不同混凝剂对污泥脱水性能的影响研究

采用无机和有机混凝剂对污泥进行调理,通过测定污泥比阻、Zeta电位以及污泥上清液中蛋白质、多糖和DNA含量,同时结合污泥上清液的三维荧光光谱分析,研究了不同混凝剂及其投加量对污泥脱水性能的影响.结果表明:当聚合氯化铝(PAC)、高效聚合氯化铝(HPAC)和氯化铁(FeCl3)的投加量在干污泥量的10%附近时,污泥比阻值最小,同时三维荧光强度值也最小,Zeta电位以及上清液中蛋白质、多糖和DNA的含量基本趋于稳定.无机混凝剂与有机混凝剂联合作用调理污泥后其脱水效果明显优于单一混凝剂调理.有机混凝剂与无机混凝剂投加顺序对污泥脱水性能影响显著,先投加无机混凝剂再投加有机混凝剂的脱水效果最佳,研究筛选出两种混凝剂联合作用调理污泥后,其脱水效果顺序为10%PAC+0.5%PAM>10%FeCl3+0.5%PAM>10%HPAC+0.5%PAM.     

铝、铁、钛3种金属盐基混凝剂调理污泥的性能比较

以铝盐、铁盐和钛盐混凝剂为研究对象,重点比较了3种混凝剂的污泥调理性能.通过测定调理前后污泥比阻、胞外聚合物中蛋白质和多糖的含量变化,结合三维荧光光谱与分子量变化分析及调理前后污泥尺寸大小与颗粒表面形貌变化,系统比较了它们对污泥的调理性能,并揭示了调理机制.3种无机混凝剂的污泥调理能力依次为:聚合氯化铝(PAC)、钛凝胶混凝剂(TXC)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS);调理后,污泥胞外聚合物中蛋白质和多糖含量明显降低;PFS和TXC对有机物的结合能力要强于PAC,疏松结合的胞外聚合物中多糖含量是影响污泥脱水性能的关键因素;调理过程中3种混凝剂所形成污泥颗粒的大小顺序为:TXCPFSPAC,所形成污泥颗粒的大小并非影响污泥脱水性能的关键因素,无机混凝剂电中和能力和与有机物的络合能力共同影响无机混凝剂的污泥调理性能.本研究为污泥调理混凝剂的选取提供了实验和理论依据.     

缺氧酸化联合零价铁-过氧化氢改善污泥脱水性能的研究

为探讨缺氧酸化联合零价铁(ZVI)-过氧化氢(H_2O_2)调理对污泥脱水性能的影响,本文通过单因素试验,以污泥比阻(SRF)作为参考指标,系统考察了调理条件对污泥脱水性能的影响.同时,在试验的最佳调理条件下,分析了污泥各层胞外聚合物(EPS)有机物质量浓度及荧光光谱强度以阐明该联合作用机理.结果表明,当初始pH为2,ZVI投加量为280 mg·g~(-1)(以干污泥量(DS)计,下同),缺氧时间为4 h,H_2O_2投加量为30 mg·g~(-1)(以DS计,下同),类芬顿反应时间为10 min时,SRF降低了90.39%,处理效果较单独类芬顿处理提升了1倍.机理探究试验表明,在缺氧条件下,酸化处理可加速污泥的水解,溶解得到更多的二价铁离子,促使EPS结构发生改变;ZVI-H_2O_2调理可有效地氧化部分EPS,使得紧密结合胞外聚合物(TB-EPS)破解转化至松散结合胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)和上清液胞外聚合物(SB-EPS).EPS分析结果表明,蛋白质的减少能有效提高污泥脱水性能,腐殖酸和富里酸类有机物的产生能提高污泥疏水性能.此外,ZVI的再次利用效率高,重复利用仍能使SRF降低率达到82.04%.因此,缺氧酸化联合ZVI-H_2O_2处理能实现污泥的水解、氧化和絮凝过程,达到改善污泥脱水性能的目的.     

