γ-射线辐照预处理加速污泥厌氧消化

采用γ-辐照预处理加速污泥的厌氧消化过程.结果表明,经γ-射线辐照处理后,污泥厌氧消化特性明显改善:污泥的平均粒径减小,粒径分布由70-120μm向0-40μm迁移;污泥絮体中微生物的细胞结构被破坏,核酸等细胞内含物的流出增加了污泥中可溶性有机组分的含量.污泥厌氧消化实验结果表明,经10kGy辐照处理后,污泥厌氧消化产气量大大增加,消化率明显提高.     

化学前处理——改善城市污水污泥厌氧消化处理的有效途径

城市污水污泥在厌氧消化时，时间长，且产气量较低，利用化学试剂ＮａｏＨ或Ｃａ（ＯＨ２）对污泥进行前处理，可以促进污泥水解，使之易于消化，从而提高污泥的消化效率，本文介绍了化学前处理方法的基本原理，分析了化学前处理对产气率、甲烷产率、ｐＨ值，基质去除率等方面的有益影响以及化学药剂的投加量。     

微波碱解处理剩余污泥的厌氧消化性能

为了研究微波碱解预处理（microwave/NaOH pretreatment,MNP）剩余污泥在高温和中温条件下厌氧消化的性能,采用半连续完全混合式反应器分别研究了MNP处理后的剩余污泥在高温厌氧消化工艺（thermophilic anaerobic di-gestion process,TADP）和中温厌氧消化工艺...     

城市污泥植物处理系统与污泥中转处理场建设

目前城市污水处理厂污泥处理利用的主要障碍是污泥中过多的水分和重金属,增加运输、处理成本,造成二次污染问题.文章首先回顾了城市污泥的主要处理处置方法及其特点;接着介绍了污泥农用的作用和限制;主要阐述了用污泥干化床同时种植重金属超富集植物、低累积作物或钾高累积植物,通过植物提取降低城市污泥重金属含量,同时生产植物产品,并使污泥干化和稳定化的城市污泥特种植物处理系统;最后,针对一种处理方法难以消化一个大城市全部污泥的现状,提出城市污泥中转处理场的设想,把植物处理系统、堆肥、太阳能干燥、有机肥和复合肥生产、建材制造等多项技术集成,建立城市污泥专用处理和集散基地,解决日益增多的城市污泥的处置问题.其成本应低于目前采用的填埋、焚烧、制砖等处理方法,具有显著的社会、经济和环境效益.     

不同形态水葫芦和污泥联合厌氧消化产沼气性能

为探求不同形态水葫芦和污泥联合厌氧消化产沼气性能,在中温35±1℃条件下,设置了2个不同的TS浓度(TS=6%和8%),采用不同形态的水葫芦(水葫芦段、水葫芦浆、水葫芦渣、水葫芦粉和水葫芦汁)与污泥进行联合厌氧消化实验.结果表明,水葫芦和污泥联合厌氧消化的累积产甲烷量均高于对照组;添加水葫芦处理的累积产甲烷量从大到小依次为水葫芦渣水葫芦浆水葫芦段水葫芦粉水葫芦汁,水葫芦渣处理的累积产甲烷量比水葫芦汁提高62.5%(TS=6%)和84.5%(TS=8%);系统TS浓度为8%时,各处理的TS甲烷产率均高于TS浓度为6%的结果,且水葫芦渣和污泥联合厌氧消化的产甲烷性能最好,表明水葫芦的压滤和粉碎有助于提高厌氧消化的产甲烷潜力.     

城市污水处理厂污泥处理处置的政策分析

简要介绍了城市污水处理厂污泥处理处置技术，提出污泥产业发展政策的建议，指出土地利用是符合我国国情的污泥处置的方向之一：污泥处理技术主要有减量化、浓缩、脱水、消化、堆肥等；污泥处置技术主要有焚烧、填埋、土地利用、建材利用等。污泥处理处置应按照减量化、稳定化、无害化原则，鼓励污泥资源化综合利用。合理确定污水处理厂污泥处理处置设施的布局和设计规模；鼓励对污泥处理处置给与税、费优惠政策，明确将污泥处理处置的运营费用列入污水排污收费范围，建立科学的价格补偿机制；政府在污泥产业发展中起着较为重要的作用，主要体现为服务与监督，包括承诺、保障和协调三个方面。     

