The review programme in the European Union for existing biocidal active substances—outcome of the notification process

The European Commission Biocidal Products Directive 98/8/EC lays down rules and procedures concerning the placing of biocidal products on the EU market. Based on the Directive, a First Review Regulation was adopted for the review of existing biocidal active substances. These substances had to be either identified or notified (two different processes) to the European Chemicals Bureau (ECB) by 28 March 2002. More than 1000 companies took part in the review programme. In total 953 different existing active substances were identified and 372 different substances were notified. This article presents an analysis of the notified substances regarding the number of notifications per substance, notifiers per substance and per Member State and number of notified substances per product type. The results are compared with data from former statistics.     

The control of active substances used in biocides in the European Union by means of a review regulation

In early 1998, the European Commission and parliament adopted Directive 98/8/EC concerning the placing in the market of biocidal products. After the adoption of the Directive the Commission started the proposal for a Review Regulation of the existing active biocidal substances. This article outlines the effort currently being undertaken, to define the procedures to be used. A statistical analysis of current uses of the active substances is included (correct as of February 2000).     

欧盟水框架指令优先污染物筛选方法的应用

利用欧盟水框架指令(EU WFD)方法筛选优先污染物,得到适用于我国的水环境优先控制污染物清单。检索了包括中国、美国、欧盟、日本等国家和地区的水质标准和污染物清单,对这些清单污染物进行初筛选,得到449种污染物为我国登记在用的污染物,在此基础上运用改进的WFD优先污染物筛选方法对这些污染物进行计分筛选,并按照其半致命毒性LD50排序,得到包含19种污染物的水环境优先控制污染物排序清单。结果表明,WFD优先污染物筛选方法能较全面的筛选出环境危害大的污染物,根据我国实际情况,对WFD现有污染物清单做出补充与筛选后,适合作为水环境优控污染物筛选的方法。     

行业全过程水特征污染物和优控污染物清单筛选技术研究及其在常州市纺织染整业的应用

特征污染物和优控污染物筛选技术主要针对流域和水体环境,缺乏从行业全过程角度对问题进行研究,行业层面的筛选技术仍不成熟.基于清洁生产全过程管控理念,通过资料收集、现场考察和水样检测分析,对行业全过程污染物排放特征进行分析,形成行业特征污染物清单调查和筛选技术;在将特征污染物与已有清单比对的基础上,对其暴露性、持久性、毒性进行赋分排序,采用综合评分法形成行业优控污染物清单筛选技术,并将该筛选技术方法在常州市纺织染整行业开展应用.结果表明:①通过全流程考察,结合气相色谱-质谱联用仪90%匹配度下的水样检测结果,最终得到纺织染整行业特征污染物清单中共含199种物质,其中以苯系物、脂类、烷烃和醇类为主(占比为65.3%).②纺织染整行业优控污染物清单中共含39种物质,包括13种苯系物、3种卤代烃、5种醇类、5种脂类、1种醛类、2种酮类、3种醚类、1种呋喃类、6种重金属.研究显示,运用行业特征污染物和优控污染物清单调查和筛选技术,可较为科学和有效地得到常州市纺织染整行业特征污染物清单和优控污染物清单.      

Fitting together the building blocks for sustainability: a revised model for integrating ecological,social, and financial factors into business decision-making

Companies committed to integrating sustainability concerns into product decisions are confronted with the daunting task of assessing hundreds, or thousands, of materials and goods. Further complicating efforts have been the rapid growth of environmental and social assessment principles, strategies, actions, and tools. The lack of clarity on how existing approaches are complementary or distinct has resulted in ambiguities about pathways forward for companies. This current state of the field highlights the need to draw out interconnections between the wide range of current work on integrating environmental and social issues into material, product, and other business decisions.This article—developed through collaboration among several environmental, social, and sustainability-oriented researchers and practitioners—addresses this need through building upon pre-existing work [J. Cleaner Prod. 10(3) (2002) 197; J. Cleaner Prod. 8(3) (2000) 243]. It proposes adaptations on a framework for organizing the assessment field, including development of exemplary sustainable product characteristics and their inclusion in a “strategic sustainable development” decision-making model and process [J. Cleaner Prod. 10(3) (2002) 197]. The article also argues for an expansion of analytical approaches within this previously developed framework in order to highlight social aspects of sustainability and landscape-level issues. Finally, the article puts these elements together to describe a pathway forward for companies. In the conclusion, areas for future research are highlighted.     

