电场强度对Fe(Ⅲ)强化电动修复Zn污染土壤效果的影响

在土壤修复技术中,电动力学修复技术具有处理效果好,没有二次污染,适用性广等特点。利用铁盐作为阴极电解液,柠檬酸-柠檬酸钠作为阳极电解液,结合阳离子膜研究不同电场强度(1.0 V·cm~(-1)、0.6 V·cm~(-1)、0.2 V·cm~(-1))对电动修复Zn污染土壤的影响,以期为电动修复技术的推广和应用提供理论基础。结果表明:在利用铁盐溶液作为阴极电解液时,Fe(Ш)可以消耗OH-,加快电解,有效维持土壤p H值,修复后土壤各截面的p H范围在3.1~9.8之间;随着电场强度的增大,电流逐渐增大,促进了土壤中Zn的解析,去除效率逐渐提高。随着电场强度的递减,相对应土壤截面Zn的最大去除率分别为86.47%、58.36%、41.72%;当电场强度为1 V·cm~(-1),修复400 h后土壤中Zn的总去除率达到54.1%。     

重金属污染土壤的电动原位修复技术研究

电动力学修复技术作为一种新型的修复技术,由于其处理土壤污染的高效性,近几年来受到了越来越多的关注。综述了电动力学修复技术原理及近几年来其在重金属修复中的最新研究进展,阐述了电动力学修复技术相对于其它修复技术的优势,并指出了电动修复技术中需要克服的技术障碍,探讨了其大规模商业应用的可行性。电动技术能够强化土壤物质的传质过程,能够高效、快速定向迁移土壤中重金属离子达到去除的目的;同时电动技术可以与其它修复技术结合发展出系列组合修复技术,具有广泛的应用前景。从单一电动到复合电动是今后电动力学技术发展的重要方向。目前对污染物质复合电动力学效应下的迁移机理及模型、不同土壤性质(组分、酸碱性等)对于污染物质去除效率及其调控措施的研究仍需进一步深入。     

黄棕壤镉污染的电动修复及肥力的提升

近些年来,有关施加电场以去除土壤中污染物的报道较多,但是关于电动力学对土壤肥力的影响方面的报道很少。文章研究了电动力学(1V·cm-1)对土壤肥力的影响。修复前后测量的指标有土壤有机质(SOM)、pH、电导率(EC)、氧化还原电位(ORP)、有效氮、速效磷、速效钾。镉质量分数约为100mg·kg-1的模拟污染土壤经电动力学处理60h后,镉的平均去除效率为71%。土壤中的有效氮、速效磷和速效钾分别平均增加38.49%、47.55%和26.81%,同时TOC也增加了7.96%。总之,电动力学修复后,土壤的肥力有了明显的提升。研究结果表明,电动力学在有效去除土壤中镉的同时还能提升土壤的肥力,是一种可行的土壤修复技术。     

土壤铜镉污染的电动力学修复实验

针对土壤典型重金属污染修复问题,通过实验方法研究了土壤铜镉污染的电动力学修复效果,并分析其迁移变化特征.实验结果表明,在电场作用下土壤中重金属的质量分数发生明显变化,使得大部分重金属能在电极附近富集而被去除,且土壤的pH值等是影响电动力学修复效果的重要因素.污染物Cd和Cu在电场作用下主要是在阴极附近产生富集,迁移方向由阳极向阴极,表明电场作用加强重金属Cd和Cu迁移效果.当实验电压为0.5 V/cm时,在阳极附近土壤中镉的去除效率为75.1%,铜的去除效率达到77.9%.另外,电动修复中由于阴阳两极的氧化还原反应造成电极附近pH值产生明显变化,其中阳极附近的pH值由开始时的7.5逐渐变小到4.7,而阴极附近则相反,由开始时的7.2逐渐增大到9.4,表明土壤的酸碱条件变化明显.     

化学强化植物修复复合污染土壤研究进展

近年来,土壤复合污染问题日趋严峻,且修复难度往往较大.在复合污染土壤众多修复技术中,植物修复因成本低、易实施、环境友好等特点而颇具潜力.然而植物修复存在周期长、效率低的局限性.因此,围绕植物开展的联合强化修复技术研究,成为复合污染土壤治理修复的新途径,其中化学强化植物修复技术研究备受关注.本文综述了化学强化植物修复3种复合污染土壤的效果,对比分析了不同化学强化措施的作用特点和异同,并对该技术的研究方向提出了展望.     

