大浦镇农村生活污染公众调查研究

以毗邻太湖的宜兴市大浦镇为例,在环境现状调查和公民环境意识调查的基础上,对水网区农村生活引起的非点源污染问题进行了调查研究。分析了研究区农村厕所的类型和生活污水的排放途径,得出了各类型厕所使用比例、生活污水直接或间接排向河流的排放比例。指出农村生活引起的非点源污染已成为水网区非点源污染的重要组成部分。     

光谱与呼吸图谱联用判定河流污染状态与自净能力

河流污染状态一般采用化学水质或生物等指标单独描述,目前尚缺少简便易行且可同时从化学与生物角度进行定量描述的指标。针对这一问题,采用三维荧光光谱、紫外吸收光谱与呼吸图谱联用的分析方法研究了纳污河、自然水体与污水处理厂各处理单元水样的溶解性有机物(DOM)的空间分布特征与河流微生物的呼吸特征。结果表明,光谱法可快速对河流有机污染物的种类进行辨别,而呼吸图谱具有识别河流自净能力的特点,其中类色氨酸(T峰与D峰)、类酪氨酸(S峰)、腐殖质(C峰)、富里酸(A峰)是指示不同污染程度的重要指标。通过呼吸图谱与荧光光谱联用(T峰)可快速对污染程度和自净能力进行区分,从而为河流的管理与自净能力的恢复提供参考。     

南四湖入湖河口水质综合分析与改善效果评估

南四湖是南水北调东线工程重要的输水通道和调蓄湖泊,随着通水时间的临近,南四湖入湖河流的水质状况更加受到关注.通过对4次南四湖水质空间分布35个入湖河口的监测数据的统计比较和污染负荷量分析,在分析计算平均综合污染指数和等标污染负荷的基础上,进行不同河流的污染状况比较和水质改善效果评估.研究表明,2010-2011年南四湖入湖河口水质平均综合污染指数(1.56)比2006-2007年(2.73)下降了42.9％,重污染河流由12条减少为3条;南四湖入湖污染负荷总量削减率总体达到了66.0％,入湖污染负荷量分布75％以上集中在主要排污河流,南四湖流域的污染物以TN为主;南四湖的重污染河流为房庄河、老运河和洸府河,10条主要排污河流为老运河、洸府河、东鱼河、房庄河、泗河、洙赵新河、白马河、薛城小沙河、新薛河、新万福河,这些河流是南四湖流域治污的重点.     

基于控制单元的独流减河流域农村非点源污染空间特征解析

提出了一种基于子流域的控制单元划分方法,估算了独流减河流域农田种植、畜禽养殖、农村生活和水产养殖4个主要来源的农村非点源COD、TN、TP和氨氮的入河量,并进行空间特征解析。结果表明,2015年独流减河流域农村非点源COD、TN、TP和氨氮总入河量分别为5 036.20、1 373.94、231.75、573.73t,COD是流域中最主要的农村非点源污染物。4个来源对流域污染物入河量的贡献大小依次为农村生活、农田种植、水产养殖和畜禽养殖。空间特征解析结果表明,西部的控制单元1和控制单元2污染物入河量大,东北部的控制单元3、控制单元4包括控制单元5污染物入河量小。主要污染水系为子牙河水系、南运河水系、青静黄排水渠水系、运东排干水系等。     

于桥水库流域污染负荷估算和管理效果评估

于桥水库流域非点源污染已成为政府高度关注的热点问题之一。使用非点源污染负荷模型PLOAD,以流域数字高程模型(DEM)、2010年土地利用现状图和不同土地利用的污染物输出系数等作为模型主要输入数据,结合流域现场调查监测等方式,对于桥水库流域的TN和TP污染负荷进行估算,分析污染物的空间分布特征,模拟实施不同管理实践下的流域TN和TP削减率。结果表明,于桥水库流域内TN和TP污染负荷分别约为223.4、19.5t/a,分布特点为"南部高于北部,河流和水库沿岸污染较重"。综合管理实践对TN和TP的削减率分别为24.49%、27.23%,其中农村人畜粪便管理、生态移民等的去除效果较显著。     

河流汛期污染与源解析

对河流汛期污染的特点、产生原因与产生条件进行深入分析并进行产生源定量解析。结果表明汛期污染引起河流断面增加的COD通量枯水年份约占全年COD通量的55％－68％，丰水年可达91％－96％。在汛期COD增加量中，河流本底淮干1^#断面约占64％，洪河2^#和沙颍河3^#断面约占25％－38％；三断面水土流失引起增加量约占29％－41％，其他因素增加量淮干为6％，另两断面为26％－41％。     