Personal desires of patients and social obligations of geneticists: applying preimplantation genetic diagnosis for non-medical sex selection

The arguments against the use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for non-medical sex selection are analysed. It is concluded that the distinction between medical and non-medical reasons is difficult to maintain, that the disproportionality of means and end is not a decisive counterargument and that the fear of damage to the reputation of PGD does not justify the refusal of controversial applications. Moreover, since non-medical sex selection does not belong to basic health care, it should not be equally accessible to all. The position defended in this article is founded on two basic principles: (1) medical reasons have priority on non-medical reasons, and (2) personal reasons do not qualify for public funding. In order to respect both principles, it is proposed that restrictions should be installed to control the number of requests for social sexing and that a tax should be imposed on these elective services. The tax should compensate the society for the investment it made in the training and education of the physician. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Re-considering product design: a practical “road-map” for integration of sustainability issues

The proliferation of sustainability assessment principles, strategies, actions, and tools has created confusion about pathways forward for companies. It is unclear how existing approaches are complementary or distinct. How does a company assess current products and materials? How could designers create more sustainable products? What criteria, principles, approaches, and tools should be applied? Why? Is there a practical “road map” to guide product designers and product development managers in integrating sustainability issues into their decision-making processes?This article builds on previous frameworks for understanding the interconnections between various assessment principles, strategies, actions, and tools related to industrial ecology, human and labor rights, and corporate social responsibility [Waage S, Geiser K, Irwin F, Weissman A, Bertolucci M, Fisk P, et al. Fitting together the building blocks for sustainability: a revised model for integrating ecological, social, and financial factors into business decision-making. Journal of Cleaner Production 2005;13(12):1117–206; Robèrt K-H, Schmidt-Bleek B, Aloisi de Larderel J, Basile G, Jansen JL, Kuehr R, et al. Strategic sustainable development—selection, design and synergies of applied tools. Journal of Cleaner Production 2002;10(3):197–214; Robèrt K-H. Tools and concepts for sustainable development, how do they relate to a framework for sustainable development, and to each other? Journal of Cleaner Production 2000;8(3):243–54]. Expanding on past work, this piece suggests a “road map” for application by product designers and product development managers. A four-phase process is offered for integrating systems and sustainability perspectives into product design, manufacturing, and delivery decisions.     

丹江口水库库边降雨径流中有机氯农药赋存及风险评价

在南水北调中线源头区丹江口水库典型区域,根据不同土地利用类型修建了5组径流场来收集径流,研究了降雨径流水相及颗粒相中有机氯农药的分布特征及来源,并对其进行了风险评价.采用GC/MS对降雨径流中美国EPA优先控制的20种有机氯农药(OCPs)进行了检测分析.结果表明,径流颗粒物中有α-HCH和DDE两种有机氯农药检测出,而水相中仅有α-HCH一种有机氯农药检测出,不同利用类型土地径流颗粒物中OCPs含量的基本趋势为: 耕地(137.35ng/g)>果园(43.74ng/g) >山林(26.89ng/g),水相中OCPs含量的基本趋势为:耕地(1.94ng/L) >果园(1.90ng/L)>山林(1.19ng/L),说明耕地和果园受人为污染的影响,这和当地的开发情况也非常符合;同种土地利用类型径流中OCPs含量的基本趋势为: 10~15°耕地>5~10°耕地>0~5°耕地,由此可知,径流中OCPs含量随坡度的增加而增加,可能是由于坡度增大径流量也随之增大,降雨冲刷对土壤中有机氯农药的影响较大.对降雨径流中α-HCH和DDE进行源解析,α-HCH可能来自早期残留,部分也可能来自大气沉降;而DDE可能源之早期施用的DDT农药在好氧条件下分解产物.     

