单甲脒农药对的毒性研究

在２０℃条件下应用换液的方法研究单甲脒农药对大型（Ｄａｐｈｎｉａｍａｇｎａ）、方形网纹（Ｃｅｒｉｏｄａｐｈｎｉａｑｕａｄｒａｎｇｕｌａ）、老年低额（Ｓｉｍｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓｖｅｔｕｌｕｓ）的急性毒性和慢性毒性．结果表明，单甲脒对类的毒性中等，４８ｈＥＣ５０值在５５２—１５１４ｍｇ／Ｌ之间，老年低额比较敏感，大型耐性较强．２１ｄ繁殖实验结果获得单甲脒对老年低额的最大无影响浓度（ＮＯＥＣ）为００３２ｍｇ／Ｌ，最低有影响浓度（ＬＯＥＣ）为００６３ｍｇ／Ｌ，其最大允许浓度（ＭＡＴＣ）估计为００５ｍｇ／Ｌ，应用系数为００１．溶液ｐＨ值对单甲脒毒性有明显影响，其毒性随ｐＨ值的增加而下降     

重铬酸钾对方形网纹瑵的毒性研究

研究了在２５℃条件下重铬酸钾对方形网纹蚤Ｃｅｒｉｏｄａｐｈｎｉａ ｑｕａｄｒａｎｇｕｌａ（Ｏ．Ｆ．Ｍｕｌｅｒ）存活，生殖和生长的影响。急性试验求得重铬酸钾对该蚤的２４ｈ和４８ｈＥＣ５０值分别为１．０１７９ｍｇ／Ｌ和０．４１２７ｍｇ／Ｌ；其可信限分别为０．４６９８－１．７１８０ｍｇ／ｌ和０．１９８０－０．６９８８ｍｇ／Ｌ。慢性试验以存活，生殖和生长为毒性指标，未觉察反应浓度（ＮＯＥＣ）为０．０６２５     

铬对水栖寡毛类赫德莱顠体虫（Aeolosomaheadleyi）的毒性试验

赫德莱顠体虫（Ａｅｏｌｏｓｏｍａｈｅａｄｌｅｙｉ）为一种小型木栖寡毛类，行无性繁殖，室内培养容易。铬对其急性毒性试验结果为：２４ｈＬＣ＿（５０）为３．５５（３．１６─３．９０）ｍｇ／Ｌ，４８ｈＬＣ＿（５０）为１．８８（１．７７─２．０１）ｍｇ／Ｌ。低浓度慢性试验结果为：无效应浓度（ＮＯＥＣ）为１０１μｇ／Ｌ最大可接受浓度（ＭＡＥＣ）为１０１─１０２μｇ／Ｌ慢性暴露１０ｄ后种群可恢复的最高浓度为２１０ｕｇ／Ｌ．对此种寡毛类作为毒性试验生物的可能性作了简短的讨论。     

斜生栅藻与单甲脒的相互作用

为研究斜生栅藻与单甲脒的相互作用,采用评价化学品对藻类毒性的标准实验方法出了单甲凶制斜生栅藻生长的９６ｈ－ＥＣ５０为６．５ｍｇ／Ｌ。实验结果表明,在单甲脒浓度分别为２,４和８ｍｇ／Ｌ下,斜生栅藻都不具备降解单甲 能力。     

重铬酸钾对方形网纹瑵的毒性研究

研究了在２５℃条件下重铬酸钾对方形网纹涤Ｃｅｒｉｏｄａｐｈｎｉａｑｕａｄｒａｎｇｕｌａ（Ｏ，Ｆ．Ｍｕｌｅｒ）存活、生殖和生长的影响。急性试验求得铬铬酸钾对该僵的２４ｈ和４８ｈＢｃ５０值分别为１．０１７９ｍｇ／Ｌ和０．４１２７ｍｇ／Ｌ；其可信限分别为０．４６９８一１．７１８０ｍｇ／Ｌ和０．１９８０一０．６９８８ｍｇ／Ｌ。慢性试验以存活、生殖和生长为毒性指标，未觉察反应浓度（ＮＯＥＣ）为０．０６２５ｍｇ／Ｌ，最低觉察反应浓度（ＬＯＥＯ）为０．１２５０ｍｇ／Ｌ，其应用系数在０．１５一０．３０之间。流水试验（ＮＯＥＣ）为０．０３１２５ｍｇ／Ｌ，（ＬＯＥＣ）为０．０６２５ｍｇ／Ｌ，其应用系数在０．０８一０．１５之间。结果还表明生长是最敏感的指标。     