基于主成分分析法的现有水质评价体系改进探讨

针对中国现行的单因子评价法存在水体过保护问题,在系统分析765个国控河流断面水质状况的基础之上,提出利用主成分分析法(PCA)首先识别河流主要污染指标、再以单因子评价法对主要指标进行水质评价的联合应用方法。将单因子评价法、PCA-单因子评价法的评价结果进行比较,两种方法对河流主要污染指标的识别较一致;将PCA和单因子评价法联合应用于水质评价,能更真实、客观地反映河流水质状况,有利于作出科学管理决策。     

模糊综合评价在天然水体水质评价中的应用研究

采用模糊数学方法,对河网地区面源污染影响较大的代表性河流的水质状况进行综合评价研究。根据监测断面水质污染特点,确定了8个指标作为评价因子,建立了评价因素矩阵,计算出影响因子的权重。在此基础上,提出了模糊综合评价的水质级别,证明该河网地区的污染物主要是氮、磷和有机物。     

滇池入湖河流“十一五”综合整治效果分析

滇池是中国“三河三湖”治理的重点湖泊之一,是中国著名的高原淡水湖泊.“十一五”期间,昆明市政府加大对滇池入湖河流的综合整治力度.纳入水质监测的29条主要入湖河流中,通过分析综合污染指数和有机污染指数,评价“十一五”期间的入湖河流水污染综合整治效果.结果表明,经过大力整治,滇池大部分主要入湖河流的水质改善明显,综合污染指数和有机污染指数均大幅下降,河流污染整治效果显著;但部分河流的综合污染指数和有机污染指数仍明显升高,河流水质有进一步恶化趋势,入湖河流综合整治工作仍任重而道远.     

模糊综合评价在天然水体水质评价中的应用研究

采用模糊数学方法，对河网地区面源污染影响较大的代表性河流的水质状况进行综合评价研究。根据监测断面水质污染特点，确定了8个指标作为评价因子，建立了评价因素矩阵，计算出影响因子的权重。在此基础上，提出了模糊综合评价的水质级别，证明该河网地区的污染物主要是氮、磷和有机物。     

An investigation of distributed lag models in the context of air pollution and mortality time series analysis

In particulate air pollution mortality time series studies, the particulate air pollution exposure measure used is typically the current day's or the previous day's air pollution concentration or a multi-day moving average air pollution concentration. Distributed lag models (DLMs) that allow for differential air pollution effects that are spread over multiple days are seen as an improvement over using a single- or multi-day moving average air pollution exposure measure. However, at the current time, the statistical properties of DLMs as a measure of air pollution exposure have not been investigated. In this paper, a simulation study is used to investigate the performance of DLMs as a measure of air pollution exposure in comparison with single- and multi-day moving average air pollution exposure measures under various forms for the true effect of air pollution on mortality. The simulation study shows that DLMs offer a more robust measure of the effect of air pollution on mortality and avoid the potential for a large negative bias compared with single- or multi-day moving average air pollution exposure measures. This is important information. In many U.S. cities, particulate air pollution concentrations are observed only once every six days, meaning it is often only possible to use single-day particulate air pollution exposure measures. The results from this paper will help quantify the magnitude of the negative bias that can result from using single-day exposure measures. The implications of this work for future air pollution mortality time series studies are discussed. The data used in this paper are concurrent daily time series of mortality, weather, and particulate air pollution from Cook County, IL, for the period 1987-1994.     

An interprovincial cooperative game model for air pollution control in China

The noncooperative air pollution reduction model (NCRM) that is currently adopted in China to manage air pollution reduction of each individual province has inherent drawbacks. In this paper, we propose a cooperative air pollution reduction game model (CRM) that consists of two parts: (1) an optimization model that calculates the optimal pollution reduction quantity for each participating province to meet the joint pollution reduction goal; and (2) a model that distribute the economic benefit of the cooperation (i.e., pollution reduction cost saving) among the provinces in the cooperation based on the Shapley value method. We applied the CRM to the case of SO₂ reduction in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region in China. The results, based on the data from 2003–2009, show that cooperation helps lower the overall SO₂ pollution reduction cost from 4.58% to 11.29%. Distributed across the participating provinces, such a cost saving from interprovincial cooperation brings significant benefits to each local government and stimulates them for further cooperation in pollution reduction. Finally, sensitivity analysis is performed using the year 2009 data to test the parameters’ effects on the pollution reduction cost savings.

Implications: China is increasingly facing unprecedented pressure for immediate air pollution control. The current air pollution reduction policy does not allow cooperation and is less efficient. In this paper we developed a cooperative air pollution reduction game model that consists of two parts: (1) an optimization model that calculates the optimal pollution reduction quantity for each participating province to meet the joint pollution reduction goal; and (2) a model that distributes the cooperation gains (i.e., cost reduction) among the provinces in the cooperation based on the Shapley value method. The empirical case shows that such a model can help improve efficiency in air pollution reduction. The result of the model can serve as a reference for Chinese government pollution reduction policy design.     

