three groups of comparison experiments showed that accelerated decolorization of methyl orange (MO) was achieved in the MFC as compared to MFC in open circuit mode and MFC without extra carbon sources. The decolorization efficiency decreased with an increase of MO concentration in the studied concentration range for the dye load increased. A 454 high-throughput pyrosequencing revealed the microbial communities. Geobacter genus known to generate electricity was detected. Bacteroidia class, Desulfovibrio, and Trichococcus genus, which were most likely responsible for degrading methyl orange, were also detected.     

阴极液及底物浓度对AFB-MFC同步废水处理及产电性能影响

为了提高厌氧流化床微生物燃料电池（AFB-MFC）的性能,并为双室MFC寻找价廉、易得、无污染的阴极液,在曝气量16～24 L/h、温度（35±2）℃、回流量10.2 L/h、阴极底边距阴极室内底部17.3 cm、外电阻250 Ω、水力停留时间（HRT）14.0～14.9 h以及进水pH 7.81～8.37下,研究了阴极液及底物浓度对系统产电及废水处理性能的影响。结果表明,使用缓冲溶液、阳极室出水和自来水作阴极液时,自来水的产电性能最佳,阴极液种类不影响系统有机基质的去除。以自来水为阴极液时,阴极液pH及电导率随运行时间增加而增加,COD去除率为80.11%～89.29%,输出电压及功率密度开始随运行时间增加而增加,之后稳定在440～452 mV和48.40～51.08 mW/m²之间。增加底物浓度对COD去除率影响不大,而输出电压及功率密度随底物浓度增加而下降;底物COD浓度由3 307.09 mg/L增至9 520 mg/L时,COD去除率在85.77%～94.44%之间,输出电压及功率密度则分别由449 mV和50.40 mW/m²下降至406 mV和41.21 mW/m²。自来水作阴极液可避免二次污染及阴极液对阳极室微生物的影响,并得到高的产电能力。     

Production of electricity from proteins using a microbial fuel cell.

Electricity generation was examined from proteins and a protein-rich wastewater using a single chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC). The maximum power densities achieved were 354 +/- 10 mW/m2 using bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 269 +/- 14 mW/m2 using peptone (1100 mg/L BSA and 300 mg/L peptone). The recovery of organic matter as electricity, defined as the Coulombic efficiency (CE), was comparable to that obtained with other substrates with CE = 20.6% for BSA and CE = 6.0% for peptone. A meat packing wastewater (MPW), diluted to 1420 mg/L chemical oxygen demand, produced 80 +/- 1 mW/m2, and power was increased by 33% by adding salt (300 mg/L sodium chloride) to increase solution conductivity. A wastewater inoculum generated 33% less power than the MPW inoculum. The MFC was an effective method of wastewater treatment, demonstrated by >86% of biochemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon removal from wastewater.     

Development of a hybrid microbial fuel cell (MFC) and fuel cell (FC) system for improved cathodic efficiency and sustainability: the M2FC reactor

In an effort to improve the efficiency and sustainability of microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology, a novel MFC reactor, the M2FC, was constructed by combining a ferric-based MFC with a ferrous-based fuel cell (FC). In this M2FC reactor, ferric ion, the catholyte in the MFC component, is regenerated by the FC system with the generation of additional electricity. When the MFC component was operated separately, the electricity generation was maintained for only 98 h due to the depletion of ferric ion in the catholyte. In combination with the fuel cell, however, the production of power was sustained because ferric ion was continually replenished from ferrous ion in the FC component. Moreover, the regeneration process of ferric ion by the FC produced additional energy. The M2FC reactor yielded a power density of up to 2 W m⁻² (or time-averaged value of approximately 650 mW m⁻²), density up to 20 times (or approximately six times based on time-averaged value) higher than the corresponding MFC system.     

Halide salts accelerate degradation of high explosives by zerovalent iron

Zerovalent iron (Fe(0), ZVI) has drawn great interest as an inexpensive and effective material to promote the degradation of environmental contaminants. A focus of ZVI research is to increase degradation kinetics and overcome passivation for long-term remediation. Halide ions promote corrosion, which can increase and sustain ZVI reactivity. Adding chloride or bromide salts with Fe(0) (1% w/v) greatly enhanced TNT, RDX, and HMX degradation rates in aqueous solution. Adding Cl or Br salts after 24h also restored ZVI reactivity, resulting in complete degradation within 8h. These observations may be attributed to removal of the passivating oxide layer and pitting corrosion of the iron. While the relative increase in degradation rate by Cl(-) and Br(-) was similar, TNT degraded faster than RDX and HMX. HMX was most difficult to remove using ZVI alone but ZVI remained effective after five HMX reseeding cycles when Br(-) was present in solution.     

不同驯化方式对以苯酚为基质的微生物燃料电池产电性能的影响

以厌氧污泥作为初始接种体,构建了单室微生物燃料电池（MFCs）,考察了梯度驯化、直接驯化和间接驯化3种不同驯化方式对MFC降解苯酚及产电性能的影响。结果表明,MFC在闭路状态下对苯酚的降解速率比MFC在开路状态下的苯酚降解速率加快10%～20%,说明MFC在产电的同时,可加速苯酚的降解。当以600 mg/L的苯酚溶液为单一燃料,反应68 h后,3种驯化方式下的MFC对苯酚降解率都达到90%以上。相对于其他2种驯化方式,梯度驯化条件最有利于MFC产电性能的提高及苯酚的降解,其最大输出功率为31.3 mW/m2,降解速率提高了7%～20%。     

Pressurized CO2/zero valent iron system for nitrate removal

A fluidized zero valent iron (ZVI) reactor pressurized by CO(2) gas for controlling pH was employed for nitrate reduction. The proposed CO(2) pressurized system potentially has advantages of using less CO(2) gas and reaching equilibrium pH faster than CO(2)-bubbled system. However, due to weak acid nature of carbonic acid, system pH gradually increased with increasing oxidation of ZVI and reduction of nitrate. As pH increased with progress of reaction, nitrate removal rate decreased continuously. The results indicate that nitrate removal efficiency increases with increasing initial ZVI dosage but reaches plateau at ZVI doses of higher than 8.25gl(-1), and initial nitrate concentration up to 100mg l(-1) as N has minimal impact on the removal efficiency. Unlike the fluidized system with pH control by strong acid reported in our pervious study, near 100% of nitrogen recovery was observed in the current process, indicating that nitrate reduction by ZVI with different pH controlled mechanisms will have different reaction routes.