污水处理厂消化池节能及污泥处理设施固体回收率

本文根据甘大型志水处理厂的调研结果，对污泥厌氧消化池的节能以 及各个污泥处理的筑物的固体固收率进行了研究探讨，提出了具体的意见和措施。     

消化污泥间歇式堆肥操作气量控制方式

本文介绍了通过消化污泥间歇式堆肥小试，建立了消化污泥间歇式堆肥的无害化温度一时间标准，依据此标准并结合试验结果建立了一种新型高效的消化污泥间歇式堆肥操作气量控制方式。     

热水解高含固污泥的有机物分布及厌氧消化特性

以热水解后高含固污泥及其脱水后固、液分离产物为对象进行厌氧消化试验,通过生物化学甲烷势(BMP)及脱水性能测定,研究其产气量、有机物分布、污泥脱水性能及生物质能转化特性,评估高含固污泥热水解-脱水-脱水液厌氧消化工艺的可行性.结果表明,经热水解预处理的高含固污泥进行厌氧消化后,其毛细吸收时间(CST)及脱水泥饼含水率由247.5±0.9 s和71.1%±1.3%上升至568.0±1.6 s和80.7%±1.0%,即厌氧消化会导致热水解后污泥脱水性能下降.污泥中74.0%的有机物在水热预处理之后被转移至液相,是厌氧消化所产沼气的主要来源.物质能量衡算结果表明,高含固污泥采用热水解-脱水-脱水液厌氧消化工艺可以有效地将消化装置容积大大减少;沼气燃烧所产能量实现该工艺能量自给自足.     

污泥厌氧消化过程中重金属稳定性研究进展

污水处理产生的剩余污泥含有大量有机质和营养元素,采用厌氧消化技术产沼气实现污泥的稳定化与资源化已成为这一领域的重要发展方向.与此同时,污泥厌氧消化产生的沼渣还可以用作土壤改性材料,但消化沼渣中所含的重金属因其潜在的生态环境毒性严重阻碍了其资源化利用.本文综述了污泥厌氧消化过程中重金属稳定性研究进展,重点对有机质中的腐殖质、反应条件中的温度和p H缓冲体系、促进剂中的纳米铁和表面活性剂等因素对消化过程中重金属稳定性的影响和作用机制进行了总结归纳.p H缓冲体系和表面活性剂通过促进污泥有机物的分解和重金属的释放,从而影响重金属在消化液中的浸出;腐殖质和纳米铁主要是通过物理化学作用,影响消化沼渣中重金属的形态分布;温度则通过改变絮体结构和增强金属离子的扩散运动,影响重金属在消化液中的浸出以及消化沼渣中的形态分布.最后对厌氧消化工艺中提高重金属稳定性的方法和技术进行了展望.     

Increasing the performance of anaerobic digestion: Pilot scale experimental study for thermal hydrolysis of mixed sludge

The performance of a pilot plant operation combining thermal hydrolysis (170°C, 30 min) and anaerobic digestion (AD) was studied, determining the main properties for samples of fresh mixed sludge, hydrolyzed sludge, and digested sludge, in order to quantify the thermal pretreatment performance (disintegration, solubilisation, and dewaterability) and its impact on the anaerobic digestion performance (biodegradability, volatile solids reduction, and digester rheology) and end product characteristics (dewaterability, sanitation, organic and nitrogen content). The disintegration achieved during the thermal treatment enhances the sludge centrifugation, allowing a 70% higher total solids concentration in the feed to anaerobic digestion. The digestion of this sludge generates 40% more biogas in half the time, due to the higher solids removal compared to a conventional digester. The waste generated can be dewatered by centrifugation to 7% dry solids without polymer addition, and is pathogen free.     

Inactivation and risk control of pathogenic microorganisms in municipal sludge treatment: A review

• Diversity and detection methods of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge. • Control performance of sludge treatment processes on pathogenic microorganisms. • Risk of pathogen exposure in sludge treatment and land application. The rapid global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has promoted concern over human pathogens and their significant threats to public health security. The monitoring and control of human pathogens in public sanitation and health facilities are of great importance. Excessive sludge is an inevitable byproduct of sewage that contains human and animal feces in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). It is an important sink of different pollutants and pathogens, and the proper treatment and disposal of sludge are important to minimize potential risks to the environment and public health. However, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of the diversity, exposure risks, assessment methods and inactivation techniques of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge. Based on this consideration, this review summarizes the control performance of pathogenic microorganisms such as enterovirus, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli by different sludge treatment technologies, including composting, anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, and microwave irradiation, and the mechanisms of pathogenic microorganism inactivation in sludge treatment processes are discussed. Additionally, this study reviews the diversity, detection methods, and exposure risks of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge. This review advances the quantitative assessment of pathogenic microorganism risks involved in sludge reuse and is practically valuable to optimize the treatment and disposal of sludge for pathogenic microorganism control.     

