冷冻胁迫对芦荟叶肉细胞原生质体中Ca2+、Na+分布的影响

低温和冻害是造成巨大农业损失和植物死亡的主要逆境因子。为揭示冷冻胁迫对植物细胞中离子分布的影响,选择芦荟细胞原生质体为受试材料,使用离子选择性微电极检测了经冷冻处理后的芦荟原生质体在低渗液中破裂时产生的Ca~(2+)浓度脉冲信号,并同时检测Na~+浓度脉冲信号作为对比。研究了冷冻温度、解冻时间和ZnO NPs处理等因素对冷冻胁迫下芦荟原生质体中Ca~(2+)分布的影响。结果表明,与未经冷冻处理的原生质体相对比,经过冷冻处理的原生质体破裂后,其Ca~(2+)脉冲信号前沿处发生明显的"凹陷",这说明,原生质体中Ca~(2+)分布出现分层现象,靠近细胞中心浓度较高而细胞膜附近浓度较低。这一分层现象在温度为-7℃时开始出现,原生质体解冻5 h后仍未消失。经过ZnO NPs预处理后再进行冷冻的原生质体,其Ca~(2+)脉冲凹陷深度明显减小。而当用ZnO NPs处理解冻后的原生质体时,其Ca~(2+)分层现象消失。冷冻胁迫下芦荟原生质体内Ca~(2+)分布发生显著变化,表明原生质体内Ca~(2+)分布变化与其抗寒反应存在一定关系。与Ca~(2+)相反,Na~+的分布几乎不受冷冻因素的影响。ZnO NPs处理对冷冻芦荟原生质体中Ca~(2+)浓度分布分层有明显的缓解作用,表明一定浓度范围的ZnO NPs在缓解冷冻造成的Ca~(2+)流动性下降,维持细胞Ca~(2+)分布的调控能力方面,具有一定的积极影响。     

纳米氧化铜(CuO NPs)对紫花苜蓿幼苗根系活性氧(ROS)、抗氧化酶活性和根系活力的影响

根系通常是植物直接受到外界环境物质(如重金属离子和纳米金属氧化物)毒害的主要器官。本研究以紫花苜蓿的幼苗为实验材料,探讨了CuO NPs胁迫对紫花苜蓿幼苗根系的活性氧(ROS)积累、抗氧化酶活性和根系活力的影响。研究结果表明:(1)不同浓度的CuO NPs对紫花苜蓿幼苗根系H_2O_2和O-2·含量具有显著影响。随CuO NPs浓度增大,紫花苜蓿幼苗根系中H_2O_2和O-2·整体上呈现先增大后减少的趋势,除了0.00125 mol·L~(-1)CuO NPs浓度下紫花苜蓿幼苗根系中H_2O_2含量比对照减少外,其他浓度下的H_2O_2和O-2·的含量都比对照有所增加,并且H_2O_2和O-2·的含量都是在0.0125 mol·L~(-1)CuO NPs浓度下达到最大值。(2)不同浓度的CuO NPs对紫花苜蓿幼苗根系抗氧化酶活性具有显著影响。随CuO NPs浓度增大,紫花苜蓿幼苗根系中SOD、POD、APX和CAT酶的活性都呈现先增大后减少的趋势,其中,SOD和POD、APX、CAT酶的活性分别是在0.00625、0.0125、0.0625 mol·L~(-1)CuO NPs处理下达到最大,表明这些抗氧化酶在清除根系中的活性氧方面表现出较强的协同性和补偿性。(3)不同浓度的CuO NPs对紫花苜蓿幼苗根系活力具有显著的影响。随着CuO NPs浓度的增加,紫花苜蓿幼苗根系活力逐步升高,这是一种生物适应性应激响应的体现。     

Ca(OH)_2絮凝沉淀-臭氧氧化垃圾渗滤液生化出水提高反渗透性能

为了提高生化出水的反渗透性能,本文提出采用Ca(OH)_2絮凝沉淀预处理生化出水,再经O_3氧化后,用于反渗透膜的深度处理工艺.研究表明,Ca(OH)_2絮凝沉淀可以有效地去除垃圾渗滤液生化出水中的大分子有机物及Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)离子.当废水絮凝沉淀出水的电导率最低时,废水中的Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)离子浓度降到最低,同时也去除了较大比例的COD.对电导率最低条件下的Ca(OH)_2絮凝沉淀出水再经O_3处理后,废水中的Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)离子浓度和COD进一步降低,其反渗透膜通量比MBR出水的通量增高25%—35%,膜污染明显减轻,可延长膜清洗周期.臭氧氧化Ca(OH)_2絮凝沉淀出水涉及到臭氧分子直接氧化和氢氧根催化臭氧氧化两种机理,但前者起主导作用.臭氧氧化处理进一步降低了废水中的COD和Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)离子浓度,是提高反渗透膜通量的主要原因.     

