超声辅助EDDS/EGTA淋洗对土壤重金属形态、环境风险的影响及响应面优化

采用响应面法实验设计研究了超声辅助EDDS/EGTA淋洗对Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd等不同重金属的洗脱效果和对残留重金属化学形态分布的影响,以超声功率、初始pH、EDDS投加量、EGTA投加量作为考察对象,以各重金属去除率及其环境风险削减率为响应值进行了模拟和优化.结果表明,EDDS对Pb的洗脱效率最高,Cu、Zn次之,Cd最低;EGTA对Cd的洗脱效率最高,Pb、Zn次之,Cu最低;超声功率对Cu、Pb去除强化效果明显,对Cd影响小,对Zn无显著影响;初始pH值为酸性时,Cu和Zn去除率高,碱性时Pb去除率较高,Cd去除率有所下降.EDDS与EGTA投加量及EGTA投加量与初始pH值对环境风险总削减率存在交互作用.超声辅助EDDS/EGTA对可还原态重金属洗脱效果较好,但容易导致弱酸提取态Cu和Pb残留率有所升高.响应面优化结果表明,当EDDS和EGTA投加量分别为重金属总摩尔数的1.92和2.56倍、超声功率为600 W、淋洗液初始pH值为5.27时,环境风险总削减率达到77.58%,与模拟值相近,模型具有较好的模拟和预测能力.     

Effect of incubation temperature and wet-dry cycle on the availabilities of Cd, Pb and Zn in soil

The effect of incubation temperature and wet-dry cycle on the availabilities of Cd, Pb and Zn was studied. Three soils with pH ranging from 3.8 to 7.3, organic carbon （OC） from 0.7% to 2.4%, and clay from 12.3% to 35.6% were selected. Soils were spiked with reagent grade Cd（NO3）2, Pb（NO3）2, and Zn（NO3）2 at concentrations of 30 mg Cd/kg soil, 300 mg Zn/kg soil and 2000 mg Pb/kg soil. The soils were incubated at 35, 60, 105℃, respectively and went through four wet-dry cycles. Metal availability in soils was estimated by soil extraction with 0.1 mol/L Ca（NO3）2. According to this study, the effect of the spiking temperature on the metal availabilities was different among the metals, soils and wet-dry cycles. Mostly, 35 ~C was the first recommended spiking temperature for Cd and Pb while no spiking temperature was obviously better than others for Zn. Three wet-dry cycles was recommended regardless of the type of metals and incubation temperature.     

生物螯合剂EDDS与非生物螯合剂EDTA联合施用下植物提取土壤重金属及潜在环境风险

本文通过盆栽试验研究单一螯合剂EDTA、EDDS以及复合螯合剂的不同EDTA/EDDS配比对玉米和油菜作物重金属Pb、Cu、Cd的富集程度,并且通过淋滤实验分析各种螯合剂处理的土壤淋滤液重金属含量和土壤营养元素流失情况。结果表明:螯合剂的存在明显增加了植物重金属Pb、Cu、Cd的富集系数。植物重金属Pb富集系数在添加复合螯合剂配比3(EDTA/EDDS=1:2)时,达到最高;重金属Cu富集系数在添加复合螯合剂配比2(EDTA/EDDS=2:1)时,达到最高7.3;重金属Cd富集系数在添加单一螯合剂EDTA时达最高。土壤重金属淋滤液浓度在添加复合螯合剂不同EDTA/EDDS配比时比单一施用螯合剂要低。玉米组淋滤液中TN平均浓度高低依次为EDTA > EDDS > 配比3 > 配比1 > 配比2。油菜组淋滤液中TN平均浓度高低依次为EDTA > EDDS > 配比1 > 配比2 > 配比3。玉米组TP平均流失浓度高于空白对照组TP平均流失浓度72%,油菜组TP平均流失浓度高于空白对照组TP平均流失浓度54%。     