Foreign direct investment,environmental regulation,and environmental pollution: an empirical study based on threshold effects for different Chinese regions

On the basis of previous studies on the relations among foreign direct investment (FDI), environmental regulation, and environmental pollution, this work uses provincial panel data from 2000 to 2014 to study the effects of FDI and environmental regulation on environmental pollution by applying the panel-corrected standard error (PCSE) method. This paper then utilizes environmental regulation as the threshold variable to estimate the threshold effects of environmental regulation on FDI’s influence on environmental pollution in a threshold regression model for the eastern, central, and western regions of China. The results show that stricter environmental regulation can substantially reduce the pollution in each region. FDI can decrease environmental pollution in the eastern and central regions, but it can increase pollution in the western region. There are double-threshold effects of environmental regulation on the effects of FDI on environmental pollution in each region. When the environmental regulation level is between the first threshold and the second threshold, FDI can decrease environmental pollution much more in the eastern and central regions and increase environmental pollution much less in the western region.

     

Dwindling regional environmental pollution through industrial structure adjustment and higher education development

This paper uses Chinese provincial data from 2006 to 2021 as a sample period to study the relationship between higher education development, industrial structure adjustment, and environmental pollution. Conclusions were as follows: (1) the industry structure adjustment can reduce environmental pollution in Chinese regions except eastern, and the increase in the proportion of the tertiary industry will increase pollution emissions in the eastern region. (2) Although there is a negative correlation between higher education and environmental pollution in China, it is not significant. From different regions, the coefficients in the eastern are positive which means aggravated environmental pollution, and the coefficients in the central region are not significant, but higher education in the western region improves environmental pollution. (3) Urbanization has a significant moderating effect on the national and regional environmental pollution, but in the central and western regions, it is smaller than the eastern region; although environmental regulation has a certain inhibitory effect on environmental pollution, the coefficient in the eastern region is significantly positive, and there is a situation of “more pollution, more control.” Further, the increase of foreign direct investment will aggravate environmental pollution; although the elasticity coefficient in the eastern region is negative, there is a trend of improving environmental pollution, but it is not significant. The study holds promising implications for the development of policies related to education, industry, and the environment. Through the research on the relationship between the three, exploring and improving the regional environmental pollution level from the perspective of higher education and industrial structure have important practical significance for the regional green development.

     

Can transportation infrastructure reduce haze pollution in China?

Traffic emission is one of the main sources of haze pollution, but few studies have evaluated the dynamic impact and mechanism of transportation infrastructure on haze pollution based on a spatial perspective. This study selects the annual data of 30 provinces in China from 2000 to 2017 and uses a dynamic spatial Durbin model to study the dynamic impact of transportation infrastructure on haze pollution. The results show that transportation infrastructure has a significant spatial spillover effect on haze pollution, and the spatial spillover effect has regional heterogeneity. Specifically, whether long term or short term, highway traffic has a boosting effect on haze pollution, while railway traffic has an inhibitory effect on haze pollution. In addition, transportation infrastructure can affect haze pollution through three paths: expanding economic scale, promoting transformation of industrial structure, and promoting technological progress. At the regional level, the improvement of highway traffic density in eastern, central, and western regions will significantly increase haze pollution. The enhancement of railway traffic density has a significant inhibitory and boosting effect on haze pollution in central and western regions, respectively. For the eastern region, railway traffic construction can only restrain local haze pollution, but cannot exert the spatial spillover effect of railway traffic to reduce haze. The conclusions of this paper provide policy inspirations for giving full play to the haze reduction effect of transportation infrastructure and the development of green transportation.

     

Fiscal decentralization,government innovation preference,and haze pollution

Local governments are the dominant players in haze pollution control; furthermore, financial power reconstruction affects the effectiveness of haze control. Government innovation preference achieves win-win results for environmental protection and economic development by increasing innovation support. Therefore, a moderating variable for government innovation preference was added to the fiscal decentralization effect on haze pollution, and their interactive effect on haze pollution was studied. This study was conducted in 30 provincial regions. Thus, the severity of regional haze pollution differs because of temporal heterogeneity and asynchronous development. Furthermore, we analyzed the impact on haze pollution from the perspectives of the temporal and spatial differences in different regions of China. The results indicate that (1) fiscal decentralization increases haze pollution, while government innovation preferences control it. (2) In a local evaluation model with a diversified background, fiscal decentralization restrains haze pollution, and pollution source complexity reduces government innovation preference’s control pollution function. The interaction term revealed that government innovation preferences had a significant moderating effect. (3) Fiscal decentralization and government innovation preferences control the heterogeneity of haze pollution in different regions.

