丙烯腈—醋酸乙烯二元共聚物超滤膜的制备及其性能表征

本文研究了丙烯腈-醋酸乙烯二元共聚物[P(AN-VAc)]超滤膜及其性能。研究了共聚物材料、铸膜液成份和成膜工艺条件对膜性能的影响,并对膜的物化稳定性和耐菌性能等进行了表征。实验表明,P(AN-VAc)是一种性能良好的膜材料,其对添加剂的适应性尤佳。本文还通过对红外光谱及电子显微镜扫描对膜的结构进行了初步探讨。     

聚醚砜-磺化聚砜共混膜的研究

利用国内近几年开发的新型膜材料,选择适当的共混聚合物体系,可以制得性能优良的共混膜。本文通过共混方式,制得了孔径较小的共混超滤膜。详细研究了聚醚砜-磺化聚砜共混材料的相溶性、铸膜液组成、蒸发时间和凝胶温度等因素对共混超滤膜分离特性与形态结构的影响。     

沉积贵金属Pt的Pt/TiO2膜利用可见光催化降解苯酚

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备锐钛矿纳米TiO2光催化材料,并用化学还原法还原氯铂酸溶液(H2PtCl6·4H2O)制备Pt胶体,然后滴涂在制备好的锐钛矿纳米TiO2基片上即对其进行贵金属修饰,从而得到纳米光催化材料Pt/TiO2膜.采用XRD、XPS、UV-Vis和SEM等手段对其表面理化特性进行了表征.以苯酚溶液为光催化降解...     

北京中科膜技术开发中心简介

北京中科膜技术开发中心是以中国科学院生态环境研究中心高分子膜研究室为基础新近组建发展起来的技术、生产实体.高分子膜研究室从1975年起就致力于研究反渗透膜、超过滤膜及其应用,不仅在基础研究方面开展了广泛深入的工作.而且在应用方面也取得了多项成果.经过20年的努力,现已用十余种膜材料及其共混物制备出截留分子量3千到24万的平板膜,纺制出截留分子量6千到10万的双皮层或单内皮层中空纤维超滤膜,并组装成不同尺寸的组件(中空纤维膜组件与膜包或膜盒)和不同处理量的设备(中空纤维膜装置或膜堆);小的装置可用于实验室几升溶液的分离,浓缩或纯化.中等(四根3寸组件到10根3寸组件)和大的(可达40根3寸组件和3级)装置可用于工业规模水处理或生物产品分离、浓缩与纯化.     

PDMS半透膜采样装置的制作研究

水中痕量持久性有机污染物的监测是经典的分析化学难题,传统分析方法既费时又费材料,且只能测定某一时间点的浓度.三油酸甘油脂半透膜被动采样器虽能克服传统方法的一些缺点,但对膜的要求较高.通过在一个固定于不锈钢网上,扁平、密封的商品低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)膜袋夹层中均匀涂布聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS),制作出一种新的半透膜被动采样器.用此被动采样器在混合多氯联苯(PCBs)的过饱和水溶液中反复模拟采样,测得半透膜最佳富集时间、时间和富集量的关系曲线以及其它特性.使用气质联用仪测得的数据证明此装置可用于水体中多氯联苯等痕量持久性有机污染物的采集和定量分析,其线性富集时间可达 9 d,富集率大约为3×103 ~ 6×103倍,为今后的环境监测提供了一种制作简单、使用方便、富集率好、费用低廉的新方法.     

