硝基节香烃废水处理技术研究进展

本文综述了硝基芳香烃废水处理技术的研究现状及在实际工程中的应用现状，这些技术的原理主要基于物理、化学、生物等方面的作用。同时本文还展望了此类废水处理技术的应用前景，采用生理处理及其他多种处理方法协同作用已成为发展趋势。     

固定化微生物在废水处理中的应用

固定化微生物技术是一种有效的废水生物处理技术 ,与普通生物处理法相比有许多优点。本文对固定化微生物技术、微生物的固定化方法、固定化载体及固定化技术在废水处理中的应用及研究进展状况进行了综述 ,并对其以后的发展作了探讨     

粉末活性炭-生物处理技术及工程应用

粉末活性炭 生物处理技术是一种强化生物工艺。本文介绍了该工艺的设计方法以及作者在不同化工废水处理中的应用实例 ,表明该技术在处理难生物降解的工业废水中有很好的应用前景 ,而且经济上可行。     

粉末活性碳-生物处理技术及工程应用

粉末活性碳—生物处理技术是一种强化生物工艺。介绍了该工艺的设计方法以及在不同化工废水处理中的应用实例。粉末活性碳—生物处理技术在废水处理中能提高废水的综合处理效果 ,而且运行成本不高 ,并可改善活性污泥的结构 ,技术和经济上均可行 ,在工业废水处理中有很好的应用前景。     

粉末活性炭-生物处理技术及工程应用

粉末活性炭-生物处理技术是一种强化生物工艺。本文介绍了该工艺的设计方法以及作者在不同化工废水处理中的应用实例，表明该技术在处理难生物降解的工业废水中有很好的应用前景，而且经济上可行。     

固定化微生物在废水处理中的应用

固定化微生物技术是一种有效的废水生物处理技术，与普通生物处理法相比有许多优点。本文对固定化微生物技术、微生物的固定化方法、固定化载体及固定化技术在废水处理中的应用及研究进展状况进行了综述，并对其以后的发展作了探讨。     

味精废水处理技术综述

本文分类介绍了当前我国味精废水处理技术的现状 ,重点介绍了物化处理和生物处理方法对味精废水的处理效果 ,并对味精废水综合处理方案提出了自己的见解     

味精废水处理技术综述

本文分类介绍了当前我国味精废水处理技术的现状,重点介绍了物化处理和生物处理方法对味精废水的处理效果,并对味精废水综合处理方案提出了自己的见解。     

废水膜生物处理技术研究进展

膜生物工艺是一种很有前景的废水处理技术。介绍了3类膜生物反应器的特点,综合了国内外废水膜生物处理技术的研究进展,展望了膜生物处理技术今后的发展方向。     

电镀废水处理技术的应用现状探讨

对电镀废水进行回用和重金属回收,不仅能节约水资源,还能有效解决重金属对水体的污染问题。总结了电镀废水的来源与成分构成,并较系统介绍了目前常用的废水处理技术——物理法、化学法、物化法、生物处理法以及电化学法等的应用现状,最后对电镀废水处理技术发展进行了展望。     

含氮芳香化合物的厌氧生物降解研究回顾

回顾了硝基芳香化合物和偶氮化合物在厌氧条件下的生物脱毒、转化和矿化作用的研究成果。这些研究表明 ,由于硝基和偶氮基具有强烈的吸电子性 ,好氧条件下很难降解。但是 ,硝基和偶氮基芳香化合物在产甲烷菌群作用下较易还原脱毒 ,转化为相应的芳香胺类 ,其毒性要小几个数量级 ,因而有些毒性很高的芳香化合物废水可利用厌氧反应器处理 ,而且反应过程中发现一些芳香胺类化合物可被完全矿化 ,表明一些含氮芳香化合物可作为厌氧菌的碳源和能源 ,在厌氧条件下被完全生物降解。     

物化-生化组合工艺处理火炸药废水中试研究

针对火炸药废水毒性大、硝基化合物浓度高、COD浓度高、可生化性差的特点,采用"三维电极(TDE)-铁屑内电解-厌氧-曝气生物滤池"工艺对火炸药废水进行中试研究。结果表明,在进水初始浓度COD为3 330～5 330 mg/L,硝基化合物为200～300 mg/L情况下,此工艺不但能够稳定去除COD,去除率达到96.9%,且能高效去除硝基化合物,去除率高达99.6%。出水水质完全符合《兵器工业水污染物排放标准(火炸药)》(GB14470-2002)要求,系统运行稳定。     