混凝调理印染污泥脱水研究

通过对佛山市某工业园集中式印染污水处理厂的污泥进行调查和研究,分别考察了单独使用聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)以及两种混凝剂联合使用调理印染污泥效果。实验表明:使用单一调理剂PAC、CPAM时,污泥离心脱水后含水率分别为89.02%和84.88%。经真空抽滤,测得污泥比阻为3.46×1012,0.687×1012m/kg,所得泥饼含水率分别为77.04%和75.24%。使用两种混凝剂联合调理印染污泥,离心后污泥含水率为86.18%。真空抽滤脱水后,污泥比阻为6.007×1012m/kg,滤饼含水率为75.28%。因此针对该污水厂产生的印染污泥,优选投加CPAM,投加量为50 mg/L。     

洁霉素药渣灰改善城市污泥脱水性能研究

污泥脱水是污泥处置的重要步骤,利用废物洁霉素药渣灰和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对污泥进行调理,根据污泥脱水性能的相关指标变化,探讨其对污泥脱水性能改善的效果及机理。研究结果表明,单独使用洁霉素药渣灰调理城市污泥,投加量为8 g/L时,污泥沉降比(SV)为51%,污泥比阻(SRF)减小28%;洁霉素药渣灰联合PAM使用时,比单独使用PAM的污泥可压缩性系数下降40.53%;污泥扫描电镜(SEM)图片表明,经过洁霉素药渣灰处理的污泥,污泥结构发生明显变化,能形成致密且具有相对较大孔径的絮体;污泥热重(TG-DTG)曲线显示,与原污泥相比,洁霉素药渣灰联合PAM调理污泥的脱水起始温度和热重峰明显前移,污泥脱水性能明显得到改善,在污泥最佳脱水条件下协同使用洁霉素药渣灰和PAM,8 kg洁霉素药渣灰相当于24 g PAM,但是二者的脱水机理不同。     

芬顿反应强化污泥脱水试验及机理研究

胞外聚合物(EPS)是影响剩余污泥脱水性能的关键因素。脱水试验过程中,将芬顿试剂和剩余污泥混合,控制芬顿试剂和稀硫酸的投加量,测定剩余污泥的毛细吸收时间和比阻,总结出芬顿反应对剩余污泥脱水性能的影响规律。试验表明:Fenton反应的最佳条件是pH为3,H_2O_2投加量为12.4g/L,Fe~(2+)投加量为1.5g/L,反应12min后,对应的毛细吸水时间(CST)和污泥比阻(SRF)分别为21s和0.3×1012m/kg。分析表明:Fenton反应能够破坏剩余污泥中EPS的蛋白质和多糖成分,瓦解EPS锁水结构,改善污泥的脱水性能。     

聚硅硫酸铁改善活性污泥过滤脱水性能研究

对比了聚硅硫酸铁(PFSS)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对活性污泥过滤脱水性能的调理效果,重点考察不同投加量条件下,污泥比阻、毛细吸水时间(CST)、含水率、粒径以及污泥上清液中水质特性的变化,并通过总有机碳(TOC)和三维荧光(3D-EEM)探讨了污泥调理的作用机制。研究表明:在投加量93~140 kg/t(DS)的条件下,PFSS对污泥过滤脱水性能的调理效果优于PAM。污泥上清液中TOC含量随PFSS投加量的增加,呈现先降低后升高的趋势。3D-EEM分析表明:污泥溶胞后上清液中出现了类富里酸和疏水类有机酸物质,说明PFSS可通过释放污泥胞内水和结合水来提高污泥的脱水性能。     

活化过硫酸盐-骨架构建体协同污泥深度脱水研究

以市政污水处理厂污泥为处理对象,以污泥含水率、污泥比阻和固、液两相中有机物含量作为表征指标,研究了Fe~(2+)活化过硫酸盐与骨架构建体协同对污泥脱水性能的影响,并对其机理进行分析。实验结果表明,在过硫酸盐投加量为320 mg/g,n(Fe~(2+))∶n(SPS)为1.5∶1,石灰投加量为400 mg/g,粉煤灰投加量为500 mg/g时,污泥含水率可降低至54.09%,同时,脱水污泥中的有机质含量减少,滤液中的蛋白质和COD含量升高,污泥的脱水性能得到显著改善。     