聚醚砜—磺化聚砜共混膜的研究

利用国内近几年开发的新型膜材料，选择适当的共混聚合物体系，可以制得性能优良的共混膜。本文通过共混方式，制得了孔径较小的共混超滤膜。详细研究了聚醚砜－磺化聚砜共混材料的相溶性，铸膜液组成，蒸发时间和凝胶温度等因素对共混超滤膜分离特性与形态结构的影响。     

新型抗氧化膜材料PSAA的研制

对聚亚磺酰氨基酰胺(PSAA)作为新型抗氧化反渗透膜材料的可能性,以及聚合条件和成膜条件对膜性能的影响作了初步研究。     

前言

自从1960年Loeb和Sourirajan采用相转化法研制出新的不对称膜以来,膜的研制和应用跨入了崭新的发展阶段。 中国科学院生态环境研究中心高分子膜室从1975年起致力于研究反渗透膜、超过滤膜及其应用,不仅在基础研究方面开展了广泛深入的工作,而且在器件与设备的研制和应用研究方面也取得了多项成果。     

厌氧膜生物反应器(AnMBR)膜污染过程及控制方法研究进展

厌氧膜生物反应器(Anaerobic membrane bioreactor,AnMBR)是一种将厌氧生物处理与膜分离技术相结合的新型处理技术,在提升出水水质的同时同步强化生物能回收.因此,AnMBR对于生物质废物处理和缓解能源危机具有重要意义.尽管目前在作用原理、操作优化和污染机制探索方面有了重大进展,但膜污染问题仍然是制约该技术进一步发展和应用的重要原因.本文介绍了厌氧膜生物反应器膜污染形成的基本机理与影响因素,并对膜污染控制技术进行了相关介绍,以期为AnMBR膜污染控制方面提供理论和技术参考.     

填料投加强化AnMBR性能研究进展

厌氧膜生物反应器(An MBR)是厌氧生物反应器和膜过滤技术的结合,具有高效降解有机物、能源回收利用等特点,逐渐应用于高浓度有机废水处理领域,但其稳定性较差、膜污染严重等问题制约其工业化应用.本文介绍沸石、活性炭、硬硅钙纤维粒子等不同类型填料投加强化An MBR污染物去除效率、缩短反应器启动时间、提升甲烷产量等的工艺性能研究,分析填料强化工艺电化学作用、吸附作用、强化厌氧污泥颗粒化等的可能机制,指出填料可有效提升工艺性能;综述An MBR工艺膜垢组成及膜污染形成过程,探讨膜材质、操作条件、微生物代谢产物、污泥浓度及菌群结构、废水水质等膜污染的影响因素,在此基础上分析填料投加减缓膜污染机制,以期进一步控制膜污染、延长膜寿命.今后应优选开发经济、高效的新型生物填料及新型组合填料,推广其工业化应用,并从厌氧菌群调控与膜污染控制角度构建高效稳定的An MBR工艺技术体系.     

Relationship between sludge settleability and membrane fouling in a membrane bioreactor

The evolution of activated sludge settleability and its relationship to membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor were studied at a lab-scale equipment fed with synthetic wastewater. It was found that sludge volume index (SVI) gradually increased and the sludge settleability was reduced, which was caused by the propagation of filamentous bacteria. With increasing SVI, the average increasing rate of trans-membrane pressure increased, the stable filtration period was shortened, and the two stages (smooth stage and accelerating stage) of the trans-membrane pressure were more obvious. At the same time, the increasing rate of trans-membrane pressure at the smooth stage decreased and the rate at the accelerating stage increased with SVI, respectively. The observation by using scanning electronic microscopes showed the cake layer with loose structure and large thickness formed on the membrane surface due to the appearance of filamentous bacteria and high SVI in sludge. Influence of the sludge settleability on the trans-membrane pressure was related to the structure and thickness of the cake layer on the membrane.     

膜技术在电镀漂洗废水处理与回用中的应用

介绍了膜技术应用在电镀漂洗废水处理与回用中的运行效果及成本分析的实例。将连续膜过滤技术（CMF）用于反渗透的预处理,采用微滤膜在线连续反冲洗技术,成功解决了传统中空纤维膜易堵塞,不能连续工作的难题,保证了系统连续稳定运行。采用一级二段式RO（反渗透）系统,产水率65%,制备纯水180 m3/d,既提高了产水率也可满足生产用水要求。将抑菌剂、阻垢剂、在线监测和控制系统等关键技术,系统性、集成性引入连续微滤和反渗透装置,为其应用于废水脱盐深度处理提供支撑和保障。     

Quantification of emission variability for off-road equipment in China based on real-world measurements