石油污染土壤的微生物修复及土壤微生物活性变化

为快速有效地测定石油污染土壤中功能性微生物的活性变化,分别以石油烃、正十六烷烃、多环芳烃为自定义碳源,应用Biolog法研究油污土壤生物修复过程中石油烃、烷烃、多环芳烃降解菌的代谢活性.结果显示,向油污土壤中投加混合降解菌群进行生物强化修复处理,可以有效去除土壤中的石油烃,修复13周土壤中石油烃去除率达到42.3%;生物刺激和自然修复对土壤石油烃的去除率分别为28.3%和20.5%.Biolog测定结果表明,生物强化法修复初期的土壤微生物群落对石油烃、烷烃两种碳源的代谢能力较强,而生物刺激法修复后期的土壤微生物群落对烷烃有较强的代谢能力;不同处理的土壤微生物群落比较偏好、利用率较高的碳源是石油烃,其次是烷烃,而对多环芳烃几乎不利用;土壤中石油烃、烷烃降解菌的活性越大,土壤微生物对石油烃的去除效率越高.上述研究结果说明,通过利用Biolog法测定土壤微生物活性变化可有效指示土壤中石油烃的去除效果.     

洞庭湖区不同土地利用方式对土壤酶活性的影响

对洞庭湖区不同土地利用方式下与主要营养元素循环相关的关键土壤酶(蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶)进行分析研究,结果表明,在0-30 cm土层,土地利用方式对4种酶活性的影响极其显著,且随土层深度的增加,土壤酶活性受土地利用方式的影响逐渐减小.碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶与脲酶在整个土壤刮面中受到土地利用方式的影响都较大,而过氧化氢酶对土地利用方式的响应只限于0-30 cm土层.不同土地利用方式下土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均随土层深度的增加呈下降趋势,表明土壤有机质的分解、土壤营养元素的循环与土壤剖面结构息息相关.     

废铁屑修复汞污染土壤的实验研究

应用工厂废弃物—铁屑做原料,探讨不同铁屑投加量对修复不同土壤类型、不同程度汞污染土壤的能力,并与修复水体汞污染作了对比;另外,首次将淋滤法与国际上新兴的土壤、地下水修复技术-PRB技术结合,研究其修复土壤汞污染的效果。结果表明,废铁屑可很快去除水体中的汞,去除率可达93%;在铁屑存在下,能一定程度预防和修复土壤汞污染,在相同水体汞污染程度条件下,时间是影响土壤汞污染程度的主要因素;在CaCl2淋洗液作用下的模拟PRB实验中,土壤有效汞含量降低,同时淋洗液中汞质量浓度低于1μg·L-1。因此,用废铁屑能有效预防和修复土壤汞污染,且将淋滤法与PRB技术联用,与将铁屑直接撒入土壤中相比效果好得多,且不会引起后续的水体二次污染,是一种很有应用潜力、值得深入研究的土壤修复方法。     

表面活性剂对土壤中重金属清洗及有效态的影响

采用两种常用的表面活性剂-十二烷基苯磺酸钠(阴离子型)、Tween-80(非离子型),对锦州铁合金厂周边Zn、Cd及Pb重金属污染土壤进行化学修复试验,研究两种表面活性剂对重金属Zn、Cd及Pb的去除率及化学形态影响.结果表明,随着表面活性剂浓度的提高,两种表面活性剂对Pb、Cd及Zn的去除作用增强,Tween-80溶液的浓度越高,对重金属的萃取效果越好,对重金属的去除能力大小顺序为Cd>Zn>Pb,最大去除率分别为83.07%、56.78%及42.57%;十二烷基苯磺酸钠在低浓度时对Cd和Pb的去除效果不明显,而对金属Zn的去除效果较好,在0.09 mol.L-1时达到最大值83.86%;与淋溶前土壤中重金属有效态含量相比较,经不同浓度十二烷基苯磺酸钠淋洗后土壤中Cd有效态含量随LAS浓度的升高而先增加后下降,而Pb的有效态含量随十二烷基苯磺酸钠升高而增加;经不同浓度Tween-80淋洗后土壤中Zn及Cd有效态含量都是随Tween-80浓度的升高而先增加后下降,Pb有效态含量随Tween-80升高而下降.     

硝基酚、六氯苯污染土壤的微波修复

以典型有机污染物4-硝基酚(4-nitrophenol,4-NP)和六氯苯(hexachlorobenzene,HCB)污染土壤为处理对象,采用高效吸收微波且保温性能良好的碳化硅材料制成圆柱状装土容器,研究以微波为热源、碳化硅为热传导材料的微波修复设备对污染土壤的修复效果.结果表明,该设备对土壤中有机污染物有较好的去除效果,30 min内去除率均可达到90%以上.有机物的去除不仅是由于碳化硅被加热后的热传递效应,且透过容器的部分微波也可直接作用于污染土壤.实验考察了微波辐照时间、污染物初始浓度、土壤量及含水率、敏化剂等因素对修复效果的影响.辐照时间、土壤量和含水量显著影响土壤升温行为和污染物去除率,而污染物初始污染浓度对去除率影响较小.与马弗炉加热处理效果进行了比较,表明微波加热修复技术在土壤的升温速率及有机物去除率方面均有显著优势.     

