贡嘎山东坡土壤重金属质量比的初步分析及风险评价

对贡嘎山东坡土壤中Cd、Pb、Cr、Ni、Hg和As的质量比进行测定,用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对其进行风险评价。结果表明:研究区表层土壤中Hg、Pb和As质量比低于国家一级标准,属未污染等级,Cd、Cr和Ni质量比存在不同程度的超标现象,土壤被污染;Cd、Pb、Cr、Ni、Hg、As的单因子污染指数分别为1.88、0.87、1.15、1.06、0.45、0.26,对土壤的污染程度从大到小依次为Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb、Hg、As;内梅罗综合污染指数PN为0.92～4.89,都属于不安全级别,其中22.2%的土壤属尚清洁等级,66.7%的土壤属轻度污染,11.1%的土壤属严重污染。     

云南不同产区白花蛇舌草中5种金属元素含量分析及健康风险评价

利用微波消解-原子荧光光谱法、火焰-石墨炉原子吸收法对云南23个产地白花蛇舌草中Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg和As 5种金属元素质量比进行了测定;并通过靶标危害系数(THQ)和总危害指数(HI)对Cu、Pb、Cd和Hg 4种元素进行非致癌风险评价,用终生致癌风险(R)对As进行致癌风险评价。结果表明,23个产地白花蛇舌草中Cu、Pb、Cd、As和Hg 5种金属元素平均质量比分别为9.65 mg/kg、5.14mg/kg、3.23 mg/kg、0.82 mg/kg和0.04 mg/kg。依据中国药典(2015版)和中国绿色行业标准,这些样品中Cu、As、Hg平均质量比未超标,而Cd、Pb超标,超标率分别为100%和43.47%;少量样品存在Cu、As超标,超标率分别为4.3%和8.96%。瑞丽市勐秀乡样品Cu质量比超标,文山市小街镇样品中Pb、Cd、As质量比远高于标准值,红河州个旧市大屯镇样品As质量比是标准值的4倍多。白花蛇舌草中Cu、Pb、Cd和Hg 4种重金属元素THQ从高到低依次为Cd、Pb、Cu、Hg,且THQ和HI均小于1,表明4种重金属元素中Cd的非致癌风险最高,且THQ/HI达64.58%。此外,23个样品中As的R为4.87×10-5,超出世界卫生组织建议的致癌风险值(1.00×10-5)。研究表明:人体通过白花蛇舌草摄入Cu、Pb、Cd和Hg 4种重金属元素不会对人体造成非致癌伤害;除红河州个旧市和文山市小街镇样品外,云南其他产地白花蛇舌草摄入总As存在低致癌风险。     

毛乌素沙地砒砂岩、沙及复配土重金属含量分析与评价

利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对榆林市榆阳区砒砂岩与沙复配成土造田技术项目区砒砂岩、沙及砒砂岩与沙复配土的重金属(Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb)质量比进行测定,采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对土壤污染程度进行评价。结果表明:除复配土和砒砂岩中Cd的平均质量比分别超出国家土壤环境质量自然背景值26.7%和102.8%外,复配土、砒砂岩及沙中其他重金属平均质量比均在国家土壤环境质量自然背景值以下;与砒砂岩相比,除Hg外复配土中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb质量比分别下降了12.8%、40.7%、44.1%、49.3%、49.8%、37.6%和14.1%;砒砂岩与沙复配成土后,其Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb质量比均与沙中无显著性差异;复配土中Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb之间存在极显著的正相关关系,具有明显的同源性;复配土、砒砂岩及沙重金属单项污染指数均小于1,综合污染指数分别为0.314、0.503及0.200,污染级别为清洁。研究表明,砒砂岩与沙复配土的重金属质量比符合农田土壤环境质量标准,能够保证土壤环境质量安全和农产品品质安全。     