A road-map for energy-neutral wastewater treatment plants of the future based on compact technologies (including MBBR)

In the paper concepts for wastewater treatment of the future are discussed by the use of a) one flow diagram based on established, compact, proven technologies (i.e. nitrification/denitrification for N-removal in the mainstream) and b) one flow diagram based on emerging, compact technologies (i.e. de-ammonification in the main stream).The latter (b) will give an energy-neutral wastewater treatment plant, while this cannot be guaranteed for the first one (a). The example flow diagrams show plant concepts that a) minimize energy consumption by using compact biological and physical/chemical processes combined in an optimal way, for instance by using moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) processes for biodegradation and high-rate particle separation processes, and de-ammonification processes for N-removal and b)maximize energy (biogas) production through digestion by using wastewater treatment processes that minimize biodegradation of the sludge (prior to digestion) and pretreatment of the sludge prior to digestion by thermal hydrolysis. The treatment plant of the future should produce a water quality (for instance bathing water quality) that is sufficient for reuse of some kind (toilet flushing, urban use, irrigation etc.). The paper outlines compact water reclamation processes based on ozonation in combination with coagulation as pretreatment before ceramic membrane filtration. In the paper concepts for domestic wastewater treatment plants of the future are discussed by the use of a) one flow diagram based on established, compact, proven technologies (i.e. nitrification/denitrification for N-removal in the mainstream) and b) one flow diagram based on emerging, compact technologies (i.e. de-ammonification in the main stream).The latter (b) will give an energy-neutral wastewater treatment plant, while this cannot be guaranteed for the first one (a). The example flow diagrams show plant concepts that a) minimize energy consumption by using compact biological and physical/chemical processes combined in an optimal way, for instance by using moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) processes for biodegradation and high-rate particle separation processes, and de-ammonification processes for N-removal and b)maximize energy (biogas) production through digestion by using wastewater treatment processes that minimize biodegradation of the sludge (prior to digestion) and pretreatment of the sludge prior to digestion by thermal hydrolysis. The treatment plant of the future should produce a water quality (for instance bathing water quality) that is sufficient for reuse of some kind (toilet flushing, urban use, irrigation etc.). The paper outlines compact water reclamation processes based on ozonation in combination with coagulation as pretreatment before ceramic membrane filtration.     

制药废水的可生物降解性与生物毒性研究

制药废水有机物含量高,难生物降解成分多,有些成分可抑制污泥活性或具有生物毒性.以某制药企业维生素生产的7个工段(W1 ～ W7)的排放废水为研究对象,用摇瓶试验评价了各工段废水的可生物降解性能,用瓦勃氏呼吸仪测试了各工段废水对污泥活性的抑制作用,用发光菌急性毒性试验评价了各工段废水经好氧生物处理前后的生物毒性变化.研究...     

Possible solutions for sludge dewatering in China

In China, over 1.43×10⁷ tons of dewatered sewage sludge, with 80% water content, were generated from wastewater treatment plants in 2007. About 60% of the COD removed during the wastewater treatment process becomes concentrated as sludge. Traditional disposal methods used by municipal solid waste treatment facilities, such as landfills, composting, or incineration, are unsuitable for sludge disposal because of its high water content. Disposal of sludge has therefore become a major focus of current environmental protection policies. The present status of sludge treatment and disposal methodology is introduced in this paper. Decreasing the energy consumption of sludge dewatering from 80% to 50% has been a key issue for safe and economic sludge disposal. In an analysis of sludge water distribution, thermal drying and hydrothermal conditioning processes are compared. Although thermal drying could result in an almost dry sludge, the energy consumption needed for this process is extremely high. In comparison, hydrothermal technology could achieve dewatered sewage sludge with a 50%–60% water content, which is suitable for composting, incineration, or landfill. The energy consumption of hydrothermal technology is lower than that required for thermal drying.     