Fenton试剂与骨架构建体复合调理剂对污泥脱水性能的影响

将Fenton试剂与骨架构建体联用作为复合调理剂开展了污泥调理及脱水试验.结果表明,赤泥与水泥作骨架构建体调理后,污泥脱水性能和脱水液pH均优于石灰与水泥调理污泥.以污泥比阻(SRF)为评价指标,开展了Fenton反应时间、初始pH及调理剂投加量对污泥脱水性能影响的单因素试验.当Fenton反应时间为90 min,初始pH为5,水泥、赤泥、Fe²⁺和H₂O₂的投加量(以污泥干固体质量计)分别为300、300、40和32 mg·g^-1时,污泥比阻降低率可达94.25%±0.21%.在此基础上,以泥饼含水率为响应指标,利用表面响应法对调理剂投加量进行优化.结果表明,水泥、赤泥、Fe²⁺和H₂O₂的投加量分别为287、287、46和37 mg·g^-1,泥饼含水率可降至47.7%±0.8%.调理后污泥的粒径减小,比表面积增大,粘度减小,Zeta电位由负变正,说明该复合调理剂能有效地破解胞外聚合物(EPS),提高污泥脱水性能.     

聚合硫酸铁对污泥脱水性能研究

采用聚合硫酸铁作为化学调理剂,对浓缩池污泥进行调理.以污泥比阻为主要指标考察了投药量、调理剂浓度、pH值和搅拌强度对污泥过滤脱水性能的影响;同时,考察了污泥经过沉降后上清液的浊度变化.调理实验结果表明,PFS的适宜调理参数为:投加量1mL,浓度6％,pH为7(未调节),快速搅拌速度120 rpm,慢速搅拌速度50 rpm.污泥经PFS调理后,比阻降低到1.56×10-14 m/kg,显然,调理剂影响污泥调理脱水效果和它们的种类、浓度和投加量等条件相关.     

芬顿试剂氧化对污泥脱水性能的影响

利用芬顿试剂调理污泥,以W_C(污泥滤饼含水率)和CST(毛细吸水时间)作为评价污泥脱水性能的指标,通过分析污泥中各层ρ(EPS)(EPS为胞外聚合物)和上清液中小分子有机物质量浓度来阐明污泥脱水性能的变化. 结果表明:芬顿试剂调理可促进EPS氧化分解,TB-EPS(紧密结合的胞外聚合物)破解转化为LB-EPS(松散结合的胞外聚合物)和S-EPS(上清液层胞外聚合物),大幅降低W_C和CST. 试验中当pH为4,w(H₂O₂)和 w(Fe2+)均为40 mg/g时,ρ(EPS)降低了33.04%,W_C和CST分别降至63.36%和28.7 s. Pearson相关性分析表明,ρ(TB-EPS)与W_C和CST均存在显著的正相关性(P＜0.01),是影响污泥脱水性能的重要因素,而ρ(LB-EPS)和ρ(S-EPS)与污泥脱水性能的相关性较低. 液相色谱分析表明,随着芬顿试剂投加量的增大,EPS等有机物分解程度增大,污泥上清液中小分子有机物种类明显增多,其质量浓度显著升高,ρ(甲酸)和ρ(乙酸)分别由原污泥的52.72、15.99 mg/L升至446.05、522.36 mg/L.      

高铁酸钾调理改善活性污泥脱水性能的反应机制研究

研究了高铁酸钾(K_2FeO_4)对处理活性污泥脱水性的效果,重点考察了不同pH和剂量条件下,K_2FeO_4调理对污泥过滤脱水特性和胞外聚合物(EPS)分布和组成的影响,以深入认识K_2FeO_4调理污泥的反应机制.研究表明,K_2FeO_4调理效果随pH值的降低而改善,其不仅有氧化裂解作用导致结合型EPS(BEPS)释放,同时其还原产物三价铁离子兼具混凝功效,能够通过电中和与界面吸附去除部分溶解性EPS(SEPS),同时压缩EPS结构,增强污泥絮体结构.此外,当pH值为3,K_2FeO_4投加量为0.1 g·g~(-1)(以TSS计)时,污泥过滤脱水速率和程度均达到最佳.过量投加K_2FeO_4(0.2 g·g~(-1),以TSS计)后,BEPS大量释放,污泥过滤阻力增加,脱水性能恶化.     

