静压快速启动亚硝酸盐依赖型甲烷厌氧氧化反应

在序批式反应器(SBR)中接种污水厂厌氧池污泥和深层水稻土的1∶1混合污泥,在阶段性提升基质NO_2~--N浓度的条件下,考察静压条件对亚硝酸盐依赖型甲烷厌氧氧化(nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation,N-DAMO)反应快速启动过程的影响,并对N-DAMO反应的主导微生物的丰度变化进行分析.结果表明运行120 d后,常压(R1)和0.3 MPa静压(R2)条件下,都观测到了明显的N-DAMO现象,并且R2的NO_2~--N去除速率达到了36.90 mg·(L·d)~(-1),较R1提高了24%;其4 h内平均脱氮速率(以NO_2~--N计)达到0.10 mmol·(L·h)~(-1),比R1提高了186%.R2中富集得到的污泥粒径约为R1的2倍,比表面积更大,优化了污泥中甲烷的传质情况,有助于N-DAMO反应的进行,且R2污泥的N-DAMO比活性(以N/VSS计)达到了0.29 mg·(g·h)~(-1),是R1的2倍.此外,静压有助于N-DAMO功能微生物Candidatus Methylomirabilish oxyfera(M.oxyfera)的生长,实验结束时R2中M.oxyfera细菌16S rRNA基因的丰度比接种初期提高了22倍,是同阶段R1中的10倍.可见,提高静压能够有效促进N-DAMO反应的启动.     

微生物介导厌氧甲烷氧化反硝化过程及其反应机制探讨

微生物进行的厌氧甲烷氧化反硝化过程是减少自然环境中甲烷这一温室气体排放的重要生物途径,即反硝化型甲烷厌氧氧化(denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation,DAMO)。反硝化型甲烷厌氧氧化是指在厌氧条件下以甲烷作为电子供体,NO2-/NO3-作为电子受体的反硝化过程。Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera细菌和Candidatus Methanoperedens nitroreducens古菌是参与DAMO过程的2类主要功能微生物。深入了解微生物介导的DAMO的发生机理以及影响因素,有助于更好地理解碳氮耦合在生物地球化学循环中发生的重要作用,为DAMO工艺的开发与应用提供理论依据。本文从功能微生物的富集、影响因素、生理特性、生物代谢与反应机制等方面对DAMO的最新进展进行阐述,并探讨了DAMO未来的研究方向与应用前景。     

西湖底泥中的反硝化型甲烷厌氧氧化菌的分子生物学检测

反硝化型甲烷厌氧氧化反应(Denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation,DAMO)是一种最新发现的生物反应,该反应能够偶联反硝化和甲烷的厌氧氧化.催化DAMO反应的微生物是NC10门中一种被命名为“Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera”的细菌.本研究采用基因克隆文库技术考察了西湖淡水底泥中DAMO微生物的分布与种群多样性状况.16S rRNA基因系统发育分析表明,西湖底泥中存在NC10门细菌,与已知的M.oxyfera的16S rRNA基因相似度为93％～98％.DAMO微生物功能基因(pmoA)的系统发育分析进一步证实了西湖底泥中分布有此类微生物,与已知的Moxyfera的pmoA基因相似度为86％ ～ 95％.实时定量PCR结果表明,西湖底泥中DAMO微生物的16S rRNA基因的拷贝数为2.15 ×105 copies·g-1(以干重计).     

藿类生物标志物及其对海洋碳氮循环过程的指示

由微生物介导的海洋碳氮生物地球化学循环对全球气候变化具有重要影响.五环三萜的藿类化合物（hopanoids）,包括以细菌藿多醇（BHPs）为主的生物藿类和藿烷等地质藿类,是指示近现代环境和重建古环境中碳氮循环过程的重要类脂生物标志物.本文总结了藿类化合物的生物合成途径和生理功能,及在海洋碳氮循环关键过程（固氮、硝化、厌氧氨氧化、甲烷氧化和陆源有机质输入）中的指示作用.微生物膜脂中的藿类化合物主要由hpn基因编码的藿类合成和修饰酶调控,与微生物理化特征及环境条件具有密切关系.2-甲基藿类、2-甲基环醇醚和不饱和环醇醚等藿类化合物可调节细胞膜的氧渗透性以发挥固氮酶保护作用,可指示环境中固氮蓝细菌及其固氮过程.细菌藿四醇异构体之一的BHT-x是海洋厌氧氨氧化菌Candidatus Scalindua的专属产物,可指示海洋厌氧氨氧化和低氧环境.土壤标志物BHPs及陆源输入指标R_soil可追踪陆源有机质向海洋环境的输入和迁移.35-氨基BHPs和3-甲基（氨基） BHPs可指示好氧甲烷氧化活动.细菌藿六醇和3-甲基细菌藿六醇可指示亚硝酸盐型甲烷氧化活动.未来,随着分子生物学、基因组学和仪器分析技术的不断发展,藿类化合物在指示海洋碳氮循环过程方面势必会发挥更加重要的作用.     

MnOx和CeO2催化剂在含NO气氛中氧化模拟碳烟的研究

用沉淀法制备了MnOx和CeO2两种催化剂并用于氧化模拟碳烟.XRD、BET、O2-TPD和NO-TPD表征结果表明,CeO2的比表面积和NOx吸附容量更大,而MnOx则具有更多的氧物种(晶格氧O2-).TPO结果表明,气氛中引入的NO明显促进了碳烟的氧化.在无催化剂、加入CeO2和MnOx3种情况下,模拟碳烟的起燃温度Ti分别降低了38、41和101℃.DRIFTs结果表明,催化剂活性氧物种和反应过程中生成的NO3-是NO促进碳烟燃烧的关键因子.可能的反应路径为:低温富氧条件下气相中的O2吸附在催化剂表面上,丰富的活性氧物种(如O2-、O2-f和O-)得到激活和转化,进而将弱吸附NO2和活性NO2*氧化成NO3-;在高温时则释放出活性很强的NO2*和O-,因而能促进碳烟氧化,其中间产物为碳氧复合物C(O).     