Selection of product categories for a national eco-labelling scheme in developing countries: a case study of Vietnamese manufacturing sub-sectors

Although the selection of product categories is a deciding factor for the success of eco-labelling schemes, there are no consistent methods for determining selection factors and how to prioritise product categories for developing countries (DgCs). This paper attempts to identify appropriate factors for product category selection and formulate a prioritisation method applicable to DgCs. We first examined the selection factors currently utilised in schemes worldwide by conducting a questionnaire survey of representatives of foreign schemes. Selection factors were illustrated on a plot graph, which indicated the percentage of factors implemented in the schemes of DgCs and developed countries (DGs), and their plausibility assessed when utilised in the schemes of DgCs. In this way, we proposed three groups of factors: an exclusion factor, five core factors and seven operational factors. Then, under the conditions of DgCs, such as socioeconomic issues and availability of data, we used and modified some judging guidelines of the European Ecolabel (the EU Flower), e.g. determining the environmental impacts and potential of environmental improvements, in the scoring method to prioritise product categories by weighting factors. In light of our findings, we utilised the proposed factors and modified the scoring method to prioritise the screened primary list of product categories of Vietnamese manufacturing sub-sectors. By scoring factor-based questions and prioritising in three ways, i.e. following the scoring method of the EU Flower programme, totalling all values with equal weighting, and totalling all values but by doubling the weighting of core factors compared with operational factors, we observed that the weighted prioritisation differentiates priority product categories more clearly than the other methods. We propose the two highest potential candidates for eco-labelling in Vietnam, namely textile/garment and fishery products.     

城市饮用水源地水质健康风险评价

介绍饮用水水源受到基因毒物质和躯体毒物质所致的健康危害的风险度计算模型,并应用于西安市饮用水源地饮水途径健康风险评价,分别计算出了各类污染物的风险度。结果表明：（1）基因毒物质镉所致健康风险大约为10^-7a^-1,躯体毒物质所致风险在10^-12～10^-10之间。所以,基因毒物质是首先控制的污染物质。（2）对于躯体毒物质,铅的风险度是最高的,躯体毒物质所致的风险度大小排序为Pb〉NH3-N〉Hg〉挥发酚。（3）饮用水中的所有有害物质的健康危害总风险度未超过国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）推荐的最大可接受限值5.0×10^-5a^-1,也没超过瑞典环保局、荷兰建设和环境部推荐的最大可接受水平6.0×10^-5a^-1。研究结果可直接确定该市地表水源水质的风险污染物的主次及治理的优先顺序,为该市地表水源水质风险管理提供了帮助。     

化学品环境管理技术支持体系中的标准和技术规范

分析了化学品环境管理的特点,提出了化学品环境管理技术支持体系的构建原则及基本内容。着重论述了化学品环境管理技术支持体系中化学品测试标准、化学品测试合格实验室标准、新化学物质危害评估标准、现有化学物质风险评价标准和中国现有化学物质名录等5个重要标准和技术规范的意义、作用、主要内容及其相互关系。结合有关标准和技术规范研究的进展,提出了持续性改进的建议。      

A synthetical methodology for identifying priority pollutants in reclaimed water based on meta-analysis

Wastewater reclamation and reuse is an increasing global project, while the reclamation treatment on wastewater does not completely remove all pollutants in water. The residual pollutants in reclaimed water would cause potential risk on human health and ecosystem safety during the long-term use. It is impossible to analyze and control all pollutants one by one in practice, therefore, identification and control of priority pollutants will be efficient strategy to ensure the safe use of reclaimed ...     

包装印刷行业挥发性有机物控制技术评估与筛选

挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)是造成我国城市大气污染的主要因素之一,包括包装印刷行业活动等在内的工业源是VOCs污染的重要来源.工业源的治理技术众多,如何选择合适的治理技术是面临的主要问题.本文在包装印刷行业VOCs排放特点及现有治理技术的研究基础上,针对包装印刷行业中典型的复合膜干复工艺VOCs排放与治理,以层次分析法为模型,构建该行业VOCs控制技术评估体系,对包装印刷行业现有治理技术进行综合评估,筛选出最佳可行控制技术,为包装印刷行业VOCs减排控制提供了技术支持.结果表明,包括吸附回收和热力焚烧在内的7种技术,其技术优先顺序为:碳纤维吸脱附>颗粒炭吸脱附>直接燃烧>蓄热燃烧>催化燃烧>转轮浓缩燃烧>活性炭浓缩燃烧,其中碳纤维吸脱附技术综合评估权重较高,为最优控制技术.     

国内恶臭污染物优先控制的筛选研究

从国内恶臭污染控制现状的实际情况出发,研究了优先控制恶臭污染物的筛选原则和筛选方法,建立了恶臭物质的定量评估指标体系,通过综合评分法对主要恶臭物质进行筛选和排序,在此基础上提出了30种优先控制恶臭污染物名单。     

The role of public policy in advancement of product service systems

This article discusses developments in the area of product service systems (PSS) and the need to facilitate the proliferation of the PSS approach through public policies. The article argues that policies that establish the framework conditions for environmental improvement are preferable to detailed legislation as they favour environmentally superior PSS. However, there is also a need for more specifically targeted policy measures that stimulate knowledge creation and dissemination in the PSS area. This article suggests that informative policy measures should be used by authorities and reviews the results from the functional programme of the Swedish EPA as an example of this type of policy.     