Effects of alkalinity on interaction between EPS and hydroxy-aluminum with different speciation in wastewater sludge conditioning with aluminum based inorganic polymer flocculant

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) form a stable gel-like structure to combine with water molecules through steric hindrance, making the mechanical dewatering of wastewater sludge considerably difficult. Coagulation/flocculation has been widely applied in improving the sludge dewatering performance, while sludge properties (organic fraction and solution chemistry conditions) are highly changeable and have important effects on sludge flocculation process. In this work, the alkalinity effects on sludge conditioning with hydroxy-aluminum were comprehensively investigated, and the interaction mechanisms between EPS and hydroxy-aluminum with different speciation were unraveled. The results showed that the effectiveness of hydroxy-aluminum conditioning gradually deteriorated with increase in alkalinity. Meanwhile, the polymeric hydroxy-aluminum (Al₁₃) and highly polymerized hydroxy-aluminum (Al₃₀) were hydrolysed and converted into amorphous aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)₃), which changed the flocculation mechanism from charge neutralization and complexing adsorption to hydrogen bond interaction. Additionally, both Al₁₃ and Al₃₀ showed higher binding capacity for proteins and polysaccharides in EPS than monomeric aluminum and Al(OH)₃. Al₁₃ and Al₃₀ coagulation changed the secondary structure of proteins in EPS, which caused a gelation reaction to increase molecular hydrophobicity of proteins and consequently sludge dewaterability. This study provided a guidance for optimizing the hydroxy-aluminum flocculation conditioning of sludge with high solution alkalinity.     

次氯酸钠与亚铁对污泥破解及脱水效果的影响

采用次氯酸钠（NaClO）与亚铁（Fe（II））结合处理污泥以提高污泥破解和脱水效能,考察了NaClO和Fe（II）投加量的影响,并通过定量和定性分析污泥中胞外聚合物质（EPS）的迁移转化,确定NaClO和Fe（II）对污泥脱水和破解的机制.试验结果表明,NaClO和Fe（II）投加量（以干泥固体计）分别为44 mg·g^-1和66 mg·g^-1时,污泥毛细吸吮时间（CST）从原泥的112 s下降到66.3 s.同时,NaClO/Fe（II）处理污泥能够使上清液中化学需氧量（COD）显著升高,并使污泥中紧密束缚型EPS（TB-EPS）和松散束缚型EPS（LB-EPS）转化成溶解性EPS（S-EPS）,导致S-EPS的溶解性有机碳（DOC）含量升高,而LB-EPS和TB-EPS的DOC含量降低.此外,NaClO/Fe（II）还能使污泥中有机物质矿化,使3种EPS中蛋白质类和腐殖酸类物质减少.NaClO和Fe（II）能够改善污泥脱水性能,强化污泥破解效果,利于污泥后续的处理处置.     

Settling and dewatering characteristics of granulated methane-oxidizing bacteria

We evaluated the settling ability and dewaterability of granulated methane-oxidizing bacteria (GMOB) after granulation using a continuous-flow reactor. A comparative analysis on settling and dewatering characteristics due to changes in sludge retention time (SRT, 10, 15 and 20 days) during cultivation of GMOB was conducted. In assessing dewaterability, the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) of activated sludge and GMOB was found to be 8.21×1013-2.38×1014 and 4.88 × 1012-1.98×1013 m/kg, respectively. It was confirmed that as SRT decreased, SRF of GMOB increased. In the case of bound extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), activated sludge registered 147.5 mg/g-VSS while GMOB exhibited 171-177.2 mg/g-VSS. In the case of extracellular polymeric substance soluble EPS in effluent, activated sludge measured 62 mg/L and GMOB had 17.4-21.4 mg/L. The particle size analysis showed that mean particle diameters of GMOB were 402, 369, and 350 μm, respectively, at SRTs of 20, 15 and 10 days. In addition, it was found that GMOB had a larger mean particle diameter and exhibited much better settleability and dewaterability than activated sludge did.     

