生物有机肥料对温室蔬菜硝酸盐和土壤盐分累积的影响

探讨了3种有机肥料对温室苋菜、芹菜硝酸盐和土壤盐分累积的影响。结果表明：施用有机肥可显著降低蔬菜硝酸盐含量。用3种有机肥料处理栽培的芹菜NO3^-含量平均值为2133mg/kg，比用蔬菜专用肥（对照）的低1617mg/kg，其中施用大三元生物有机肥的芹菜NO3^-值最低，为1803mg/kg，比对照低1947mg/kg。施用大三元生物有机肥的土壤盐分（EC）含量也最低，0－10cm耕层的盐分为0．079S/m，比对照低0．024S/m；10－20cm耕层的盐分为0．055S／m，比对照低0．010S/m。     

有机肥施用量与蔬菜硝酸盐和重金属关系初探

为控制施肥对蔬菜和土壤的负面影响,探讨蔬菜合理的有机肥施用量,在不同质地土壤上,田间试验小白菜、苦瓜、豇豆三种蔬菜施不同量有机肥,收获时测定其产量、品质、硝酸盐、重金属及试验前后土壤有机质含量。结果表明,(1)在施适量无机NPK的条件下,每造蔬菜的有机肥施用量(禽畜粪便,下同),砂土上小白菜为4500kg/hm2、苦瓜和豇豆为3000kg/hm2;壤土上,小白菜和苦瓜均宜施3000kg/hm2,豇豆则宜施4500kg/hm2;粘土上,小白菜每造只宜施1500~3000kg/hm2的有机肥。(2)有机肥必须与无机肥合理配合施用,才能获得最佳的产量和品质效果,在砂土上有机肥施得越多,蔬菜的硝酸盐含量越高,其它土壤也有类似趋势。(3)施高量(7500kg/hm2)有机肥的小白菜重金属含量最高,其次是施中量(3000kg/hm2)有机肥的,尤其是Cd。(4)施有机肥3000~4500kg/hm2 适量无机肥可使土壤有机质水平保持在种植蔬菜前的含量水平,该施肥量和方式不仅可使蔬菜高产、优质,还有利于保护土壤肥力。     

有机无机肥配合施用对菜园土壤及蔬菜硝酸盐类动态的影响

通过田间小区试验和室内测定,研究了有机肥与化肥以不同比例配合施用对小白菜硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量以及土壤硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明:有机肥与化肥配合施用可以明显降低小白菜硝酸盐含量,减少硝酸盐在土壤剖面中向下淋溶,尤以有机肥与化肥施用比例为1∶1(质量比)时小白菜产量较高,体内硝酸盐含量较低,土壤下层的硝酸盐含量也较低,达到蔬菜高产优质,生态环境清洁健康的目标。     

上海市郊蔬菜硝酸盐含量及评价

对上海市不同种类和不同种植方式下的蔬菜硝酸盐含量进行测定，以期了解上海市蔬菜的硝酸盐含量现状。结果表明，不同种类蔬菜硝酸盐含量(设为Y)由高到低依次为：Y(绿叶菜类)→Y（豆类)→Y（瓜类)→Y（茄果类)→Y（食用菌类)；叶菜类的硝态氮含量较高，平均为463.95mg／kg；其次是豆类，平均值为141．91mg／kg；瓜类、茄果类、食用菌类蔬菜的硝态氮平均含量较低，分别为102．38mg／kg，38．81mg／kg，26．29mg／kg。耕作和种植制度均能影响硝酸盐在土体中的积累和迁移，由于管理方式不同，同一种蔬菜品种的NO3^--N质量分数(设为Y)由高到低依次为：y(大棚蔬菜)→y(露地蔬菜)→y(传统自留地蔬菜)。所有样品中叶菜类蔬菜的硝酸盐含量超过一级标准的占57.1％，污染指数最高的达3．50，污染较重；豆类、瓜类、茄果类、食用菌类样品中硝酸盐没有超过一级标准的，污染较轻。     

等氮条件下化学肥料与有机肥连续大量施用下的环境风险

在充分调研当地农民小麦和水稻化学肥料施用量的基础上,确定等氮条件下有机肥的施用量,开展了3 a共6季的稻麦轮作田间试验,并采集了第3年水稻收获后耕作层(0~25 cm)土壤样品进行分析。结果表明:与对照(CK)相比,等氮条件下化学肥料(CF)和有机肥料(CP)的连续大量施用均可能引起环境风险。化学肥料易引起土壤酸化和硝酸盐的大量累积,而有机肥则导致土壤中磷和重金属(Zn、Cu、Cd和Ni)含量显著增加;另外,CF和CP处理均引起土壤微生物量碳含量/有机碳含量(SMBC/SOC)比值和生物量氮含量/总氮含量(SMBN/TN)比值及细菌多样性的下降,对土壤中病原微生物则无显著影响。     