填充新型抗菌PVA小球的固定柱床的应用

通过优化的PVA-H₃BO₃包埋法制备了抗菌PVA小球,并用新制备的小球填充柱床进行水处理研究. 结果表明:抗菌PVA小球具有良好的杀菌性能,在杀生剂添加量为m(杀生剂)∶m(PVA)3∶2时,杀菌率达到(92±2)%;扫描电子显微镜显示,包埋了杀生剂的抗菌PVA凝胶小球是一种多孔性的球形颗粒,结构较密实,并且包埋效果理想. 随着填充高度的升高、处理液与抗菌材料接触时间(停留时间)的延长、处理液出口端流量的减小, 填充柱的杀菌性能逐渐升高;对于30mm×300mm的填充柱,当填充高度≥20cm, 停留时间≥0.5 h,出口端流量为2.7 mL/s时, 杀菌效果较好. 对于50mm×500mm的填充柱,在填充高度为10 cm,停留时间为0.5 h,出口端流量为2.7 mL/s时,其杀菌率为(93±1)%.      

新化学物质环境管理技术规范体系的构建

概述了新化学物质申报制度及其配套的技术规范,指出了现有新化学物质环境管理技术规范中存在的对风险评价指导不足、缺乏整体规划、个别技术规范过时或有错误等主要问题,提出了从风险评价和风险控制出发,以与国际接轨为原则,以新化学物质申报全过程为纲,针对申报物质确定、申报材料准备、风险评价、社会经济影响分析、分类管理和风险控制等不同阶段,通过制订新的技术规范或修订原有技术规范的方式,分别建立相应的技术规范,以构建新化学物质环境管理技术规范体系;并通过5年一周期的复审和持续改进机制,不断完善新化学物质环境管理技术规范体系.      

电化学传感器法监测室内空气中甲醛

通过用国家标准GB/T 18204.26-2000酚试剂分光光度法与电化学传感器原理的PPM-400 ST甲醛检测仪（PPM-Tech）相对比,并对可能影响甲醛检测仪监测结果的环境因素如空气中干扰物、风速、温度、湿度等进行研究。在95%置信度下,两种方法所得数据配对t检验的结果,差别无显著性意义;并将两种方法测得的数据进行相关分析,其回归方程式：y（传感器法）=0.004 6＋1.03x（酚试剂法）,相关系数为r=0.993 4。研究结果表明PPM-400 ST甲醛快速检测便携式仪器具有轻巧、方便、快捷、可靠、实时检测甲醛浓度的优点,检测结果与现有国家标准方法具有好的可比性。     

PFOS对太湖水体中典型鱼和食鱼鸟的次生毒性风险

全氟辛烷磺酰(PFOS)是我国环境中广泛存在的一种全氟类污染物,对生态环境存在潜在威胁.本文采用PFOS对我国食物链中鸟类与哺乳动物的毒性数据,根据欧盟现有化学物质风险评价技术指导文件,对PFOS的食物链的预测无效应浓度(PNEC经口)进行推导,并初步对我国太湖水生食物链进行次生毒性风险评价.结果表明,PFOS的次生毒性PNEC经口为0.04 mg·kg-1.PFOS太湖水体9种鱼和1种食鱼鸟的次生毒性风险商均小于1.根据本文收集的数据,PFOS对太湖水生食物链的次生毒性风险较小.该研究为我国PFOS的次生毒性风险评价提供科学依据.     

高海拔地区生态可持续发展策略刍论

通过生物多样性调查及参照国内外对该区域的研究资料基础上,充分认识了高海拔地区基本特点及其重要性,系统阐述了目前高海拔地区在生态可持续发展过程中所面临的问题及限制因素,提出全面开展生物多样性调查,确立生态保护优先区,建立保护区网络,加强区域物质、科技、人才等基础建设,建立健全生态保护投入机制,加强立法与监管,实行合理的生态移民政策等区域生态可持续发展策略,为当前和今后我国高海拔地区的区域开发及进一步开展生态领域研究提供参考。