国产阳离子分离柱离子色谱法同时测定镁和钙

本文提出了一种采用国产分离柱同时测定Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+)的离子色谱方法,采用0.8mM乙二胺-2.4mM HNO_3作为淋洗液,用纤维抑制注以降低本底电导提高信噪比,其再生液为4mM KOH。 使用该方法的检测下限对Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+)分别为5.05×10~(-11)g和8.33×10~(-11)g。浓度与峰高的相关系数对Mg~(2+)(浓度范围为0.1—10μg/ml)和Ca~(2+)(0.20—20μg/ml)均在0.999(n=13)以上。 应用本方法分析了广州地区部分酸雨样品和胜利油田地下水样品中的Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+)的含量,并与原子吸收法相对照,其结果基本一致。     

河西走廊东段大气降水特征及水汽来源分析

通过连续收集降水样品对河西走廊东段大气降水特征及水汽来源进行研究,运用相关分析、因子分析、富集因子和HYSPLIT模型,探讨2013年7月3日—2014年7月3日河西走廊东段降水常量离子的化学特征,结果表明,河西走廊东段p H值介于6.86—8.71,降水样品的电导率分布在78.42—502.50μS·cm-1之间.Ca~(2+)、Na~+、Cl~-、NO-3和SO_4~(2-)是降水中的主要离子,Ca~(2+)和Na+的浓度占阳离子总浓度的77.43%,而Cl-、NO-3和SO_4~(2-)占阴离子总浓度的99.12%,降水中阳离子浓度的大小顺序为Ca~(2+)Na+NH_4~+K+Mg~(2+),降水中阴离子浓度的大小顺序为SO_4~(2-)NO-3Cl-NO_2~-F-;夏季大气降水中总离子浓度最低(50.61 ueq·L-1),而冬、春两季浓度较高,且春季最高(115.45 ueq·L-1);而单个降水离子的最高浓度却多出现在3—7月份;河西走廊东段的降水离子主要受陆源以及工农业生产和人类活动控制,海盐离子的影响极小.     

骆马湖夏季水质空间分布特征及评价

开展人类活动影响下骆马湖水质状况调查,明确水体理化指标分布特征,有助于城郊过水性湖泊的有效保护和开发利用。2017年夏季(6—8月)对骆马湖水体理化指标开展调查,分析水质现状和水体营养状态变化特征,并结合Piper三角图和等值线图法分析骆马湖理化指标空间分布规律。结果表明,夏季骆马湖透明度、ρ(DO)和pH值较1991—2014年平均水平无明显变化,但N、P和有机污染物浓度以及主要离子组成变化显著。骆马湖ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)及COD_(Mn)达V类水标准,大部分湖区处于中度富营养化状态,小部分湖区处于重度富营养化状态,湖区东北部主要离子组成由Ca~(2+)+HCO_3~-转变为Na~+(K~+)+HCO_3~-,其余湖区则转变为Na~+(K~+)+Cl~-。水体中HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和PO_4~(3+)浓度以及pH、总碱度和总硬度等具有显著空间差异性(P0.05)。骆马湖水质指标空间分布复杂, Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)浓度以及总碱度、总硬度呈现东北部高、西南部低的特点,而TN、TP和叶绿素a浓度以及COD_(Mn)总体呈现北部高、东部低的特点。不同理化指标空间分布主要与入湖径流中污染物、湖泊内生产活动和湖泊净化能力有关,人类活动对骆马湖水质的干扰已不容忽视。     