有机无机肥配施比例对蔬菜产量和品质及土壤重金属含量的影响

关于蔬菜施有机肥和它与无机肥的合理配施比例,对蔬菜的产量和品质有重要影响,对土壤有机质和重金属含量也有影响。为控制施禽畜粪类有机肥对蔬菜的负面影响,探讨蔬菜的合理施用量和有机/无机肥配施比例,在不同质地的土壤上进行田间试验。结果表明,(1)施过量禽畜粪类有机肥对试验蔬菜产量和品质都会产生不良影响,小白菜(Brassica chinensis)和茄子(Eggplant)施禽畜粪超过22500kg/hm2、马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)超过24000kg/hm2时,其产量不再增加,成活率下降,维生素C含量下降,多个试验均表现出有机肥用量增加而小白菜硝酸盐随之增加的典型特征;同时不论土壤的质地轻重,蔬菜重金属Pb有随禽畜粪用量增加而提高的趋势;在质地较轻的土壤上,蔬菜重金属Cd、As有随禽畜粪用量增加而提高的趋势;小白菜施禽畜粪肥超过7500kg/hm2、茄子和冬种马铃薯施禽畜粪肥超过75000kg/hm2,收获后土壤重金属含量高于对照和施无机肥的总Cr和As。(2)蔬菜单独施用有机肥的合适施用量,小白菜在较粘重的土壤上可施到22500kg/hm2,但有机肥与无机肥配合施用时有机肥用量可减量;茄子合适施用量应在22500kg/hm2左右;冬种马铃薯合适施用量应在24000kg/hm2左右。(3)蔬菜的有机/无机肥合理配比,小白菜、茄子、和冬种马铃薯施肥的有机氮与无机氮之比均为0.25∶1至0.5∶1时其产量和品质水平较佳。     

水稻小麦种植模式下长期定位施肥土壤氮的垂直变化及氮储量

为了研究不同的施肥方式对土壤全氮变化及氮储量的影响,1981年在湖北省农业科学院南湖试验站设置了施用有机肥与化肥的长期定位田间试验,2006年水稻收获后田间取样分析每个处理不同土层的全氮含量与氮储量。研究结果表明：与对照相比,单施化肥与单施有机肥0～20cm土层土壤的容重下降,化肥添加有机肥比相应的单施化肥的容重要低一些。除了对照之外,其它处理都是0～20cm土层土壤全氮含量高于其它土层,氮肥配施有机肥处理0～20cm土层土壤全氮含量最高。除了氮磷钾肥配施过量有机肥处理外,化肥配施有机肥处理土壤的全氮含量都高于单施化肥或单施有机肥处理,20～40cm土层土壤全氮含量具有相似的规律。在0～20cm土层,与对照相比,单施氮肥及氮磷肥不能增加土壤全氮储量,但是化肥配施有机肥能够增加土壤全氮的储量。单施氮磷钾肥及单施有机肥也能够增加土壤全氮的储量。在0～20cm土层,氮肥配施有机肥处理的土壤全氮储量最多,达8.82t·hm-2,而氮肥处理的氮储量最低,仅为5.38t·hm-2。在100cm深度,与单施化肥及单施有机肥相比,化肥配施有机肥都增加了土壤全氮的储量。     

中新生态城土壤质量现状及改良利用途径

对中新生态城区域内土壤的紧实度、有机质、碱解氮、土壤盐分、酸碱度、地表水、地下水进行了调查取样分析,结果表明该区土壤容重在1.3～1.7g/cm3,有机质含量大多为中等或低水平（5.5～19.1g/kg）,速效氮与土壤有机质含量相关性达显著水平（r=0.98）。盐分垂直分布上表现为果园、农田土壤盐分含量小于1.5g/kg,荒地和水库含量在5.0～6.4g/kg之间,垫土区、养殖池和盐场盐池土壤通体盐分含量高（大于10g/kg）,且存在表聚现象,超出了一般植物生长的极限。土壤酸碱度为7.81～9.05,水库、养殖池、盐场、荒地、沟塘水的矿化度均在10g/L以上,蓟运河水和农田沟渠为5000mg/L～8500mg/L,果园灌溉水的矿化度也在2000mg/L以上,地下水矿化度高,埋藏浅。并针对以上特点提出其土壤改良利用途径和绿化建设模式。     