Enhanced methane production during long-term UASB operation at high organic loads as enabled by the immobilized Fungi

• Fungi enable the constant UASB operation even at OLR of 25.0 kg/(m³×d). • The COD removal of 85.9% and methane production of 5.6 m³/(m³×d) are achieved. • Fungi inhibit VFAs accumulation and favor EPS generation and sludge granulation. • Fungi enrich methanogenic archaea and promote methanogenic pathways. Anaerobic digestion is widely applied in organic wastewater treatment coupled with bioenergy production, and how to stabilize its work at the high organic loading rate (OLR) remains a challenge. Herein, we proposed a new strategy to address this issue via involving the synergetic role of the Aspergillus sydowii 8L-9-F02 immobilized beads (AEBs). A long-term (210-day) continuous-mode operation indicated that the upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor (R1, with AEBs added) could achieve the OLR as high as 25.0 kg/(m³×d), whereas the control reactor (R0, with AEBs free) could only tolerate the maximum OLR of 13.3 kg/(m³×d). Remarkably, much higher COD removal (85.9% vs 23.9%) and methane production (5.4 m³/(m³×d) vs 2.2 m³/(m³×d)) were achieved in R1 than R0 at the OLR of 25.0 kg/(m³×d). Such favorable effect results from the facts that fungi inhibit VFAs accumulation, favor the pH stabilization, promote the generation of more extracellular polymeric substance, and enhance the sludge granulation and settleability. Moreover, fungi may enhance the secretion of acetyl-coenzyme A, a key compound in converting organic matters to CO₂. In addition, fungi are favorable to enrich methanogenic archaea even at high OLR, improving the activity of acetate kinase and coenzyme F₄₂₀ for more efficient methanogenic pathway. This work may shed new light on how to achieve higher OLR and methane production in anaerobic digestion of wastewater.     

采用ICEAS工艺进行瓦房店市污水处理厂设计

在调研的基础上，成功地应用ICEAS（Intermittent Cyclic Extended Activated Sludge)工艺进行瓦房店市污水处理厂设计。实践证明，该工艺占有占地面积小、处理效果好、工艺简单、运行稳定，对污水水质适应性强、耐冲击负荷、污泥龄长、污泥沉降性能好，剩余污泥少等优点。     

Wassertechnische Strategien zur Reduzierung der Trinkwasserbelastung durch Arzneimittelwirkstoffe