• Emissions from 53 in-use diesel-fueled off-road equipment were measured. • There exists a large off-road equipment variability in emissions. • Engine operations have significant impacts on real-world tailpipe emissions. • Emission inventory development should take into account job duties and operations. The objective of this paper is to quantify the variability in emissions of off-road equipment using a portable emission measurement system. A total of 53 commonly used equipment for agriculture, base construction, paving construction, and material handling were selected. Time-based and fuel-based emissions were quantified by different duty and engine modes. Three duty modes (idling, moving, and working) were used. Ten engine modes were defined based on normalized engine revolutions-per-minute and manifold absolute pressure, respectively. Composite emission factors taking into account both duty modes and its corresponding time percentage during a typical duty cycle were estimated. Results showed that there existed a large off-road equipment variability in emissions. Depending on duty and engine modes, time-based NO emissions ranged from 3.1 to 237.9, 29.1‒1475.6, 83.2‒681.6, and 3.2‒385.2 g/h for agriculture, base construction, paving construction and material handling equipment, respectively while for fuel-based NO emissions these ranges were 5.3‒52.0, 11.7‒69.0, 4.8‒30.8, and 11.0‒54.6 g/kg, respectively. Furthermore, emission factors derived from this study exhibited a much larger variability compared to those used in NONROAD by US EPA and National Guideline for Off-road Equipment of China. This implied that localized measurements of emissions are needed for improvement of accuracy of emission inventory. Furthermore, both equipment types and operations should be considered for development of emission inventory and control strategy.     

Über den Einfluß des hydrostatischen Druckes auf die Ultrastrukturen von Zellen und Geweben. II. Untersuchungen an membransystemen von Kiemenepithelien mariner Muscheln und dem Kiemendarm von Branchiostoma lanceolatum

Employing the technique of pressure fixation, high hydrostatic pressure effects on ultrastructures of membrane systems and cell organelles have been investigated, using as material the gill epithelium of marine bivalves and the pharynx epithelium of Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Pallas). Pressure was increased stepwise between 1 and 800 atm. Pressure sensivity of the tissues varies as a function of their structure and function. The degree of disorganization of cell structures increases with increasing pressure. At 300 to 500 atm, the microvilli tend to form small vsicles, which are connected with each other by thin filaments. Especially the basic vesicles become enlarged to oedematous expansions. A variety of membrane disintegrations can be observed on cell organelles, which are connected by membrane-flow. This supports the thesis of the heterogeneity of membranes. Mitochondria reveal destruction of the cristae to an electron-dense material. Membrane lysis can be demonstrated in the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasmalemma of spezialized pharynx cells of B. lanceolatum. The Golgi-apparatus is the only organelle which remains almost unaffected by hystrostatic pressure. There are probably interactions between pressure sensivity of membrane structures and their enzymatic activities.     

基于STC12C5410AD的电铃无线控制系统

针对传统电铃采用单一作息时间表进行专线控制的缺点,设计了一种能无线控制、又能同时存储多个作息时间表的电铃控制系统．该系统用无线代替专线,存储有多个时间表,在季节变更时通过控制器自动变换表,解决了传统电铃控制系统中的专线成本高、维修难、季节变换需要人工改表的问题．图5,表2,参4．     

Review of fly ash inertisation treatments and recycling

Fly ash (FA) is a by-product of power, and incineration plants operated either on coal and biomass, or on municipal solid waste. FA can be divided into coal fly ash, obtained from power plant burning coal, flue gas desulphurisation FA, that is, the by-product generated by the air pollution control equipment in coal-fired power plants to reduce the release of SO₂, biomass FA produced in the plants for thermal conversion of biomass and municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) FA, that is, the finest residue obtained from the scrubber system in a MSWI plant. Because of the large amount produced in the world, fly ash is now considered the world’s fifth largest material resource. The composition of FA is very variable, depending on its origins; then, also pollutants can be very different. In this frame, it is fundamental to exploit the chemical or physical potentials of FA constituents, thus rendering them second-life functionality. This review paper is addressed to FA typology, composition, treatment, recycling, functional reuse and metal and organic pollutants abatement. Because of the general growing of environmental awareness and increasing energy and material demand, it is expected that increasing recycling rates will reduce the pressure on demand for primary raw materials, help to reuse valuable materials which would otherwise be wasted and reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from extraction and processing.     