有机肥与磷肥配施对滨海盐渍化土壤磷素淋洗风险的影响

针对滨海盐渍化土壤水稻种植过程中出现的磷素淋洗风险,采用田间微区试验,研究了不同用量有机肥和磷肥对滨海盐渍化土壤有效磷含量及磷素淋洗风险的影响。试验设磷肥与有机肥两个因素,3个磷(P_2O_5)水平,分别为P0:无磷,0kg·hm~(-2);P1:低磷,64 kg·hm~(-2);P2:高磷,128 kg·hm~(-2)。3个有机肥(碳)水平,分别为C0:无碳(有机肥0 kg·hm~(-2));C1:低碳,450 kg·hm~(-2)(有机肥1 000 kg·hm~(-2));C2:高碳,900 k·hm~(-2)(有机肥2 000 kg·hm~(-2))。共设7个处理:T1:无磷施用;T2:低磷;T3:高磷;T4:低碳低磷;T5:低碳高磷;T6:高碳低磷;T7:高碳高磷。结果表明,磷肥施用显著提高了土壤剖面中H2O-P、Na HCO3-P含量;低磷低碳处理下0~20 cm土层土壤中磷饱和度(DPS)较低磷处理低,其他土层土壤中磷饱和度无显著变化;而低磷高碳处理可显著提高40~60 cm土层土壤中磷饱和度,高于28.1%的临界饱和度;高磷低碳处理表层土壤有效磷含量为31.8 mg·kg~(-1),对整个剖面土壤中磷饱和度影响不大,磷素淋洗风险较小;而高磷高碳处理在提高表层土壤有效磷含量的同时,显著提高了20~40、40~60 cm土层土壤中磷饱和度,且均高于临界饱和度,导致整个土壤剖面具有很高的磷素淋失风险。在滨海盐渍化土壤水稻种植中,配施450 kg·hm~(-2) C和64 kg·hm~(-2) P_2O_5(碳磷比为15.1)时,磷素淋洗风险较低,而过量施用磷肥和有机肥将导致土壤磷素淋洗,利用效率降低。     

城郊农业生态系统中茎菜类蔬菜对重金属镉的累积特征及品质表现

为探索城郊区农业土壤重金属镉(Cd)的生态阻控技术,结合田间试验、盆栽试验和室内分析测定等手段,以蔬菜茎叶部分Cd含量、富集系数、转移系数、单株生物量、茎叶维生素C含量、还原糖含量等因子为考察指标,分析13个红菜薹品种、5个莴笋品种和4个芹菜品种的Cd积累特征和品质表现.结果显示,两种Cd水平下(土壤总Cd分别为0.43 mg/kg和3.00 mg/kg),供试蔬菜茎叶部Cd含量不论是种间还是种内均差异显著(P<0.05).三大类供试蔬菜茎叶Cd含量与富集系数的大小均为芹菜>莴笋>菜薹,且在低Cd水平下,菜薹的生产性能及品质指标也为最优.在13个菜薹品种中,低、高Cd水平下茎叶平均Cd含量分别为0.021 0 mg/kg和0.302 1 mg/kg.13个菜薹品种的聚类分析结果显示,金秋红3号、钟声红和二早子属于弱吸收低积累Cd品种.且金秋红3号在低Cd条件下还有较高的品质表现,其可食部位维生素C含量和还原糖含量分别达到77.2 mg/100 g和19.44%.在本研究设置的高、低Cd条件下,供试蔬菜品种的Cd积累特性、品质特征以及生物量指标都具有较强的一致性,集合这些指标应用于筛选弱吸收低积累Cd的茎菜类蔬菜品种是可行的.因此,挖掘作物自身潜力,基于植物不同种及品种吸收积累重金属Cd的基因型差异,利用弱吸收低积累重金属的作物品种,在轻度或中度重金属污染农田中进行作物生产,可以降低Cd等重金属元素经农产品进入人类食物链的风险.     