低分子量有机酸提取土壤中部分重金属的拟合模型研究

为研究不同浓度低分子量有机酸与提取的土壤重金属含量之间的关系,本文以采自安徽省安庆市某铜矿区及其周围的土壤为例,通过浸提法,研究了不同浓度苹果酸、甲酸对采样点土壤中重金属Cu、Mn、Zn、Pb提取能力的影响并进行模型拟合.结果表明:不同浓度苹果酸和甲酸对采样点土壤中重金属的提取量不同,两种有机酸对低pH、高重金属含量采样点及其周围土壤中的重金属提取量较大,两种低分子量有机酸对S6采样点的重金属Mn的提取量最大,分别为322.5 mg·kg~(-1)和193.58 mg·kg~(-1),提取率达70.02%和42.03%,Zn、Pb次之,Cu最低;随着苹果酸、甲酸浓度的升高,土壤中重金属Cu、Mn、Zn、Pb的提取量增加,苹果酸对土壤中重金属的提取能力大于甲酸;拟合模型对于两种低分子量有机酸与其提取的土壤中部分重金属含量之间的关系,具有较好的拟合性,其决定系数R~2在0.8293～0.9990之间,都具有显著性(p0.05),该模型可以定量表征低分子量有机酸对土壤重金属的提取能力,此研究结果为土壤中重金属的固定化和增强植物修复受重金属污染的土壤提供了理论支持.     

Assessing availability, phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of lead to ryegrass and millet based on 0.1 mol/L Ca(NO3)2 extraction

This study was conducted to assess availability, phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of lead （Pb） to ryegrass （Lolium perenne L.） and millet （Echinochloa crusgalli） based on the 0.1 mol/L Ca（NO3）2 extraction. Effect of soil properties on availability, phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of Pb to the two plants was also evaluated. Five soils with pH values varying from 3.8 to 7.3, organic carbon （OC） contents from 0.7% to 2.4%, and clay contents from 11.6% to 35.6% were selected. Soils were spiked with Pb to achieve a range of concentrations： 250, 500, 1000, 3000 and 5000 mg/kg. Pb availability in the spiked soils was estimated by extracting soil with 0.1 mol/L Ca（NO3）2. The results indicate that plants yield decreased with decreasing soil pH and increased with increasing soil clay and OC content. Negative relationship between available Pb and the relative dry matter growth （RDMG） of the two plants were significantly related. Available Pb used to assess EC20 （20% effective concentration） and EC50 （50% effective concentration） of millet was 119 and 300 mg/kg, respectively. Available Pb used to assess EC20 and EC50 of ryegrass was 63 and 157 mg/kg, respectively. Bioaccumulation, expressed as bioconcentration factors of Pb, was inversely related to soil pH, soil OC and clay content. Strong relationships were found between available lead and uptake by the two plants （P was 0.92 and 0.95 respectively）. In general, 0.1 mol/L Ca（NO3）2 available Pb may be used to assess the availability, phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation of lead to the two plants tested.     

Elemental sulfur effects on Pb and Zn uptake by Indian mustard and winter wheat

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of elemental sulfur to contaminated soil on plant uptake by a heavy metal hyperaccumulator, Indian mustard( Brassica juncea ) and a field crop, winter wheat( Triticum. aestivum). Elemental sulfur(S) with different rates was carried out, they were 0(S0 ), 20(S20 ), 40(S40 ), 80(S80 ), and 160(S160 ) mmol/kg respectively. Extra pots with the same rates of S but without plants were used for soil sampling to monitor pH and CaCl2-extractable heavy metal changes. The results showed that S enhanced phytoextraction of Pb and Zn from contaminated soil. Application S effectively decreased soil pH down to 1.1 as the most at the rate of Sl60. The concentrations of CaCl2-extractable Pb and Zn in soil and uptake of Pb and Zn by the plants were increased with soil pH decreased. A good correlation between CaCl2-extractable Pb/Zn and soil pH was found( Rpb^2 = 0.847 and RZn^2 = 0,991, n = 25). With S application, soil CaCl2-extractable Pb and Zn concentrations, concentration of Pb and Zn in plants and the amount of removal by plant uptake were significanfly higher than those without S. Under the treatment of S160, the highest CaCl2-extmctable Pb and Zn were observed, they were 4.23 mg/kg and 0.40 mg/kg, 2.7 and 2.0 times as that of the control(So ) respectively. At the highest rates of S( Sl~0 ), both Indian mustard and winter wheat reached the highest uptake of Pb and Zn. The highest Pb concentrations in wheat and Indian mustard were 32.8 mg/kg and 537.0 mg/kg, all 1.8 times as that of the control, and the highest Zn concentrations in wheat and Indian mustard were 215.5 mg/kg and 404.0 mg/kg, 2.4 and 2.0 times as that of the control respectively. The highest removals of Pb and Zn from the contaminated soil were 0.41 rag/pot and 0.31 nag/pot by Indian mustard in the treatment of S160 through 50 days growth.     