稻田土壤反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化菌的时空分布与群落结构分析

由"Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera"主导发生的以甲烷和亚硝酸盐为底物的反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化反应(nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane-oxidizing,n-damo)的发现,将生物地球化学碳循环和氮循环以新的方式结合起来.本研究以夏季和冬季江阴稻田土壤柱状样品为研究对象,对稻田土壤M.oxyfera-like菌的时空分布和群落结构进行了考察.M.oxyfera-like菌16S rRNA基因的定量PCR结果显示M.oxyfera-like菌的丰度随着土壤深度的增加而增加,且无明显季节性差异,60~200 cm深度的稻田土壤是M.oxyfera-like菌的高丰度区域.M.oxyfera-like菌pmo A基因的系统发育分析和生物多样性分析显示M.oxyfera-like菌的群落结构具有一定的时空异质性,且生物多样性随着土壤深度的增加而增加.这些结果都说明江阴稻田深层土壤(60~200 cm)是适宜M.oxyfera-like菌生存的生态环境.     

几种生物脱氮新工艺的比较

目前已经发现了2种微生物脱氮新途径:一是根据好氧氨氧化菌具有反硝化能力,从而在一定条件下反硝化脱氮;二是在功能微生物的作用下,亚硝酸盐与氨离子一起厌氧氨氧化,并且发现了厌氧氨氧化菌与好氧氨氧化菌或甲烷菌能协同耦合在一种有利的微生态环境中.基于以上新途径提出了几种生物脱氮新工艺,包括了:SHARON、ANAMMOX、SHARON-ANAMMOX、CANON、OLAND、NOX工艺、需氧反氨化工艺(Aerobic deammonification)、甲烷化与厌氧氨氧化耦合工艺.     

浑河底泥反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化菌群落多样性的时空分布特征及其与环境因子关系分析

为了解浑河底泥中反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化菌——Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera(M.oxyfera)群落多样性的时空分布特征,通过克隆文库技术考察M.oxyfera的16S rRNA和pmo A功能基因的多样性时空分布特征,并结合多元直接梯度分析来研究环境因子(水样和底泥的理化性质)与其之间的关系.9月浑河上、中、下游底泥样品中M.oxyfera的16S rRNA基因的OTU数在2~5之间,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数变化范围为0.21~1.4,呈现出中游上游下游的分布特征.pmo A功能基因上游的OTU数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数明显高于中游和下游,上游的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分别是中游和下游的3.5倍和2.3倍,因此M.oxyfera的群落多样性呈现出明显的地域性分布特征.3号采样点处3月采集样品中M.oxyfera的16S rRNA和pmo A的OTU数目分别是6和5,明显高于9月对应的OTU数目,Shannon-Wiener指数也明显比9月高(1.40.68;1.570.00),因此M.oxyfera的群落多样性呈现出明显的季节分布特征.多元直接梯度分析结果表明底泥中DOC浓度、底泥电导率、水体中TOC含量和水体中亚硝酸氮浓度是影响M.oxyfera群落多样性的主要环境因子.     

O2/CO2气氛下氮反应机理的研究

选取CH4、O2、CO2、Ar、NO、NH3，等气体，作为混合气和煤粉一起送入一维沉降炉内，以模拟O2／CO2气氛下煤中燃料氮、循环NO以及二者的相互作用对NO排放的影响，结果显示，在还原性气氛下NH3、HCN、CH4、CO与循环NO间的反应是NO排放下降的主要因素，且煤焦与NO的异相反应、吸附反应对NO的降解效果要明显高于氧化性气氛，同时，CO2体积分数的增加使得燃料中氮的氧化率升高，循环NO的降解率下降；氧化性气氛下随CO2体积分数的增加，燃料中氮的氧化率也增加，但循环NO的降解率升高．当CO2体积分数不变时，其对NO降解的作用随循环NO体积分数的增加愈加明显，在循环NO也不变且CO2体积分数较低时，随过量空气系数的增加，循环NO的降解率下降，而CO2体积分数较高时则出现相反情况。     

甲烷氧化耦合污水脱氮研究进展

污水处理厂厌氧池或污泥厌氧消化系统存在着溶解态甲烷(DCH₄)外溢风险，不仅会造成直接碳排放，也形成资源/能源的浪费.另一方面，污水处理厂常常需要外加碳源来满足脱氮需要，导致运行成本增加和间接碳排.若转换思路，利用CH4作为脱氮碳源，则有可能一箭双雕地解决问题.基于此，首先综述了好氧与厌氧甲烷氧化形式、发现/发展路径，并剖析它们的代谢途径及相关微生物.以此为基础，重点总结以NO₃^-、NO₂^-、甚至强温室气体N₂O作为电子受体的厌氧甲烷氧化途径，并从经济性和碳减排等方面论述甲烷厌氧氧化耦合反硝化(DAMO)工艺的潜在应用前景.最后，从接种微生物、培养环境等方面剖析DAMO工程应用的技术限制与瓶颈.综述表明，好氧甲烷脱氮技术功能微生物所需生存环境相左，致使工艺在实践中难以应用；相形之下，厌氧甲烷反硝化技术则较具应用潜力，但仍需深入研究，以提高功能微生物的鲁棒性.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.