不同品种小麦Pb积累差异性研究

通过在轻度污染耕地的田间试验,研究了20个小麦品种对重金属Pb的吸收差异,并探讨小麦对Pb的转运与富集规律,以期筛选出对Pb低积累小麦品种。对小麦籽粒重金属Pb含量的聚类分析表明花培8号、平安8号、周麦20、豫农201和同舟麦916具有低积累特性。上述5个品种籽粒中Pb含量均符合GB 2715—2005《粮食卫生标准》,Pb从根部向籽粒的平均转运系数(0.001 1)和富集系数(0.037 4)均小于1,且各品种产量均较高。研究初步认为花培8号和周麦20具有成为低积累特性品种的潜力,经进一步验证后可用于轻度污染耕地的种植生产。     

Environmental Accumulation of Airborne Fluorides in Romania

The nature and extent of pollution from an aluminium smelter and a fertiliser factory in Romania were studied. These are large industrial complexes, and both types of industry are known to release fluorides into the atmosphere. In grass samples collected from around the aluminium smelter, the maximum fluoride levels were found to be 4023mgkg^–1 and 162mgkg^–1 in unwashed and washed grass samples respectively, and 89mgkg^–1 in soils. For the fertiliser factory, the maximum levels in washed grasses were found to be 207mgkg^–1, and 11mgkg^–1 in the soils. In both locations, these maximum values were obtained in samples collected from within 200m of the factory limits, and compare with regional background levels of less than 10mgkg^–1 for grasses and 2mgkg^–1 for soils. The high fluoride levels of fluoride in the grasses are sufficient to give cause for concern for the effects that these could have on the local population and on grazing animals.     

铬在小鼠体内的蓄积效应与毒性

铬的工业用途很广,主要用于金属加工、电镀、制革等行业,这些行业排放的三废导致了环境铬污染,对环境生态和人体健康造成危害。为探究铬对动物的毒性作用,选择昆明种纯系小白鼠作为受试生物,研究六价铬在小鼠体内的蓄积效应及毒性。结果显示,饮用水中一定浓度的六价铬(15~70 mg·L-1)可抑制小鼠体重的正常增长,染毒30 d后,小鼠肝脏和肾脏脏器系数下降,脾脏和脑的脏器系数提高;总铬含量在心脏和脾脏中增高,其他脏器中无明显蓄积效应;铬染毒组小鼠骨髓细胞活性氧水平提高,骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率显著增高。结果表明,通过饮水摄入六价铬可造成小鼠肝肾损伤,心脏和脾脏内铬蓄积,并通过活性氧损伤效应破坏机体的遗传稳定性。     

不同生育期类型水稻对镉积累的研究

以江苏省有代表性的早熟中粳、中熟中粳、迟熟中粳、早熟晚粳和中熟晚粳5种生育期类型的56个粳稻品种为材料,在Cd污染农田中研究不同生育期类型粳稻品种Cd积累特性.结果表明,56个供试水稻品种籽粒Cd含量变化范围为0.014～0.054 mg·kg-1,水稻籽粒Cd含量在品种间差异显著(P＜0.05),其中籽粒Cd含量最高的品种是ELTO,扬粳687、泗阳1382、广陵香粳和武香粳9号水稻籽粒Cd含量较低.不同生育期类型水稻籽粒Cd含量以早熟中粳较高,中熟中粳较低,分别为0.024和0.020 mg·kg-1.不同生育期类型水稻籽粒Cd富集系数差异不显著,而不同生育期类型间转运系数存在差异.     

Accumulation of some metals in Morinda lucida from Nigeria

Transfer coefficients of the four metals As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were determined in the leaves and barks of Morinda lucida collected in Nigeria, with the view to quantify relative differences in the bioavailability of the metals to these parts of the plant. Samples were acid digested and the levels of the metals in the digestates were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Certain properties of the soils, i.e., pH, clay fraction, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, and organic matter, were also determined. The latter influence the bioavailability of the metals. All parameters correlated with the concentrations of the metals in soils. Transfer coefficient values recorded for Cd and Pb in various tissues of M. lucida Benth were within the expected ranges, while those of As and Hg showed elevated topsoil concentrations of metals. The order of bioavailability of the metals and their bioaccumulation in the tissues of M. lucida Benth was Hg > Cd > As > Pb. Stem barks of the plant showed the least bioaccumulation of all four metals and hence are most suitable for therapeutic purposes. Vegetative parts of M. lucida Benth used for therapeutic purposes should be sourced at sites that will give low transfer coefficient in order to reduce human exposure to toxicity associated with ingestion of heavy metals.     