活性氧和钙信号参与铅对酵母细胞的毒性作用

以模式生物酵母菌为材料,研究铅对细胞的毒性效应,探讨胞内活性氧(ROS)和Ca~(2+)在铅诱导细胞死亡中的作用。结果显示,浓度为5~100 mg·L~(-1)的硝酸铅可降低酵母细胞活性,诱导酵母细胞死亡,随着铅浓度的提高和作用时间的延长,细胞死亡率增高。在铅处理组酵母细胞中,ROS和Ca~(2+)水平显著升高,线粒体膜电位明显下降;用1 mmol·L~(-1)的外源抗坏血酸(AsA)能降低铅引发的酵母细胞死亡,0.5 mmol·L~(-1)的钙离子螯合剂乙二醇双四乙酸(EGTA)或0.1 mmol·L~(-1)的质膜Ca~(2+)通道特异性抑制剂氯化镧(LaCl_3)亦可明显抑制铅引起的酵母细胞死亡。研究结果表明,铅诱发的酵母细胞死亡与处理组胞内ROS和Ca~(2+)升高有关,高浓度的Ca~(2+)可能通过诱导线粒体膜通透性转变孔道开放,或者高水平ROS可能损伤线粒体膜,致线粒体膜电位下降,继而激活相关下游信号导致细胞死亡。     

单宁酸对黄河三角洲盐碱土壤盐基离子有效性的影响

以黄河三角洲柽柳群落和盐碱光板地土壤为研究对象,利用单宁酸进行培养,通过测定土壤浸提液中盐基离子含量、计算离子比并进行相关统计分析,探讨单宁酸对盐碱土盐基离子有效性的影响.结果表明,随着单宁酸浓度升高,不同盐度土壤浸提液中的K~+、Ca~(2+)、HCO3-以及高盐土壤中的Cl-和低盐土壤中的SO_4~(2-)逐渐升高,而Na~+、Mg~(2+)、低盐土壤中的Cl-和高盐土壤中的SO_4~(2-)先升高后降低;不同盐度土壤中Na~+/K~+、Na~+/Ca~(2+)、Ca~(2+)/K~+、Mg~(2+)/K~+、Cl-/HCO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)/HCO_3~-和低盐土壤中的Cl-/SO_4~(2-)随着土壤中单宁酸浓度升高而降低,但Na~+/Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)/Mg~(2+)和高盐土壤中的Cl-/SO_4~(2-)则逐渐升高;方差分析的结果显示,单宁酸浓度除对高盐土壤中的Na~+影响不显著之外,对其他盐基离子及其比值的影响均达到显著水平;相关分析的结果表明,SO_4~(2-)在低盐土壤中与K~+、Na~+、Mg~(2+)和HCO_3~-之间的相关性与高盐土壤相反,而其他离子之间的相关性在不同盐度土壤中一致.综上,单宁酸能够降低土壤颗粒对盐基离子的吸附,促进土壤脱盐,因此可利用单宁酸或将其作为辅助材料改良盐碱土,但应适当控制单宁酸的用量,以促进更多Na~+的脱除及防止过多Ca~(2+)和K~+的流失.     

菏泽市夏季PM10和PM25中水溶性离子组分污染特征

为分析菏泽市大气颗粒物及其水溶性离子组分特征,本研究于2015年8月期间在菏泽市6个监测点位采集环境受体PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)样品共120个,利用离子色谱法测定颗粒物中水溶性无机离子(SO■、NO~-_3、NH~+_4、Cl~-、Ca~(2+)、K~+、Na~+、Mg~(2+)、F~-),并同步收集气象参数及气态污染物质量浓度等资料.结果表明,菏泽市夏季环境受体中颗粒物质量浓度ρ(PM_(10))和ρ(PM_(2.5))分别为94.5μg·m~(-3)、55.2μg·m~(-3),稍低于国内其他城市,这与各城市经济发展、产业能源结构、气象条件等因素有关.PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)值在0.5—0.8之间,表明菏泽市夏季细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))污染较为严重.但PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子质量总浓度ρ(WSIs)分别为30.5μg·m~(-3)、17.0μg·m~(-3);质量分数w(WSIs)分别为32.4%、29.6%.其中SO■、NO~-_3、NH~+_4为PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中主要水溶性离子,3种离子浓度和分别占PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中总离子浓度的84.3%、88.3%.SO■、NO~-_3、NH~+_4、K~+主要集中在细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)则广泛存在于粗颗粒物(PM_(10))中.各采样点的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中,SO■、NO~-_3、NH~+_4、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)浓度分布具有空间差异.离子相关性表明,NH~+_4与SO■、NO~-_3相关性均较强,3种离子主要以NH_4HSO_4、NH_4NO_3形式存在.PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中NO~-_3/SO■值分别在0.41—0.49和0.36—0.47之间,平均值分别为0.46、0.42,表明固定源是菏泽市夏季颗粒物污染的主要污染贡献源.     

