折流式厌氧反应器处理高酚煤气化废水试验研究

针对固定床气化废水总酚浓度高、毒性强、可生化性差等特点,采用折流式厌氧反应器(ABR)进行强化处理,分析了ABR反应器启动过程和总酚、COD、B/C处理效果。结果表明,在稀释原水并添加20 mg/L邻苯二酚作为共代谢基质下,ABR反应器在32 d内完成快速启动。稳定运行期,在进水COD 1 458～1 773 mg/L、进水总酚396～473 mg/L,进水pH 7.71～8.16、水温30±1℃的条件下,ABR出水COD、总酚浓度分别为793～1 004 mg/L、227～271 mg/L,COD、总酚的平均去除率分别为45.0%、42.3%,废水可生化性由0.131提高至0.403。     

纤维乙醇黑液处理

采用微电解＋厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）＋上流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）＋膜生物反应器（MBR）组合工艺对纤维乙醇黑液进行处理。结果表明：当黑液中COD质量浓度在12000mg／L左右,该组合工艺中厌氧停留时间（HRT）为48h时,厌氧COD去除率达到72％,MBR中的HRT为20h时,COD的去除率在80．8％～87．5％之间,出水COD质量浓度稳定在301～537mg／L．且MBR抗冲击负荷能力较强。     

UBF处理阿维菌素废水的实验研究

根据阿维菌素废水水质的特性．采用高负荷UBF厌氧处理工艺进行实验研究．分析了进出水COD浓度的变化情况及有机负荷对COD去除率的影响,并测定了UBF的产沼气率。实验结果表明：在中温（37±1）℃条件下,当进水COD质量浓度为7500mg／L左右,水力停留时间为18h时,UBF的COD有机容积负荷达到11．5kg／（m^3·d）,出水p（COD）约为2000mg／L,COD去除率可达到75％左右,每去除1kgCOD平均可产生0．6m^3沼气,且反应器运行稳定。     

ABR处理滞头废水试验研究

以去除蛋白后的滞头废水为基质对厌氧折流板(ABR)反应器处理效果进行研究,分析了ABR反应器的工艺特征和运行稳定性,同时对反应器各格室颗粒污泥特性进行分析.结果表明:ABR反应器在(35±1)℃,HRT为32 h,进水COD浓度由500 mg/L逐步提高到5 000 mg/L,运行稳定后,COD去除率保持在90％以上;...     

ABR处理乳品废水的研究

在中温条件下采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理乳品废水厌氧产氢发酵后的出水,研究了反应器的启动情况,考察了pH和HRT对运行效果的影响,并对有无添加填料的两种ABR的性能进行了比较。结果表明:采用固定HRT并逐步增大进水浓度的启动方式,反应器能在88 d内完成启动。在pH为7～8,HRT为24～48 h时,ABR对COD和SS均有较好的去除效果。当进水COD为3 000 mg/L、SS为200mg/L左右、容积负荷1.5～3 kg COD/(m.3d)时,COD去除率达95%以上,SS去除率在84%以上。在ABR中加入聚乙烯多孔小球填料,可使反应器有更强的抗冲击负荷能力。     

ABR反应器处理高浓度头孢抗生素废水实验研究

抗生素类制药废水的有机污染物浓度高,可生化性差,微生物不易降解,处理难度很大。采用动态试验对厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）处理某头孢类制药厂废水进行了研究。结果表明,当进水CODCr负荷控制在2．67—3．0kg／（m^3·d）,温度控制在35．4-0．5℃时,ABR对该废水CODCr的去除率可达在50％,且其可生化性得到了有效的提高,促进了废水进一步后续生化处理的运行稳定性。     

厌氧折流板反应器处理难降解黄连素废水的研究

试验研究了4格室厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理浓度为50~300mg/L的难降解黄连素废水,包括启动实验和后续操作运行,共计175d,其中启动运行80d,反应温度控制在(32±1)℃.结果表明,采用低黄连素负荷的方法驯化污泥,其启动过程比较快, ABR反应器污泥经过80d的驯化培养后,微生物对黄连素具有一定的适应性;启动后逐渐提高进水黄连素浓度,最高达到300mg/L,当进水黄连素浓度为120mg/L时, ABR反应器的处理效果最好,COD和黄连素的去除率分别达到70%和95%左右,此时各格室污泥平均浓度分别达到24.06,24.76,27.76, 6.4g/L,污泥外观呈红褐色和黑色.     

厌氧处理乙酸丁酯废水的实验研究

乙酸丁酯废水是一种重要的化工原料,每生产一顿乙酸丁酯可产生140kg废水,本实验利用3L上流式厌氧污泥床UASB反应器在中温条件下处理高浓度乙酸丁酯废水。当UASB反应器稳定运行时,进水CODcr=10000mg／L时,容积负荷可达到13kgCOD／（m^3d）,水力停留时间24h,COD去除率可以达到80％以上,出水COD小于2000mg／L。通过本试验取得的良好试验效果,为处理乙酸丁酯废水找出了可行的途径。     

固定化高效微生物处理高含盐苯胺、硝基苯废水应用

采用固定化高效微生物滤池处理高含盐苯胺、硝基苯废水,经两年多时间的运行,在废水中氯离子浓度最高达到50864 mg/L,平均值18119 mg/L的条件下,进水COD≤2694 mg/L、苯胺≤559 mg/L、硝基苯≤1 46mg/L,水力停留时间75小时,载体接触时间41.5小时;出水平均值分别为COD45 mg/L、苯胺0.37 mg/L、硝基苯0.085mg/L;平均去除率COD 95.4%、苯胺99.8%、硝基苯99.8%;达到国家<污水综合排放标准>(GB8978-1996)一级标准的合格率COD94.6%、苯胺99%、硝基笨98.4%.系统运行稳定.     

厌氧折流板反应器处理制糖废水的效能及微生态特性研究

研究了厌氧折流板反应器（ABR）处理制糖废水的运行特征,并通过污泥EPS测定、小瓶静态试验、扫描电镜等分析了其微生态特征。结果表明：在HRT为24 h,水温33℃,进水ρ（COD）为1 355～2 955 mg/L,反应器对COD的去除率为87%～96%,其中第1隔室抗废水的冲击最大,VFA值最高而碱度最低,分别为9....     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.