二价铁活化过氧化钙提高剩余活性污泥的脱水性能

采用Fe²⁺活化过氧化钙（Fe²⁺/CaO₂）提高剩余污泥的脱水性能,考察初始pH值、Fe²⁺和CaO₂投加量对污泥脱水性能的影响,并进一步探究了实现污泥深度脱水的内在机制.结果表明,初始pH值为中性,Fe²⁺和CaO₂投加量（以VSS计）分别为3.31 mmol·g^-1和3.68 mmol·g^-1时,污泥的脱水效果最好,污泥比阻（SRF）和含水率（W_C）分别由20.99×10¹² m·kg^-1和86.61%降低至3.91×10¹² m·kg^-1和76.15%.Fe²⁺/CaO₂的氧化使污泥微生物细胞裂解,胞内有机物释放,胞外聚合物（EPS）降解;同时,Fe³⁺促使污泥颗粒再絮凝形成致密、多孔的絮体结构,有利于EPS结合水释放,实现污泥深度脱水.从技术和经济角度来看,Fe²⁺/CaO₂工艺经济实用,在提高剩余污泥脱水能力方面具有一定的应用前景.     

Enhancing sewage sludge dewaterability by bioleaching approach with comparison to other physical and chemical conditioning methods

The sewage sludge conditioning process is critical to improve the sludge dewaterability prior to mechanical dewatering. Traditionally, sludge is conditioned by physical or chemical approaches, mostly with the addition of inorganic or organic chemicals. Here we report that bioleaching, an efficient and economical microbial method for the removal of sludge-borne heavy metals, also plays a significant role in enhancing sludge dewaterability. The effects of bioleaching and physical or chemical approaches on sludge dewaterability were compared. The conditioning result of bioleaching by Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans on sludge dewatering was investigated and compared with the effects of hydrothermal (121℃ for 2 hr), microwave (1050 W for 50 sec), ultrasonic (250 W for 2 min), and chemical conditioning (24% ferric chloride and 68% calcium oxide; dry basis). The results show that the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) or capillary suction time (CST) of sludge is decreased by 93.1% or 74.1%, respectively, after fresh sludge is conditioned by bioleaching, which is similar to chemical conditioning treatment with ferric chloride and calcium oxide but much more effective than other conditioning approaches including hydrothermal, microwave, and ultrasonic conditioning. Furthermore, after sludge dewatering, bioleached sludge filtrate contains the lowest concentrations of chroma (18 times), COD (542 mg/L), total N (TN, 300 mg/L), NH₄⁺-N (208 mg/L), and total P (TP, 2 mg/L) while the hydrothermal process resulted in the highest concentration of chroma (660 times), COD (18,155 mg/L), TN (472 mg/L), NH₄⁺-N (381 mg/L), and TP (191 mg/L) among these selected conditioning methods. Moreover, unlike chemical conditioning, sludge bioleaching does not result in a significant reduction of organic matter, TN, and TP in the resulting dewatered sludge cake. Therefore, considering sludge dewaterability and the chemical properties of sludge filtrate and resulting dewatered sludge cakes, bioleaching has potential as an approach for improving sludge dewaterability and reducing the cost of subsequent reutilization or disposal of dewatered sludge.     

同时回收氮磷提高碱性发酵污泥脱水性能的机制研究

同时回收氮磷可以显著提高碱性发酵污泥的脱水性能,但是目前对其机制尚不清楚.通过批式试验,研究了ζ电位、二价离子、胞外聚合物、溶解性聚合物以及鸟粪石对碱性发酵污泥脱水性能的影响.结果表明,在最佳回收条件下(pH=10.0,n(P)/n(N)=1.3 mol.mol-1,n(Mg)/n(N)=1.9 mol.mol-1),镁离子不仅能使|ζ|电位减小到14 mV以下,而且使一价阳离子与二价阳离子比例降低到9 mol.mol-1以下;同时回收氮磷可以显著降低溶解性多聚物和胞外聚合物的含量,尤其是溶解性蛋白质和松散型胞外聚合物的含量;这些变化都促进了碱性发酵污泥的脱水.此外,鸟粪石的形成也有助于提高脱水效果.