茶树中镉、砷元素的吸收累积特性

通过田间调查及盆栽试验,探讨砷、镉元素在茶树中的分布规律及吸收累积特性。结果表明,砷、镉元素在茶树体内活性较低,大部分被吸收根固定,向地上部运输的比例较低。正常状况下,砷、镉元素在茶树体内由高到低的分布次序是:吸收根>茎(生产枝)或主根>老叶(当年生成熟叶)>新梢(1芽2叶)。茶树受砷、镉污染时,吸收根对阻止土壤砷、镉向新梢转移起到明显的缓冲及屏障作用。当镉添加量为6 mg.kg-1时,茶树的叶绿素含量开始受到显著的负面影响,但光合速率、蒸腾速率及气孔导度变化不明显;当镉添加量为20 mg.kg-1时,上述4项指标均显著降低。砷添加量为50 mg.kg-1时,对茶树光合速率、蒸腾速率及气孔导度产生显著负面影响,但对叶绿素含量的影响不明显;砷添加量为200 mg.kg-1时,则对光合速率、蒸腾速率及气孔导度无显著影响。     

Accumulation of metals by marine picoplankton

Pumping rates in undisturbed suspension-feeding bivalves were measured with a thermistor microflowmeter. Pumping rates are related to the dry weight of Clinocardium nuttallii, Macoma nasuta, Mytilus californianus and Chlamys hastata as the following equations: P=0.85 W^0.84, P=0.23 W^0.855, P=2.216 W^0.715, and P=2.419 W^0.943 respectively. Pumping rate and gill area increase at the same rate in C. nuttallii, M. californianus and C. hastata. The pumping rate per unit gill area is highest for C. nuttallii (approximately 0.14 cm³/s/cm²), with intermediate values for M. californianus (0.08 cm³/s/cm²) and C. hastata (0.11 cm³/s/cm²); the lowest rate was found in the deposit-feeder M. nasuta (0.0057 to 0.0089 cm³/s/cm²), which also has the smallest gill to body weight. C. nuttallii has the relatively smallest gill of the suspension feeders and the highest pumping rate per unit gill area. The absolute pumping rates, however, were highest for the filibranchs M. californianus and C. hastata. Indications are given that these differences are the results of different fluid-mechanical/ecological strategies to minimize the cost-benefit ratio.Contribution No. 132 of the Marine Science and Maritime Studies Center, Northeastern University     

Accumulation of cadmium by Artemia salina

The relative importance of accumulation of cadmium by Artemia salina (L.) directly from solution and from ingested food has been studied at 3 cadmium concentrations (0.1, 1 and 10 ppm) under controlled experimental conditions. At each cadmium concentration, A. salina were exposed to cadmium in 4 ways; in solution; in solution in the presence of latex food particles; in solution with cadmium-rich Dunaliella tertiolecta as a food source; and to cadmium-rich D. tertiolecta alone. Net accumulation of cadmium by A. salina continued throughout 5 days exposure under all 4 conditions. When the brine shrimp were removed to cadmium-free conditions, their accumulated cadmium concentrations declined and levelled off to a stabilised plateau after 10 days. From consideration of these stabilised levels it was shown that at least 30% of cadmium accumulation directly from solution occurs via uptake through the alimentary tract. The ratio of cadmium accumulated from solution to cadmium accumulated from food was found to be 1:4.9, 1:6.7 and 1:1.1 at 0.1, 1 and 10 ppm Cd exposure, respectively. At lower cadmium exposures uptake from food is the major route for cadmium accumulation, but at higher exposures the cadmium-saturated food source displaced cadmium-rich water from the gut and therefore actually inhibited cadmium accumulation. This study, therefore, concludes that the food chain will be the major source of cadmium as long as the previous trophic level has the ability to accumulate the metal to such an extent as to make it more available to the consumer than by direct uptake from seawater.     

盐渍地刺槐体内Na的积累和分布

研究了Na在不同树龄刺槐(Robiniapseudoacacia)地下部分和地上部分的分布,以及刺槐地下部分Na含量与对应土层Na含量的关系。在长时间盐胁迫下,大量Na盐进入刺槐体内,随着生长时间的增加,Na盐积累量骤然增加。刺槐地下部分Na的绝对含量和积累速率显著高于地上部分。随着根系不断向土层深处伸延,刺槐根部Na含量显著增加。本研究揭示了在高盐环境中,刺槐通过调节Na在植物体内的分配,以减少Na+的生理毒害,提高其对高盐胁迫的耐受性。     

磁河流域污染物在包气带中赋存规律研究

通过对河北平原磁河流域包气带不同深度取样并对污染物含量的测定 ,确定了主要污染物及其在包气带中的分布规律。结果表明 :包气带可以将有机质吸附、降解 ;Cr(Ⅵ )和Cl-迁移能力强 ;SO4 2 -浓度较低 ;NH4 -N虽然在包气带中能够得到一定的降解 ,但由于其浓度较高 ,降解不完全 ,可能已对包气带构成污染