天山哈密庙尔沟平顶冰川雪坑离子浓度特征

运用海盐离子示踪法对于2009年8月在天山东段哈密庙尔沟平顶冰川采取的雪坑数据进行分析,结果表明,哈密庙尔沟平顶冰川Ca~(2+)和Na~+为主要阳离子,Cl~-为主要的阴离子,该雪坑化学离子排名为Cl~-Na~+Ca~(2+)K~+SO_4~(2-)NO_3~-Mg~(2+)NH+4,Mg~(2+)是所有离子中变率最大的离子.K~+和Ca~(~(2+))主要来源于陆源物质,而Mg~(2+)和Na~+大部分来源于海洋源.部分离子受局地气候环境和地形影响较大.     

不同培养介质中纳米氧化铜对小麦毒性的影响

采用琼脂培养和水培方法比较了纳米氧化铜(CuONPs)在不同暴露介质中的环境化学行为及其对小麦根生长的影响,并探讨了不同培养介质对CuONPs植物毒性的影响机制.结果表明,琼脂介质相对水相(营养液)环境可以减少CuONPs的团聚,增强其分散性.在琼脂和水相中Cu离子溶出随CuONPs浓度变化规律存在明显差异,在50～1000mg CuONPs·L-(1以Cu计)范围内,CuONPs在琼脂中无论是Cu2+的溶出浓度还是溶出比率均低于其在水相中的值.CuONPs在不同介质中表现出显著的小麦毒性差异.琼脂培养下小麦根生长半抑制效应浓度EC50(以CuONPs浓度表示)为108mg·L-1,而在水培方式下为9.0mg·L-1,说明琼脂介质极大缓解了CuONPs引起的植物毒性.分析表明,Cu2+溶出浓度较CuONPs投放量与小麦根生长抑制效应之间存在更好的指数相关关系,这说明该研究体系下CuONPs小麦毒性主要是由纳米颗粒释放Cu2+引起的.此结论较好地解释了当培养介质从水相变成琼脂时,Cu2+溶出减少,纳米毒性降低的现象.该研究结果认为,当前国内外使用水培法获得的纳米材料植物毒性研究结果在外推至实际土壤状况时将高估其环境安全性风险,推荐使用琼脂作为纳米材料土壤环境风险评价的模拟介质.     

不同培养介质中纳米氧化铜对小麦毒性的影响（Influence of Culture Media on the Phytotoxicity of CuO Nanoparticles to Wheat（Triticum aestivum L.））

通过比较纳米氧化铜(CuONPs)和微米氧化铜(CuOMPs)在两种土壤中Cu2+的溶出及其对脲酶活性影响,结合产生脲酶活性抑制效应的Cu2+浓度阈值,研究了CuONPs和CuOMPs对土壤脲酶活性的毒性效应机制.结果表明:CuONPs和CuOMPs的Cu2+溶出量随其浓度增加而增加,溶出比率随浓度增加而减少,两者在红壤中Cu2+的溶出均比在乌栅土中高;在1～1000mg·kg-1范围内,CuONPs对土壤脲酶活性产生了显著(p≤0.05)或极显著(p≤0.01)的抑制效应;同浓度下,CuONPs在土壤中的Cu2+溶出及其对脲酶活性的抑制效应均大于CuOMPs;在相对低浓度(1～10mg·kg-1,红壤;1～100mg·kg-1,乌栅土)下,CuO的纳米态对土壤脲酶活性具有抑制毒性,在相对高浓度(≥50mg·kg-1,红壤;≥500mg·kg-1,乌栅土)下,CuO的纳米态和溶出Cu2+共同作用引起了脲酶活性抑制;与CuONPs不同,CuOMPs只有通过溶出Cu2+抑制土壤脲酶活性,其颗粒态对脲酶活性无显著影响;值得注意的是,在低浓度(1mg·kg-1)下CuONPs对土壤脲酶活性具有微米态和离子态所没有的抑制毒性,说明其对土壤酶影响应存在特殊机理,值得进一步深入研究.     