粉煤灰和纤维陶粒重金属浸出特性研究

以粉煤灰、作物秸秆、外加药剂为试验材料经多重工序制得秸秆-粉煤灰纤维陶粒(简称"纤维陶粒"),为考察其作为水处理滤料的安全性,以原灰作对比,测定了粉煤灰及纤维陶粒中8种重金属(Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni)质量比,并通过浸出试验分析其浸出特性。结果表明,纤维陶粒中8种重金属质量比均低于原灰,二者重金属质量比从大到小顺序均为Ni、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Cd、Hg。除Zn外,原灰重金属浸出量随浸出时间总体呈增加趋势,浸出量从大到小依次为Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cr、As、Cd、Hg;纤维陶粒重金属浸出量随浸出时间整体呈增大趋势,浸出量从大到小依次为Pb、Ni、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、As、Hg,与原灰相比增加量减少。纤维陶粒浸出液中各重金属浸出量均低于原灰,Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni平均浸出量分别占原灰的56.14%、55.92%、86.17%、64.17%、47.50%、99.51%、40.74%、58.93%。原灰重金属最大浸出率从大到小为Hg、Cd、Pb、As、Zn、Ni、Cu、Cr;纤维陶粒重金属最大浸出率从大到小为Hg、Cd、Pb、As、Ni、Zn、Cu、Cr,Hg和Cr分别为最易和最难浸出重金属。与原灰相比,纤维陶粒中8种重金属质量比、重金属浸出量和最大浸出率均有所降低,能在一定程度上减少重金属向水溶液中的浸出,提高了其作为水处理滤料的安全性。     

郑州市城市化进程中土壤环境质量评价

以郑州市为例,揭示城市化过程对土壤环境质量的影响.对距市中心不同距离的表层土样的重金属(Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg和As)含量进行分析.根据土壤环境背景值标准对土样进行污染评价,同时采用克里格插值方法分析土壤环境质量指数分布的空间特征.结果表明,城市扩张对土壤中重金属Cr含量的影响最大,对As有一定影响,而对其他重金属含量的影响较小.样点表层土壤中各重金属含量均有超过背景值现象,其中Cr平均含量远高于背景值,为主要污染因子; Pb为轻污染; Cd、Hg和As平均含量小于背景值.各重金属单因子污染指数的空间分布特点不同,其中Cd在郑州市西部为轻污染; Hg在北郊为轻污染; Pb为较普遍的轻污染; As存在点源污染; Cr在绝大部分地区属重度污染.因此,郑州市在城市化进程中应把Cr作为严控指标.     

蚌埠地区主要谷物重金属含量及健康风险评价

测定了蚌埠地区主要谷物(稻米、小麦和玉米)中重金属的质量比,分别采用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法及健康风险指数法对重金属污染程度和健康风险性进行了评价。结果表明,谷物中Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Cd、As、Hg的平均质量比分别为21.233 7 mg/kg、4.7819 mg/kg、0.265 1 mg/kg、0.251 3 mg/kg、0.182 4 mg/kg、0.081 0 mg/kg、0.006 7 mg/kg。除Cd、Pb质量比高于国家食品安全标准外,其他5种重金属元素平均质量比均低于标准。谷物中Cd、Pb为轻污染,Zn、Cu、Cr、As、Hg为清洁水平。稻米和小麦为轻污染等级,玉米处于警戒线水平。谷物中Cd、Cu、Cr、Pb、Zn会对儿童引起健康风险;Cd会对成人引起健康风险,其他各元素每日摄入量均低于美国环保局的参考暴露剂量,安全性较好。食用本地产谷物,稻米和小麦中的重金属对儿童及成人均存在健康风险;玉米对儿童存在健康风险,而对成人健康风险不明显。     

某城区重金属扩散模型研究

以As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn为研究对象,探讨了它们在城市土壤的浓度分布特征,并进行了重金属元素的扩散模型研究。分析表明,As、Cd、Hg、Zn存在3个污染源,Cr存在一个污染源,Cu、Ni、Pb存在2个污染源.而且Cr和Ni存在相同的污染源,Hg和Pb,Cr和Cu以及Cu和Cd也存在相同的情况。     