Electrochemical remediation of phenanthrene from contaminated kaolinite

In this work a two-stage process combining soil electrokinetic remediation and liquid electrochemical oxidation for the remediation of polluted soil with organic compounds has been developed and evaluated using phenanthrene-spiked kaolinite. Application of an unenhanced electrokinetic process resulted in negligible removal of phenanthrene from the kaolinite sample. Addition of co-solvents and electrolyte to the processing fluid used in the electrode chambers enhanced phenanthrene desorption from the kaolinite matrix and favoured electro-osmotic flow. Near-complete removal of phenanthrene was achieved using Na₂SO₄ and ethanol in the processing fluid. Phenanthrene was transported towards the cathode chamber where it was collected. The cathodic solution containing the pollutant was treated by electrochemical oxidation; complete degradation of phenanthrene occurred after 9 h using Na₂SO₄ as electrolyte.     

模拟镉污染土壤的电动力学修复研究

采用阳离子交换膜调控电解过程中pH值的变化和电解富集土壤中的元素,在pH=5.0的缓冲溶液中进行土壤的电动强化处理.通过对镉形态的分析,找到镉在电场中迁移转换的规律.在处理时间内,阳极附近镉的去除率达99%以上,阴极镉的富积系数达2.026,表明电场对土壤中重金属的迁移溶出有强化去除作用.     

粉煤灰复合吸附剂的研制及其在工业废水除氟中的应用

粉煤灰复合吸附剂是一种新型得除氟剂，具有良好的吸附性能，在一定条件下，可用于处理高含氟量的工业废水，粉煤灰复合吸附剂处理50mg/L左右的含F^－废水时，当投加量为0．6％－0．8％时，去除率可达90％以上，从而达到排放标准，粉煤灰复合吸附剂所需原料易得，除氟后可将原料固化制成建筑用砖，合理利用。     

Evaluation of Electrokinetic Remediation of Arsenic-contaminated Soils

The potential of electrokinetic (EK) remediation technology has been successfully demonstrated for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated fine-grained soils through laboratory scale and field application studies. Arsenic contamination in soil is a serious problem affecting both site use and groundwater quality. The EK technology was evaluated for the removal of arsenic from two soil samples; a kaolinite soil artificially contaminated with arsenic and an arsenic-bearing tailing-soil taken from the Myungbong (MB) gold mine area. The effectiveness of enhancing agents was investigated using three different types of cathodic electrolytes; deionized water (DIW), potassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The results of the experiments on the kaolinite show that the potassium phosphate was the most effective in extracting arsenic, probably due to anion exchange of arsenic species by phosphate. On the other hand, the sodium hydroxide seemed to be the most efficient in removing arsenic from the tailing-soil. This result may be explained by the fact that the sodium hydroxide increased the soil pH and accelerated ionic migration of arsenic species through the desorption of arsenic species as well as the dissolution of arsenic-bearing minerals.     

三种表面活性剂对高浓度DDTs污染土壤的洗脱作用

以高浓度滴滴涕(DDTs)污染场地土壤为研究对象,采用表面活性剂洗脱试验,比较研究了聚氧乙烯山梨糖醇酐单硬脂酸酯(Tween60)、辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚(TritonX 100)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)对污染土壤中DDTs的洗脱效率.试验结果表明,三种表面活性剂对污染土壤中DDTs均具有一定的洗脱作用,去离子水对DDTs几乎没有洗脱效果.随着洗脱液中Tween60和SDS质量浓度的逐渐升高,土壤中DDTs的总洗脱效率逐渐增大,一次性洗脱时最大洗脱效率分别为43.60%和34.62%.随着洗脱液中TritonX 100质量浓度的逐渐升高,土壤中DDTs的总洗脱效率出现先增大后降低再升高的变化现象,最大为15.46%.土壤中六种DDT组分的洗脱效率不完全一样,其中Tween60对2,4'-DDD的洗脱效率可达55.12%,对4,4'-DDD的洗脱效率为54.09%;SDS对2,4'-DDD的洗脱效率为59.99%,对4,4'-DDD的洗脱效率为57.10%.试验结果可为筛选适宜的表面活性剂及质量浓度,研发高浓度DDTs污染场地土壤表面活性剂洗脱修复技术的工程应用提供理论依据.     