重金属对方形网纹蚤的毒性研究

在静置换水条件下，研究了重金属对方形网纹溲的急性毒性和生活周期毒性。Ｈｇ＾２＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｃｒ＾６＋和Ｚｎ＾２＋在２５±１℃下对方形网纹溲的４８ｈＥＣ５０分别为０．０１００、０．０２５４、０．１４４５和０．２８２８ｍｇ／Ｌ，Ｈｇ＾２＋对方形网纹溲的７ｄ生活周期毒性试验，以存活、生长和生殖为毒性指标，未觉察反应浓度（ＮＯＥＣ）为５．９１μｇＮＬ，最低觉察反应浓度（ＬＯＥＣ）为１１．８３μｇ／Ｌ，其     

重金属对方形网纹溞的毒性研究

在静置换水条件下，研究了重金属对方形网纹的急性毒性和生活周期毒性。Ｈｇ２＋、Ｃｕ２＋、Ｃｒ６＋和Ｚｎ２＋在２５±１℃下对方形网纹的４ｓｈＥＣ５０分别为０．０１００、０．０２５４、０．１４４和０．２８２８ｍｇ／Ｌ。Ｈｇ２＋对方形网纹的７ｄ生活周期毒性试验，以存活、生长和生殖为毒性指标，未觉察反应浓度（ＮＯＥＣ）为５·９μｇＮＬ，最低觉察反应浓度（ＬＯＥｃ）为１１．８３μｇ／Ｌ，其毒性阈限在二者之间。重金属对方形网纹与大型及鱼类的急性毒性比较和Ｈｇ２＋对类生活周期的毒性比较均表明方形网纹较为敏感。     

铬对水栖寡毛类赫德莱顠体虫(Aeolosomaheadleyi)的毒性试验

赫德莱Ｐｉａｏ体虫（Ｐｅｏｌｏｓｏｍａ ｈｅａｄｌｅｙｉ）为一种小型水栖寡毛类，行无性繁殖，室内培养容易，铬对其急性毒性试验结果为：２４ｈＬＣ５０为３．５５（３．１６－３．９０）ｍｇ／Ｌ，４８ｈＬＣ５０为１．８８（１．７７－２．０１）ｍｇ／Ｌ。低浓度慢怀试验结果为：无效应浓度（ＮＯＥＣ）为１０１μｇ／Ｌ，最大可接受浓度（ＭＡＥＣ）为１０１－１０２μｇ／Ｌ，慢性暴露１０天后种群可的最高浓度为２１０μ     

单甲脒农药对的毒性研究

在２０℃条件下应用换液的方法研究单甲脒农药对大型溲方形网纹溲，老年低额溲的急性毒性和慢性毒性，结果表明，单甲脒对溲类的毒性中等，４８ｈＥＣ５０值为５．５２－１５．１４ｍｇ／Ｌ之间，老年低额溲比较敏感，大型溲耐性较强。２１ｄ繁殖实验结果获得单甲脒对老年低额溲的最大无影响浓度为０．０３２ｍｇ／Ｌ，最低有影响浓度为０．０６３ｍｇ／Ｌ，其最大允许浓度估计为０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ，应用系数为０．０１。     

蛋白核小球藻与DEP的相互作用

运用评价化学品对藻类毒性的标准实验方法,得出邻苯二甲酸二乙酯抑制蛋白核小球藻生长的９６ｈＥＣ５０为８０ｍｇ／Ｌ。实验结果表明,蛋白核小球藻对ＥＤＰ有明显的富集与降解作用,富集量和浓缩系数（ＢＣＦ）都在１２ｈ达到最大,分别为９．８ｍｇ／ｇ和２０５。此后富集量随时间的延长而逐渐降低,９６ｈ降到１．８ｍｇ／ｇ。ＢＣＦ在７２ｈ内也随时间的延长而逐渐减小,并在７２ｈ降到最小８０,７２ｈ以后又随时间的延长而升     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.