Biological remediation of explosives and related nitroaromatic compounds

Nitroaromatics form an important group of recalcitrant xenobiotics. Only few aromatic compounds, bearing one nitro group as a substituent of the aromatic ring, are produced as secondary metabolites by microorganisms. The majority of nitroaromatic compounds in the biosphere are industrial chemicals such as explosives, dyes, polyurethane foams, herbicides, insecticides and solvents. These compounds are generally recalcitrant to biological treatment and remain in the biosphere, where they constitute a source of pollution due to both toxic and mutagenic effects on humans, fish, algae and microorganisms. However, relatively few microorganisms have been described as being able to use nitroaromatic compounds as nitrogen and/or carbon and energy source. The best-known nitroaromatic compound is the explosive TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene). This article reviews the bioremediation strategies for TNT-contaminated soil and water. It comes to the following conclusion: The optimal remediation strategy for nitroaromatic compounds depends on many site-specific factors. Composting and the use of reactor systems lend themselves to treating soils contaminated with high levels of explosives (e.g. at former ammunition production facilities, where areas with a high contamination level are common). Compared to composting systems, bioreactors have the major advantage of a short treatment time, but the disadvantage of being more labour intensive and more expensive. Studies indicate that biological treatment systems, which are based on the activity of the fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium or on Pseudomonas sp. ST53, might be used as effective methods for the remediation of highly contaminated soil and water. Phytoremediation, although not widely used now, has the potential to become an important strategy for the remediation of soil and water contaminated with explosives. It is best suited where contaminant levels are low (e.g. at military sites where pollution is rather diffuse) and where larger contaminated surfaces or volumes have to be treated. In addition, phytoremediation can be used as a polishing method after other remediation treatments, such as composting or bioslurry, have taken place. This in-situ treatment method has the advantage of lower treatment costs, but has the disadvantage of a considerable longer treatment time. In order to improve the cost-efficiency, phytoremediation of nitroaromatics (and other organic xenobiotics) could be combined with bio-energy production. This requires, however, detailed knowledge on the fate of the contaminants in the plants as well as the development of efficient treatment methods for the contaminated biomass that minimise the spreading of the contaminants into the environment during post harvest treatment.     

Organic compounds in the flue gas from a power station with circulating fluid bed combustion of coal

Numerous organic compounds have been analyzed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) in flue gas after fluid bed combustion of four coal species from South Africa, Poland, Spitsbergen and Ruhr area (Germany). Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated, heterocyclic and nitro compounds as well as phthalate esters are detected.     

Photocatalytic degradation of trinitrotoluene and other nitroaromatic compounds

The photocatalytic degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and ten other nitroaromatic compounds in aerated TiO₂ suspensions has been studied. The following order of reactivity was observed: nitrotoluenes > nitrobenzene > dinitrotoluenes . dinitrobenzenes > 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene > 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, which reflects the known influence of nitro groups towards the attack of electrophilic reagents on the aromatic molecule.     

纳米TiO_2光催化降解硝基酚类污染物动力学及机理的研究

采用纳米TiO2(P25)粉末作为催化剂,研究了几种典型硝基取代酚在TiO2/UV悬浮体系下的光催化降解.研究表明,这些化合物的降解过程符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学方程,其表观速率常数(kapp)的大小为:2-氨基-4硝基酚(2-A,4-NP)>4-硝基酚(4-NP)>2-硝基酚(2-NP)>3-硝基酚(3-NP)>2,4-二硝基酚(2,4-DNP)>2,4,6-三硝基酚(2,4,6-TNP),而吸附平衡常数(KL)却与Kapp成反比.苯环上取代基的种类和数日对有机物光催化降解活性有很大的影响,硝基的加入降低了光催化活性,并且kapp与Hammett常数(σ)具有较好的线性关系.     

Intermediate distributions and primary yields of phenolic products in nitrobenzene degradation by Fenton's reagent

Nitrobenzene thermal degradation was investigated using the Fenton reagent in different experimental conditions. Reaction products were analyzed by HPLC, GC-MS, LC-MS and IC. The products obtained at different nitrobenzene conversion degrees show that degradation mainly involves successive hydroxylation steps of the aromatic ring and its subsequent opening followed by oxidation of corresponding aliphatic compounds. Our results show as primary reaction products: 4-nitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol, 2-nitrophenol, phenol and 1,3-dinitrobenzene, indicating that both hydroxylation and nitration reactions are involved. The formation of phenolic products can be explained by postulating an initial step of HO() addition to nitrobenzene ring. The mechanisms of primary reaction pathways are discussed and a detailed kinetic analysis to obtain the true primary yields of phenolic products is proposed. The relative yields observed for nitrophenol isomers do not follow the expected orientation according to deactivating characteristics of the nitro group but significantly depend on Fe(+2), Fe(+3), H(2)O(2) and O(2) concentrations. The understanding of the effect of reaction conditions on the relative product distribution benefits the application of Fenton and Fenton-like systems to waste water treatment.     

Non-enzymatic reduction of azo dyes by NADH

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) reduces a variety of azo dyes by four electrons to generate the corresponding aromatic amines. This reduction is pH-dependent and increases with decreasing pH. Reduction of 4-(4'-sulfophenylazo)-phenol and 2-(4'-sulfophenylazo)-phenol, specifically substituted with methyl, methoxy, halo, and nitro groups, was examined to determine the susceptibility of azo dyes to reduction by NADH. Except for the nitro-substituted azo dyes, all other azo dyes were reduced. Possible mechanisms of reduction are proposed. The implications of our findings to microbial degradation and mammalian metabolism of azo dyes are discussed.     

Photochemical degradation of selected nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in solution and adsorbed to solid particles

To examine the relationship between the nitro group orientation and photochemical degradation, a series of NPAHs, including 6-nitrochrysene, 9-nitroanthracene and 6-nitrobenzo(a)pyrene were irradiated both dissolved in CH3CN and adsorbed onto a surface (alumina, silica, carbon and cellulose). In solution, not all NPAHs displayed a relationship between their relative and nitro group orientation. In the adsorbed state, the nature of the particle appeared to have more of an influence than did the structure of the NPAH. If the compound degraded, the main product was generally a quinone.     

芳香类污染物的厌氧生物降解研究

综述了国内外芳香类污染物厌氧降解的研究进展,详细阐述了含氮芳香类、氯代芳香类和酚类污染物厌氧降解的微生物类群与机理.提出了芳香类污染物生物降解今后发展方向的重点是共基质条件下生物降解性研究、厌氧-好氧条件下的生物降解性研究、高效工程菌和固定化细胞技术应用研究、构建基因工程菌和遗传学研究等技术领域.