Extraction of copper from sewage sludge using biodegradable chelant EDDS

[S,S]-Ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid(EDDS),a biodegradable chelant,was used to separate the heavy metals from the sewage sludge based on chemical extraction technology.Under various conditions,the extraction experiments were carried out for the sewage sludge from Shanghai Taopu Municipal Wastewater Plant,China.The influences ofpH and the concentration of EDDS on the extraction efficiency for copper(Cu)were discussed.The results showed that EDDS had higher extraction efficiency for Cu from the sewage slud...     

重庆渝北地区土壤重金属形态特征及其有效性评价

结合渝北地区土壤重金属全量及形态分析,对区内主要土壤类型(紫色土、石灰土、黄壤、水稻土)中的As、Cd、Cr、Pb形态构成特征、影响因素及有效性进行研究. 结果表明:不同土壤类型重金属形态构成差异明显,Cr、Pb在各土壤类型中均以残渣态为主;Cd在黄壤、紫色土中以离子态、残渣态为主,其中离子态平均构成在2类土中分别高达37.44%、29.97%. w(可利用态As)和w(可利用态Cr)在紫色土中的平均值分别为0.04和0.96mg/kg,w(可利用态Cd)在水稻土和紫色土中的平均值分别为0.13和0.09mg/kg,w(可利用态Pb)在黄壤中的平均值为1.94mg/kg,表现出较高生物有效性;石灰土中各重金属可利用态总体较低. w(可利用态As)、w(可利用态Cd)分别与As全量(以w计,下同)、Cd全量呈显著正相关;w(可利用态Cd)和w(可利用态Pb)与pH,w(可利用态Cr)与w(有机质)均呈显著负相关. 紫色土中w(可利用态Cd)、w(可利用态Cr)和w(可利用态Pb)与各重金属全量、pH和w(有机质)三者显著服从多元非线性对数回归,通过该回归可对研究区紫色土这3个元素的可利用态含量进行预测.      

抗坏血酸与柠檬酸对尾矿Pb污染土壤电动修复的强化效果

为研究抗坏血酸与柠檬酸作为增强试剂对高酸性缓冲能力的尾矿Pb污染土壤[w（Pb）为（5491.9±24）mg/kg]电动修复的强化效果,利用0.1 mol/L柠檬酸作为阴极电解液并控制阴极pH在2~3之间,系统分析土壤饱和液中c（抗坏血酸）（0~0.4 mol/L）、修复电压梯度（1~3 V/cm）对电动修复Pb污染土壤的影响,并对土壤中Pb的存在形态进行分析.结果表明:当电动修复过程中施加电压梯度为1 V/cm、c（抗坏血酸）（0~0.4 mol/L）作为饱和液时,随着c（抗坏血酸）的增加,土壤中Pb的迁移能力随之增加,Pb的去除率得到提高.当c（抗坏血酸）达到0.4 mol/L时,土壤中Pb的去除率为36.86%;保持c（抗坏血酸）为0.4 mol/L,当施加电压梯度由1 V/cm增至2 V/cm时,土壤中Pb的去除率得到增加（最高可达87.09%）,通过Pb的形态变化可知,w（弱酸提取态Pb）由初始的2.99%（1 V/cm）最大可降至0.34%（2 V/cm）,w（可还原态Pb）由初始的83.86%（1 V/cm）最大降至2.94%（2 V/cm）.研究显示,当c（抗坏血酸）为0.4 mol/L、柠檬酸（作为阴极电解液）控制阴极电解室pH在2~3之间、施加电压梯度为2 V/cm时,土壤中Pb的迁移能力显著提高并达到较好的修复效果.      