     

Research on the strategic interaction of China’s regional air pollution regulation: spatial interpretation of “incomplete implementation” of regulatory policies

Research on the current strategic interaction of local governments in air pollution control is a key breakthrough. Based on the theory of Chinese style decentralization, this paper puts forward a theoretical framework to explain the incomplete enforcement of air pollution regulation. Using the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2004 to 2016, this study employs spatial Durbin model, empirically tested the inter-regional strategic interaction of air pollution regulation, and further explores the effect of performance assessment indicators on this strategic interaction. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1) Empirical results confirm that adjacent provinces do exist strategic interaction of air pollution regulation. Furthermore, the strategic interaction of air pollution regulation belongs to complementarities. (2) Meanwhile, from a regional perspective, due to the low level of economic development stock and the low level of air pollution, the interaction effect of air pollution regulation strategies in northwestern region is weaker than that in southeastern region. (3) In addition, under the national sample and the southeast sample, the air environment performance assessment indicators weaken the inter-regional strategic interaction of air pollution regulation, and economic performance assessment indicators on the contrary.

     

Does the construction of network infrastructure reduce environmental pollution?—evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in “Broadband China”

This paper discusses the effect of network infrastructure on environmental pollution reduction and the realization mechanism behind it. Based on the panel data of 285 cities in China from 2005 to 2019, this study regards the “Broadband China” pilot policy as a quasi-natural experiment to clarify the pollution emission reduction effect of network infrastructure construction through differences-in-differences method and other methods. The research results show the following: (1) The Broadband China pilot policy has reduced environmental pollution, that is, the construction of network infrastructure has the effect of environmental pollution reduction. The conclusion is still established after a series of robustness tests such as parallel trend test, placebo test, and instrumental variable method. Through the heterogeneity test, it is found that the pollution reduction effect of network infrastructure construction is more obvious in non-resource-based cities, first and second tier cities, and cities in the eastern region (2). The construction of network infrastructure plays a restraining role on local environmental pollution. Due to the insufficient level of regional linkage and the siphon effect of pilot cities, the spatial spillover characteristics of the pollution reduction effect are not obvious (3). The mechanism of action shows that green innovation is an important mediating effect mechanism for network infrastructure construction to reduce environmental pollution. Cities in regions with high degree of marketization and environmental regulation can strengthen the effect of network infrastructure construction on environmental pollution reduction. The research conclusions are conducive to accelerating the development of the digital economy represented by the construction of network infrastructure and provide a useful reference for promoting the level of environmental pollution reduction and achieving high-quality development.

     

A model for interprovincial air pollution control based on futures prices

Based on the current status of research on tradable emission rights futures, this paper introduces basic market-related assumptions for China’s interprovincial air pollution control problem. The authors construct an interprovincial air pollution control model based on futures prices: the model calculated the spot price of emission rights using a classic futures pricing formula, and determined the identities of buyers and sellers for various provinces according to a partitioning criterion, thereby revealing five trading markets. To ensure interprovincial cooperation, a rational allocation result for the benefits from this model was achieved using the Shapley value method to construct an optimal reduction program and to determine the optimal annual decisions for each province. Finally, the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region was used as a case study, as this region has recently experienced serious pollution. It was found that the model reduced the overall cost of reducing SO₂ pollution. Moreover, each province can lower its cost for air pollution reduction, resulting in a win–win solution. Adopting the model would therefore enhance regional cooperation and promote the control of China’s air pollution.

Implications: The authors construct an interprovincial air pollution control model based on futures prices. The Shapley value method is used to rationally allocate the cooperation benefit. Interprovincial pollution control reduces the overall reduction cost of SO₂. Each province can lower its cost for air pollution reduction by cooperation.     

Effects and mechanisms of the combined pollution of lanthanum and acid rain on the root phenotype of soybean seedlings

Rare earth pollution and acid rain pollution are both important environmental issues worldwide. In regions which simultaneously occur, the combined pollution of rare earth and acid rain becomes a new environmental issue, and the relevant research is rarely reported. Accordingly, we investigated the combined effects and mechanisms of lanthanum ion (La³⁺) and acid rain on the root phenotype of soybean seedlings. The combined pollution of low-concentration La³⁺ and acid rain exerted deleterious effects on the phenotype and growth of roots, which were aggravated by the combined pollution of high-concentration La³⁺ and acid rain. The deleterious effects of the combined pollution were stronger than those of single La³⁺ or acid rain pollution. These stronger deleterious effects on the root phenotype and growth of roots were due to the increased disturbance of absorption and utilization of mineral nutrients in roots.