保定城市土壤重金属污染及潜在生态危害评价

为了解保定城市土壤重金属污染状况及潜在生态危害,以保定城市土壤为研究对象,采用单因子指数法、尼梅罗综合指数法、潜在生态危害指数法对保定城市土壤重金属污染特征及潜在生态危害进行评价。结果表明,保定城市土壤As、Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni的平均值分别为9. 75 mg/kg、0. 18 mg/kg、0. 21 mg/kg、38. 99 mg/kg、66. 30 mg/kg、29. 10mg/kg、122. 36 mg/kg、28. 05 mg/kg。保定城市土壤中重金属元素平均值(除As、Ni、Cr外)均高于河北省土壤背景值,其中Hg、Pb、Zn元素的平均值较大,分别是河北省土壤背景值的5. 28倍、1. 74倍、1. 75倍,表明这些元素受到人为因素及工业活动的影响。保定城市土壤重金属污染程度从大到小依次为Zn、Pb、Hg、Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、As,其中Cd、Pb、Cu以清洁状态为主,Hg以安全状态为主,As、Cr、Ni元素处于完全清洁状态,Zn元素出现污染,面积达到研究区面积的2. 08%。整体而言,保定城市土壤环境良好,局部污染,清洁、安全、警戒土壤面积比例分别为64. 58%、33. 33%、2. 08%,主要出现在保定市北部地区,其形成可能与工业生产及人类活动有关。保定城市土壤重金属潜在危害程度由大到小依次为Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni。各重金属元素中,产生潜在生态危害的重金属主要是Hg,已达到很强潜在生态危害水平,其余重金属均为轻度潜在生态危害;综合潜在生态危害指数(RI)达到中等生态危害程度,达到强生态危害和很强生态危害程度的面积之和占研究区总面积的35. 41%,其形成可能与工业生产有关。     

烧结砖中重金属释放特性研究

通过向黏土中添加重金属试剂,模拟煅烧试验制作烧结砖.采用酸消解试验研究烧结砖中重金属的总量,采用欧盟NEN7371方法测试烧结砖中重金属的有效释放量,采用NEN7375方法进行块状烧结砖浸出试验,研究烧结砖样品中Cr、Ni、As、Cd和Pb的释放特性.结果表明:烧结砖中重金属的有效释放量低于总量,释放率从大到小为Cd、As、Pb、Ni、Cr;在块状浸出过程中,Cr、Ni、As累积释放量达到平衡的时间为16 d,Pb为4d,而Cd的累积释放量一直有上升的趋势;Cr、Ni、As的释放机理主要为扩散控制,Cd为溶解作用,Pb为表面冲刷作用;5种重金属释放速率从大到小为Ni、Cr、Pb、As、Cd.     

二元含汞重金属混合物对费氏弧菌的联合毒性研究

以费氏弧菌(Vibrio fucheri)作为毒性测试物种,测定了Hg2+、pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2、Cr6+对费氏弧菌的单一毒性;采用等毒性配比法研究了Hg2+/pb2+、Hg2+/Cr6+、Hg2+/Cu2+、Hg2+/Zn2+、Hs+/Cd2+5种二元混合体系的联合毒性作用.结果表明,重金属离子单独存在时均会对费氏弧菌产生毒性作用,发光菌的相对发光强度均与重金属离子质量浓度呈负相关关系,线性相关系数为0.876 4～0.973 0.Hg2+、Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+、Cr6+单独存在时对费氏弧菌的EC50分别为0.045 mg/L、0.181 mg/L、0.300mg/L、0.117 mg/L、0.614 mg/L、23.000mg/L,重金属离子毒性从大到小为Hg2+、Cd2+、pb2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Cr6+.而与单一重金属相比,其二元混合物对费氏弧菌的生物毒性效应和强度完全不同.Hg2+/pb2+、Hg2+/Cr6+二元混合体系表现为拮抗作用,Hg2+/Cu2+、Hg2+/Zn2+均表现为协同作用,Hg2+/Cd2+表现为加和作用.     