云南酸控区土壤重金属释放特征及潜在风险

研究了云南省酸雨控制区3种土壤重金属Pb、Zn、Cu在模拟酸雨淋溶作用下的释放特征,并进行了酸雨淋溶前后的潜在风险评价.结果表明,重金属在模拟酸雨作用下很快溶出,约30 h后趋于平稳,3种重金属Pb、Zn、Cu最大累计释放量分别为102.32、52.19和70.54 mg/kg.不同pH下重金属的溶出趋势基本相同,重金...     

一种修复Pb-Cd污染污泥的复合淋洗剂的研究

以某自来水厂污泥为背景泥样,人工添加重金属后泥样为研究对象,考察了葡萄糖酸、氯化钠、六偏磷酸钠复配溶液对污泥中重金属的洗脱效果.研究发现,复配淋洗剂对污泥中Pb和Cd有较好的萃取效果.形态分析表明,葡萄糖酸对污泥中的水溶态、离子交换态、碳酸盐结合态及部分弱有机结合态形式的重金属Pb、Cd有较好的萃取效果;六偏磷酸钠主要...     

传统酸浸和微波酸浸处理飞灰重金属的效果及重金属的形态变化特征

采用HCl作为浸出剂,在不同的浸出条件下对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属进行浸出试验,并采用连续提取程序对酸浸稳定化处理前后的Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn进行形态分析,研究了传统酸浸和微波酸浸对7种重金属的浸出效率及处理前后的形态变化特征.结果表明,酸浸处理能够有效地从飞灰中提取重金属,浸出效率依次为Zn≈Pb＞Cd＞Mn＞Cu＞Cr＞Ni.微波效应可以明显提高大部分重金属的浸出效率,在液固比(L/S)=25 mL/g、时间7 min和1 mol·L-1HCl条件下Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn的浸出率分别为80.17%、15.05%、58.25%、62.42%、8.88%、89.25%和93.03%.对飞灰酸浸残渣进行的连续提取实验表明,传统和微波酸浸处理后飞灰中重金属的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和Fe-Mn氧化物结合态明显减少,重金属以残留态存在为主,飞灰稳定性显著提高.     

废物水泥窑共处置产品中重金属释放pH静态试验研究

通过模拟煅烧试验制取水泥熟料,并制取混凝土样品,将样品破碎至粒径小于1 mm. 采用pH静态(pH-dependence)试验研究pH对破碎混凝土样品中重金属(Cr,Ni,As,Cd和Pb)浸出特性的影响以及混凝土样品的酸中和容量.结果表明,混凝土的酸中和能力较大,浸出液pH降至6.87,需加入2.5 mol/kg的硝酸,而浸出液pH降至1.46的过程中,需要消耗15 mol/kg的硝酸,因此在一般的混凝土使用过程中,混凝土孔隙水的pH能在较长段时间内保持中性或弱碱性;浸提剂的酸碱性是影响混凝土中重金属浸出的重要参数,在试验研究的pH范围内,不同重金属的浸出规律不同;混凝土中重金属的浸出与其在混凝土中的存在形态及混凝土矿物对重金属的作用相关.      

广西环江铅锌矿尾砂坝坍塌对农田土壤的污染及其特征

广西环江县因铅锌金属矿区尾砂坝坍塌导致大面积农田污染甚至绝收.为此,对矿区下游污染区和非污染区的农田土壤、尾砂和河流沉积物进行了系统调查和研究.调查结果表明,农田遭受As、Pb、Zn和cd污染,土壤酸化严重,pH值最低至2.5,全硫含量高达2.29%.X-衍射鉴定结果表明,受污染土壤中存在大量硫铁矿,这是导致土壤酸化的主要物质.由于强酸性淋溶作用的影响,污染农田中La、Ce和Nd等稀土元素发生明显的向下淋溶现象,导致表层土壤La、Ce和Nd元素含量明显低于未污染农田.从土壤剖面分布来看,污染点的土壤中As、Pb和Zn仍主要集中分布在表层0～30 cm范围,发生土壤酸化现象的土层深度仍局限于0～70 cm范围.     