Histopathological effects of copper oxide nanoparticles on the gill and intestine of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles

In current research, the combined effects of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) on the histopathological anomalies of gill and intestine tissues in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were studied. Common carp were exposed to TiO₂ NPs (10.0?mg L^?1), CuO NPs (2.5 and 5.0?mg L^?1), and mixture of TiO₂ NPs (10.0?mg L^?1)?+?CuO NPs (2.5 and 5.0 mg?L^?1) for two periods of exposure (10 and 20 days) and recovery (30 and 40 days). The most common histopathological anomalies in the gill of common carp such as hyperplasia, oedema, curvature, fusion, aneurism, and necrosis were observed. The synergistic effect of co-existing TiO₂ NPs and CuO NPs reduced the length of secondary lamella and increased the diameters of the gill filaments and secondary lamellae. Moreover, the presence of TiO₂ NPs increased the CuO NPs effects on the histopathological anomalies of intestine tissue and the synergistic effect of TiO₂ NPs and CuO mixture leads to an increase in the severity of histopathological lesions such as degeneration, swelling of goblet cells, and necrosis - erosion in the intestine tissue. In conclusion, the presence of TiO₂ NPs increased the toxicity of CuO NPs.     

Effects of three different nanoparticles on bioaccumulation,oxidative stress,osmoregulatory, and immune responses of Carcinus aestuarii

Abstract

In this study, the toxicity of CuO (40?nm), α-Al₂O₃ (40?nm), and α-Fe₂O₃ (20–40?nm) nanoparticles was comparatively investigated on Carcinus aestuarii. Crabs were semi-statically exposed to 1?mg/L of each for 14?days and their accumulation and distribution in tissue and hemolymph, potential oxidative stress mechanism, total hemocyte counts and types, and the osmoregulatory and ionoregulatory responses were determined. The tissue distribution of CuO nanoparticles was hepatopancreas?>?hemolymph?≥?gill?> muscle, for α-Fe₂O₃ gill?>?hepatopancreas?>?muscle?> hemolymph, and for α-Al₂O₃ gill?>?muscle?≥?hemolymph?> hepatopancreas. While α-Al₂O₃ and α-Fe₂O₃ NPs, induced lipid peroxidation and changes in antioxidant enzyme activity in the hepatopancreas tissue, the oxidative damage caused by the CuO nanoparticles was minimal. All three nanoparticles, copper in particular, elicit osmoregulatory and ionoregulatory toxicity at this concentration, due to the inhibition of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity in the gill and depletion of hemolymph and carcass ion concentrations.     

Toxicity of cadmium nanoparticles to Bacillus subtilis

The study deals with the toxicological impact of cadmium nanoparticles (Cd NPs) on Bacillus subtilis as a model Gram-positive bacterium. Cadmium oxide (CdO) NPs (～22 nm) and cadmium sulfide (CdS) NPs (～3 nm) were used in this study. Both the NPs were found to inhibit the cell viability of B. subtilis when added to the culture at mid-log phase, the viable cell number declined with increasing concentration of Cd NPs. At mid-log phase, 15 mg L^?1 CdO NPs inhibited growth by ～50%, whereas at 30 mg L^?1 growth completely ceased. Under the same conditions, CdS NPs inhibited growth by ～50% at a concentration of 8 mg L^?1, and at 20 mg L^?1 growth was completely retarded. The cells changed their morphological features to a filamentous form with increasing Cd NPs exposure time, leading to associated with clumping. NPs treated cells when stained with 4′, 6-diamino-2-phenylindole, showed filamentous multinucleated bead structure, suggesting irregularities in cell division. Increasing intracellular oxidative stress due to Cd NPs exposure might be one of the reasons for the cell morphological changes and toxicity in B. subtilis.     