Flammability of methane,propane, and hydrogen gases

This paper reports the results of flammability studies for methane, propane, hydrogen, and deuterium gases in air conducted by the Pittsburgh Research Laboratory. Knowledge of the explosion hazards of these gases is important to the coal mining industry and to other industries that produce or use flammable gases. The experimental research was conducted in 20 L and 120 L closed explosion chambers under both quiescent and turbulent conditions, using both electric spark and pyrotechnic ignition sources. The data reported here generally confirm the data of previous investigators, but they are more comprehensive than those reported previously. The results illustrate the complications associated with buoyancy, turbulence, selective diffusion, and ignitor strength versus chamber size. Although the lower flammable limits (LFLs) are well defined for methane (CH₄) and propane (C₃H₈), the LFLs for hydrogen (H₂) and its heavier isotope deuterium (D₂) are much more dependent on the limit criterion chosen. A similar behavior is observed for the upper flammable limit of propane. The data presented include lower and upper flammable limits, maximum pressures, and maximum rates of pressure rise. The rates of pressure rise, even when normalized by the cube root of the chamber volume (V^1/3), are shown to be sensitive to chamber size.     

Attachment,decay, and social network

To study decay in attachment to an organization, I analyse data on women who obtained an MBA from the University of Chicago's Graduate School of Business (GSB). I measure attachment in terms of network embedding: an alumna is attached to the GSB to the extent that people close to her graduated from the GSB. Behavioral data corroborate the network data in that alumnae measured to be more attached are more likely to have joined an alumni club and made a financial contribution to the school. The hypothesis is that alumnae attachment will decay over time, more slowly when the school is deeply embedded in an alumna's network, more quickly when disruptive events compete for the alumna's time and energy. As expected, attachment declines across the years after graduation (linearly for the first 20 years to about half its initial level), and decay is inhibited when connections with GSB graduates are embedded in stable relations of family, work, or long-term friendship. Decay is remarkably robust to events after graduation (which account for only 2 per cent of explained variance in attachment). In other words, an alumna's attachment today was largely determined while she was in school. The results should be of practical value to people who design programmes to build personal attachment to organizations, and of theoretical interest to scholars who study such connections. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dimensions,antecedents, and consequences of workaholism: a conceptual integration and extension

While the concept of workaholism has received a good deal of attention in the popular press, theoretical and empirical research have lagged behind. In part, the lack of a formal, agreed upon definition of the construct and its dimensions has hampered research on this topic. The purpose of this review is to offer a cohesive definition of workaholism, discuss its underlying dimensions, and identify its key antecedents and consequences. Measurement issues, directions for future research, and implications for management practice are discussed as well. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Perceived enjoyment,concentration, intention,and speed violation behavior: Using flow theory and theory of planned behavior

Objective: Road accidents are an important public health concern, and speeding is a major contributor. Although flow theory (FLT) is a valid model for understanding behavior, currently the nature of the roles and interplay of FLT constructs within the theory of planned behavior (TPB) framework when attempting to explain the determinants of motivations for intention to speed and speeding behavior of car drivers is not yet known. The study aims to synthesize TPB and FLT in explaining drivers of advanced vehicles intentions to speed and speed violation behaviors and evaluate factors that are critical for explaining intention and behavior.

Method: The hypothesized model was validated using a sample collected from 354 fully licensed drivers of advanced vehicles, involving 278 males and 76 females on 2 occasions separated by a 3-month interval. During the first of the 2 occasions, participants completed questionnaire measures of TPB and FLT variables. Three months later, participants' speed violation behaviors were assessed.

Results: The study observed a significant positive relationship between the constructs. The proposed model accounted for 51 and 45% of the variance in intention to speed and speed violation behavior, respectively. The independent predictors of intention were enjoyment, attitude, and subjective norm. The independent predictors of speed violation behavior were enjoyment, concentration, intention, and perceived behavioral control.

Conclusions: The findings suggest that safety interventions for preventing speed violation behaviors should be aimed at underlying beliefs influencing the speeding behaviors of drivers of advanced vehicles. Furthermore, perceived enjoyment is of equal importance to driver's intention, influencing speed violation behavior.