Results The available research results concerning the application of innovative methods of wastewater and drinking water purification to eliminate pharmaceuticals are summarized in the present paper. An increase of the activated sludge (aerobic sludge) age to 8–10 days in treatment plants can improve the metabolization of less persistent pharmaceutical agents whereas expansion of the sojourn time beyond 10 days will not result in a remarked increase of degradation for most pharmaceutical substances. First results have shown that wastewater treatment plants with integrated membrane bioreactors (MBR) using micro- and ultrafiltration membranes do not provide significantly better results compared to the conventional wastewater treatment plants with respect to the removal of organic micropollutants (including pharmaceutical residues). The use of powdered carbon in biologically treated wastewater is able to reduce pharmaceutical residues up to 80?% in the run-off water. Pilot studies scrutinize the treatment of highly contaminated effluents via catalytic photooxidation. Regarding the suitability of the method to reduce the contamination of drinking and wastewater with pharmaceuticals yet only few data from laboratory scale testing are available. Activated carbon filtration is preferably used for drinking water treatment. Primarily against the background of disinfection, ozonation is widely used for drinking water treatment, but for wastewater treatment the method is still at the experimental stage and will hardly become of practical importance because of high costs. Sustainable wastewater separation is grounded on decentralized concepts by considering material cycles (recycling) at the place of origin. In the long term, separation measures can significantly contribute to declining drug concentrations in drinking water. Regarding the quarrying of drinking water by bank filtration water, river water or artificially enriched ground water, end-of-pipe techniques are vital. Most commonly, activated carbon or activated carbon combined with ozonization is applied and assures a high drinking water quality. Discussion The advantages and disadvantages of the different water treatment methods mainly concern the varying degrees of effectiveness with respect to the elimination of very persistent pharmaceutical agents, the generation of problematical metabolites and additional waste materials, hygienic problems, energy needs and the necessity to employ appropriate technical staff for operation. Although the biodegradation of very persistent drugs cannot be enhanced by an extension of the activated sludge age, this modification should be considered in sewage plants to reduce the contamination with less persistent medical agents. Compared with conventional wastewater treatment, membrane bioreactors provide the advantage of a better control of biological activities on the plant and a comparably small plant size but high investment and operation costs. Additionally, pharmaceuticals such as carbamazepin are only insufficiently removed from wastewater by membrane bioreactors. The regular use of powdered activated carbon in sewage treatment plants would also increase the costs of wastewater treatment and would additionally exclude the further use of sewage sludge in agriculture. Currently, in Germany the further use of sewage sludge is handled differently by the Federal States and discussed controversially. The implementation of ozonation as an additional treatment method in wastewater treatment plants is not realistic because of cost concerns. Additionally, the method produces analytically as yet not assessed metabolites with unknown (eco-)toxicological impacts. For this reason ozonation should currently not be applied unless the reaction products are removed subsequently by filtration through activated carbon. For industrial sewage photooxidation is in a state of testing but an application for municipal wastewater is, up to now, out of question. When river bank filtration is used for the supply of drinking water the use of activated carbon for purification should be essential. The lifetime of the filters is often defined by the filter capacities to eliminate radiocontrast media (e.?g., iopamidole, amidotrizoic acid). Many water supply companies already apply the ozonization prior to activated carbon filtration which supports the elimination of pharmaceuticals from the sewage. The unique developmental potential of the wastewater separation can be seen in the possibility to link up these methods with sustainable exploitation techniques and concepts (re-use of sanitized water, production of fertilizer, compost and biogas). Wastewater separation will not make ‘middle/end-of-pipe’ techniques dispensable but will make their handling more effective because concentrations of pharmaceutical agents are higher in separated effluents compared to those usually found in municipal wastewater, which in mixing sewage systems is even diluted by surface runoff. Conclusions Following today’s state of knowledge activated carbon filtration (eventually coupled with ozonization) is best suited to remove drug residues and other xenobiotics from raw water. Water works that do not apply the activated carbon filtration technique for cleanup of bank filtration water should consider an upgrade. The ozonization is primarily required for disinfection of the water. As no acute health hazard proceeds from drinking water contamination by pharmaceuticals at the present time, the upgrade of wastewater treatment plants by one of the aforementioned innovative methods is currently not required in view of drinking water quality. This offers the opportunity to develop sustainable approaches that already aim to reduce drug contaminations of wastewater and hence of ground-, surface- and drinking water. Recommendations and perspectives On a short- to mid-term perspective enriched sewage of hospitals, nursing homes and other medical facilities should be collected and treated separately. From a technical point of view the conditioning of separated hospital effluents (yellow- and greywater) via activated carbon or membrane filtration is possible but should be combined with disinfection. On a mid- and long-term scale sustainable sanitary concepts based on wastewater separation (black-, grey- and/or rainwater) associated with the recycling of mineral nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium) should be realized for development, industry and trade areas, buildings with public lavatories, airports, motorway service areas, and large office and hotel buildings. Strategies focusing primarily on up-grading of municipal wastewater treatment plants are currently existing but the related technologies are largely in a test phase. This is why a particular technique should not be favored at the moment. The combination of various techniques (i.?e., ozonization combined with activated carbon filtration) is known to be very efficient for the removal of pharmaceutical residues from water, but the combination cannot be expected to become of importance in treatment of domestic wastewater because of high costs. Moreover, improvement of wastewater treatment technologies to remove pharmaceutical residues will not make the employment of end-of-pipe techniques in water works redundant and therefore will not lead to saving of expenses.     

Methods to alleviate the inhibition of sludge anaerobic digestion by emerging contaminants: a review

The rising occurrence of emerging contaminants in sludges both inhibits the anaerobic digestion of sludges and induces health issues when sludges are recycled in agriculture, calling for methods to remove contaminants. Here we review emerging pollutants in wastewater treatment plants, before and after anaerobic digestion. We present their inhibitory effects and remediation methods to alleviate inhibition. Pharmaceuticals have been detected in about 50% of the sludge samples. Sewage sludge contaminants include 19% of diuretics, 16–21% of lipid-modifying agents, hydrochlorothiazide, diclofenac, furosemide, clarithromycin, atorvastatin, and carbamazepine. Levels of antibiotics, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and estrone range from 500 to 600 ng/g in sludges from wastewater treatment plants. Remediation methods comprise electrooxidation, ultrasonication, thermal hydrolysis, ozonation, and bioaugmentation. Fermenting the sludges with acidogenic bacteria reduces the level of emerging pollutants in the supernatant. Nonetheless, liquid digestates still contains emerging pollutants such as sunscreen octocrylene at 147 ug/L and acetaminophen at 58.6 ug/L. As a result, pretreatment of sludge containing emerging pollutants is required.