安徽省土壤中氟分布的研究

安徽省２２９ 个土壤剖面土壤总氟和土壤水溶性氟含量测定数据表明,５ 个地理分区之间土壤总氟差异不大,Ａ 层和Ｃ层均值分别为５２２ ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ 和６０４ ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ;而土壤水溶性氟在不同地区之间的差异显著,其分布规律是自北向南降低：淮北平原＞ 江淮丘陵＞ 沿江平原＞ 皖南山区＞ 大别山区。土壤总氟与土壤水溶性氟无相关性。     

A feasibility study on bioelectrokinetics for the removal of heavy metals from tailing soil

The combination of bioremediation and electrokinetics, termed bioelectrokinetics, has been studied constantly to enhance the removal of organic and inorganic contaminants from soil. The use of the bioleaching process originating from Fe- and/or S-oxidizing bacteria may be a feasible technology for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. In this study, the bioleaching process driven by injection of S-oxidizing bacteria, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, was evaluated as a pre-treatment step. The bioleaching process was sequentially integrated with the electrokinetic soil process, and the final removal efficiency of the combined process was compared with those of individual processes. Tailing soil, heavily contaminated with Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, and As, was collected from an abandoned mine area in Korea. The results of geochemical studies supported that this tailing soil contains the reduced forms of sulfur that can be an energy source for A. thiooxidans. From the result of the combined process, we could conclude that the bioleaching process might be a good pre-treatment step to mobilize heavy metals in tailing soil. Additionally, the electrokinetic process can be an effective technology for the removal of heavy metals from tailing soil. For the sake of generalizing the proposed bioelectrokinetic process, however, the site-specific differences in soil should be taken into account in future studies.     

Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of chromium-contaminated soil using approaching anodes

As a new technology used for the cleaning of chromium-contaminated soil, worldwide interest in eletrokinetic (EK) remediation has grown considerably in recent times. However, owing to the fact that chromium exists as both cationic and anionic species in the soil, it is not an efficient method. This paper reports upon a study in which a process using approaching anodes (AAs) was used to enhance the removal efficiency of chromium by eletrokinetics. Two bench-scale experiments to remove chromium from contaminated soil were performed, one using a fixed anode (FA) and the other using AAs. In the AAs experiment, the anode moved toward the cathode by 7 cm every three days. After remediation, soil pH, total chromium, and fractionation of chromium in the soil were determined. The average removal efficiency of total chromium was 11.32% and 18.96% in the FA and AAs experiments, respectively. After remediation, acidic soil conditions throughout the soil were generated through the use of AAs, while 80% of the soil remained neutral or alkalic when using the FA approach. The acidic soil environment and high field intensity in the AAs experiment might have favored chromium desorption, dissolution and dissociation from the soil, plus the mobility of chromium in the soil was also enhanced. The results demonstrate that AAs used in the process of EK remediation can enhance the efficiency of chromium removal from soil.     

氢氧化铝废渣处理含氟废水的研究

在一定条件下氢氧化铝废渣活化处理,用于处理５０ｍｇ／Ｌ的含氟废水,投加量为２‰,ｐＨ值为６￣１１,去氟率达９６％。吸附平衡浓度与吸附量关系符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ等温式,求出２０．０℃、２５．０℃、３０．０℃时的饱和吸附量和吸附系数。其吸附速度符合鲛岛吸附动力学方程式。     

Validation of polymer-based nano-iron oxide in further phosphorus removal from bioeffluent: laboratory and scaledup study

The efficient removal of phosphorous from water is an important but challenging task. In this study, we validated the applicability of a new commercially available nanocomposite adsorbent, i.e., a polymer-based hydrated ferric oxide nanocomposite (HFO-201), for the further removal of phosphorous from the bioeffluent discharged from a municipal wastewater treatment plant, and the operating parameters such as the flow rate, temperature and composition of the regenerants were optimized. Laboratory-scale results indicate that phosphorous in real bioeffluent can be effectively removed from 0.92 mg·L^-1 to<0.5 mg·L^-1 (or even<0.1 mg·L^-1 as desired) by the new adsorbent at a flow rate of 50 bed volume (BV) per hour and treatable volume of 3500–4000 BV per run. Phosphorous removal is independent of the ambient temperature in the range of 15°C–40°C. Moreover, the exhausted HFO-201 can be regenerated by a 2% NaOH+ 5% NaCl binary solution for repeated use without significant capacity loss. A scaled-up study further indicated that even though the initial total phosphorus (TP) was as high as 2 mg·L^-1, it could be reduced to<0.5 mg·L^-1, with a working capacity of 4.4–4.8 g·L^-1 HFO-201. In general, HFO-201 adsorption is a choice method for the efficient removal of phosphate from biotreated waste effluent.