Gas–liquid chromatography for fenvalerate residue analysis: alterations in the ionic concentration and associated adinosine triphosphatases in fish,Cirrhinus mrigala (hamilton)

In the present study, an attempt has been made to quantify the fenvalerate accumulated in different tissues (gill, muscle and liver) and observe changes involved in the levels of sodium, potassium and calcium ions and Na⁺–K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities in the freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala on short-term and long-term exposure to the median lethal and sublethal concentration of fenvalerate. Residue analysis using gas–liquid chromatography (GLC) technique revealed that fenvalerate accumulated in highest quantity in gill followed by liver and muscle under median lethal concentration (6?µg?L^?1). Whereas in sublethal concentration (0.6?µg?L^?1), muscle accumulated highest quantity followed by gill and liver, which might be due to the fact that fenvalerate is highly lyphophilic. The ion concentration and ATPase activity were found effected in fish exposed to lethal and sublethal concentrations of fenvalerate. Concentration of Na⁺, K⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions decreased in gill, muscle and liver on being exposed to median lethal concentration to a significant level. Whereas the changes were not highly pronounced at sub lethal level indicating low concentration of fenvalerate and its non-toxic effect at chronic exposure. Na⁺–K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ ATPases activity were also found decreased in correspondence to the ionic change under median lethal and sub lethal concentrations in target tissues. This might have lead to behavioural changes and create wide-spread disturbance in the normal physiology, ultimately causing the death of the fish. The results suggest that in biomonitoring programmes, ions and associated ATPases can be a good diagnostic tool for fenvalerate toxicity.     

Water geochemistry and dissolution rates of the karst-dominated Houzhai River basin,China

ABSTRACT

Houzhai (Guizhou Province, Southwest China) is a typical karstification area, with dolomite and limestone constituting the major rock types. The aim of this study was to utilize major element mass-balance and multivariate statistical methods to analyze the chemical composition of water in the Houzhai River catchment area with regard to seasonal variations in ion content, dissolution reactions, and rates. Data demonstrated that the Houzhai's hydrochemical composition is dominated by calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), bicarbonate (HCO₃^?), and sulfate (SO₄^2?) which predominantly originated from chemical weathering of carbonate rocks like limestone and dolomite. Carbonate weathering contributes 83% of the dissolved Ca²⁺. Sulfuric acid also plays an important role in rock weathering. Our analysis identified three principal sources of hydrochemical variation in the study area, including dolomite dissolution, limestone dissolution, and anthropogenic activities. In addition, the identified two main hydrochemical facies were characterized by the predominance of Ca-Mg-HCO₃ and Ca-Mg-HCO₃-SO₄. In terms of temporal variation, all of the examined parameters showed strong inter-annual and seasonal variations of concentration distribution, except pH levels and potassium and sodium (K⁺+Na⁺). The dissolution rate of carbonate was estimated using the concentration of Ca²⁺ and discharge rate, which constitutes a simple, practical, and innovative method. Compared with other research methods, our strategy was found to be simple, feasible, readily adaptable, and less demanding of data inputs.     

Comparison of the removal of monovalent and divalent cations in the microbial desalination cell

Microbial desalination cell (MDC) is a promising technology to desalinate water and generate electrical power simultaneously. The objectives of this study were to investigate the desalination performance of monovalent and divalent cations in the MDC, and discuss the effect of ion characteristics, ion concentrations, and electrical characteristics. Mixed salt solutions of NaCl, MgCl₂, KCl, and CaCl₂ with the same concentration were used in the desalination chamber to study removal of cations. Results showed that in the mixed salt solutions, the electrodialysis desalination rates of cations were: Ca²⁺ >Mg²⁺>Na⁺>K⁺. Higher ionic charges and smaller hydrated ionic radii resulted in higher desalination rates of the cations, in which the ionic charge was more important than the hydrated ionic radius. Mixed solutions of NaCl and MgCl₂ with different concentrations were used in the desalination chamber to study the effect of ion concentrations. Results showed that when ion concentrations of Na⁺ were one-fifth to five times of Mg²⁺, ion concentration influenced the dialysis more profoundly than electrodialysis. With the current densities below a certain value, charge transfer efficiencies became very low and the dialysis was the main process responsible for the desalination. And the phosphate transfer from the anode chamber and potassium transfer from the cathode chamber could balance 1%–3% of the charge transfer in the MDC.