丙烯腈二元共聚物超滤膜的物化稳定性

应用红外光谱、差热分析和X衍射分析丙烯腈二元共聚物(PAN)超滤膜材料的结构特性,用浸渍对比试验观察了超滤膜在浸渍前后的性能变化。结果表明:PANA大分子侧向排列是有序的,纵向排列是无序的,因而可以制成具有较好分离性能的超滤膜,以PAN制备的超滤膜不仅具有良好的耐化学药品能力(其抗酸性优于抗碱性)和抗氧化能力,而且有较好的耐菌性。     

Combined reticular blind drainage and vertical hierarchical drainage system for landfills located in areas with high rainfall and high groundwater level

A novel water control technology that combines the features of a reticular blind drainage system and a vertical hierarchical drainage system is developed and applied in the Yanziyan Sanitary Landfill, which is located at an area (Loudi City, Hunan Province, China) with high rainfall and high groundwater level. The reticular blind drain system, which was installed on the bottom and side walls of the landfill site, can conveniently guide the flow of groundwater out of the site while preventing a disorganized flow of groundwater. The vertical hierarchical drainage system was installed to separate rainfall water and leachate in the landfill site, thus efficiently reducing the pressure of leachate treatment. The whole drainage system plays a key role in foundation stabilization by seepage control and separation and in the instant drainage of rainfall water. The leachate reduction efficiency of the drainage technology was calculated in terms of leachate production before (336519 m³) and after (29664 m³) technology application. Over 90% of leachate derived from rainfall water and groundwater inflow was avoided upon installation of the vertical hierarchical drainage and reticular blind drainage systems. The technology can thus be popularized and applied for water control in landfills located in areas with high rainfall and high groundwater level. The proposed technology can be used to alleviate the pressure of leachate treatment and to reduce the risk of instability.     

自动化前处理-气相色谱串联质谱法测定淡水鱼体中的有机磷阻燃剂

应用自动化前处理设备和气相色谱串联四级杆质谱仪建立了淡水鱼体中10种有机磷阻燃剂的检测方法。该方法先采用自动索氏提取仪进行样品的提取,再应用凝胶渗透色谱净化仪和florisil柱对提取液进行两级净化,最后用气相色谱串联四级杆质谱法(多反应监测模式)对样品中的有机磷阻燃剂(OPFRs)定性定量。实验表明,凝胶渗透色谱净化系统在以乙酸乙酯∶环己烷(1∶1,V/V)为流动相,流速为5.0 m L·min-1的条件下,收集OPFRs的最佳时间为900~1 680 s;方法的检出限为0.002~0.192 ng·g~(-1)湿重,加标水平为5.000 ng·g~(-1)湿重时,平均加标回收率为48.7%~122%,相对偏差除磷酸三乙酯(TEP)(17.7%)和磷酸三(1,3-二氯异丙基)酯(TDCP)(11.9%)外均小于10%。应用该方法测定采集于东江某污水处理厂入河排污口的鱼类样品时,回收率指示物(d27-TBP)的回收率为82.4%~114%,鱼类样品中∑OPFRs的浓度范围为nd~6.41 ng·g~(-1)湿重。     

基于催化重汽油选择性加氢脱硫装置压缩机ESD紧急停车系统的研究

以中国石化股份公司长岭分公司的30×10^4t／a催化重汽油选择性加氢脱硫装置为例。阐述了保护压缩机的控制方案：采用了润滑油压低低三选二的紧急停车控制方案、电机定子温度高高联锁停机方案、润滑油压低不允许启动压缩机等控制方案．根据现场情况、及操作习惯将ESD系统安装在中控室内，便于工人操作及监控压缩机的运行状态．表1，参5．