套种和化学淋洗联合技术修复重金属污染土壤

联合不同的重金属污染土壤修复技术可以弥补单一措施的不足,其中植物提取联合化学淋洗技术就是有效的途径之一.本研究通过盆栽试验,在东南景天和玉米套种情况下,用不同浓度和种类的混合试剂对土壤进行化学淋洗,测定淋洗液中重金属含量、植物的吸收量以及土壤重金属的剩余量.结果表明,第1季10 mmol.L-1的混合试剂对套种系统淋洗,Zn、Cd的总去除量(植物提取量和淋洗量)最高,两季合计对Zn、Cd的总去除率分别达到6.0%、40.46%,大于单一植物提取.土壤测定结果表明,通过两季(约9个月)套种植物联合淋洗技术处理后,土壤重金属Cd、Zn和Pb的降低率分别达到27.8%～44.6%、12.6%～16.5%和3.6%～5.7%.50 mmol.L-1的混合试剂对套种系统淋洗,会影响后季东南景天的生长,而且淋洗结束后用清水淋洗产生的淋出液浓度高于其他低浓度处理,风险较大.EDDS(乙二胺二琥珀酸)混合试剂亦能促进东南景天吸收Zn和Cd,但不能有效淋洗出土壤中的Pb.在该套种+淋洗联合技术中,Zn、Cd的去除主要靠植物提取,Pb的去除主要靠淋洗,套种+淋洗加快土壤修复,而且可能解决Zn/Cd/Pb复合污染问题.     

Risk assessment of heavy metal contaminated soil in the vicinity of a lead/zinc mine

Heavy metal contamination of soils through anthropogenic activities is a widespread and serious problem confronting scientists and regulators throughout the world. In this study we investigated the distribution, chemical species and availability of lead, zinc, cadmium and copper in nine surface（0 to 20 cm） soils from near an abandoned lead/zinc mine tailings located in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China. Total heavy metal contents ranged from 5271 to 16369 mg/kg for Pb, 387 to 1221 mg/kg for Zn, 3.0 to 9.3 mg/kg for Cd and 65 to 206 mg/kg for Cu. In general, all heavy metals exceeded China National Standards for Soil Environmental Quality of Heavy Metals by a factor of 3-65 times. Comparison of the heavy metal concentrations（Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu） with clay content revealed a strongly significant relationship while significant relationship（ P 〈 0.001 ） was also obtained between Cd ＋ Zn and Pb ＋ Cu. Solid phase speciation of the soils using Tessier procedure showed that the heavy metals were distributed in the order： residual 〉〉 organically complexed-Fe-Mn oxides occluded 〉 carbonate bound 〉 exchangeable 〉 water soluble. In the organic matter fraction, the ratio of Pb（29.1% ） to its total concentration in the soils was higher than those of Zn（4.70% ）, Cd（3.16% ） and Cu（9.50% ）. The percentages of the water soluble and the exchangeable fractions of Pb（1.80% ） and Cd（2.74% ） were markedly greater than those of Zn（0.10% ） and Cu（0.15% ）, suggesting that Pb and Cd are relatively more mobile and hence more toxic in the contaminated soils. Strongly significant relationships between H20-Pb, H20-Zn and H20-Cu, strong positive correlations between H20-Pb, H20-Zn, H20-Cu and organic matter in soil were found. The content of H20-Pb, H20-Zn, H20-Cu was negatively correlated with pH values. The similar negative relationships between pH values and exchangeable heavy metals were also recorded. It is suggested that increasing soil pH or liming the soil could decrease bioavailability of heavy metals in the soil.     

DA-6和EDDS施用对龙葵生长、Cd吸收和土壤细菌群落结构的影响

通过盆栽试验,探讨植物生长调节剂DA-6和螯合剂EDDS施用对Cd污染土壤上龙葵生长、Cd吸收及土壤细菌群落结构的影响,以此评估不同修复处理的实际应用效果.结果表明,单独添加DA-6、将DA-6和EDDS联合施用均能促进龙葵的生长,使其地上部鲜重较对照分别显著增加了 24.58％和19.57％,同时龙葵叶片的叶绿素含量...     

Speciation and fractionation of heavy metals in soil experimentally contaminated with Pb,Cd, Cu and Zn together and effects on soil negative surface charge

Speciation and fractionation of heavy metals in soil subsamples experimentally loaded with Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in orthogonal design was investigated by sequential extraction, and operationally defined as water-soluble and exchangeable(SE), weakly specific adsorbed( WSA),Fe and Mn oxides-bound(OX) and organic-bound( ORG). The results showed that fractions of heavy metals in the soil subsamples depended on their speciation. About 90% of Cd and 75% of Zn existed in soil subsamples in the SE fraction. Lead and Cu existed in soil subsamples as SE, WSA and OX fractions simultaneously, although SE was still the major fraction. Organic-bound heavy metals were not clearly apparent in all the soil subsamples. The concentration of some heavy metal fractions in soil subsamples showed the good correlation with ionic impulsion of soil, especially for the SE fraction. Continuous saturation of soil subsamples with 0.20 mol/L NH4CI, which is the first step for determination of the negative surface charge of soil by the ion retention method, resulted in desorption of certain heavy metals from the soil. It was found that the percentage desorption of heavy metals from soil subsamples depended greatly on pH, the composition and original heavy metal content of the soil subsamples. However, most of the heavy metals in the soil subsamples were still be retained after multiple saturation. Compared with the parent soil, the negative surface charge of soil subsamples loaded with heavy metals did not show difference significantly from that of the parent one by statistical analysis. Heavy metals existed in the soil subsamples mainly as exchangeable and precipitated simultaneously.     

北京降尘重金属污染水平及其空间变异特征

为了研究北京大气降尘中重金属污染水平及其空间变异特征,分别于2013年6—10月(非采暖期)、2013年11月—2014年3月(采暖期)收集了北京大气降尘样品66份,采用Elan DRC Ⅱ型电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测试了样品中的37种重金属质量分数.结果表明:非采暖期北京大气降尘中Cd、Zn、Pb 3种重金属污染最严重,三者质量分数分别为5.3、822.0、177.2 mg/kg,分别超出各自北京背景值的1 065.0%、516.2%和403.1%;采暖期北京大气降尘中Mo、Cd、Bi、Zn 4种重金属污染最严重,四者质量分数分别为8.7、2.7、3.0、660.5 mg/kg,分别超出各自北京背景值的656.9%、495.8%、457.5%和395.2%;与非采暖期相比,采暖期大气降尘重金属中除Zn、Pb、Cd质量分数分别降低了19.6%、25.3%和48.9%外,其余元素的质量分数却有不同程度的升高,其中Sr、Ba、Ce、Cu、Cr、W、La、Ni、Mo、Co等10种重金属质量分数升高了53.2%～176.7%.ArcGIS地统计插值研究表明,非采暖期主要重金属(Cr、Cu、Zn、Zr、Ba和Pb)空间分布呈现出较强的变异性;采暖期降尘中主要重金属存在不同程度的空间变异,Ba和Zn的空间变异较强,二者高值区和低值区相互交错分布;Cu和Pb的空间变异相对较弱,二者高值区和低值区分布均呈规律性分布.元素示踪分析表明,无论是采暖期还是非采暖期,北京降尘重金属污染均主要来源于机动车尾气和垃圾焚烧.      

西南典型碳酸盐岩高地质背景区农田重金属化学形态、影响因素及回归模型

土壤重金属化学形态是决定重金属生物活性和生物毒性的重要因素,是科学评价西南碳酸盐岩高地质背景区土壤重金属生态风险的关键.为了探明碳酸盐岩高地质背景区土壤重金属化学形态分布情况,选择贵州省典型碳酸盐岩分布区,以第二次全国土壤普查图斑为采样单元,在农田中采集土壤表层样品309件,利用改进的Tessier七步顺序提取法,分析了As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn等7种重金属的水溶态（F1）、离子交换态（F2）、碳酸盐结合态（F3）、弱有机结合态（F4）、铁锰氧化物结合态（F5）、强有机结合态（F6）和残渣态（F7）这7种化学形态.结果发现,土壤中重金属As、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn残渣态比例均超过50%,有效组分（F1~F3）比例均小于5%,潜在生物有效组分（F4~F6）比例低于45%,活性较低,生态风险不高.Cd的有效组分和潜在生物有效组分占比分别为55.49%和29.37%,远高于其他重金属,基于土壤重金属形态的生态风险远小于基于土壤总量的生态风险.逐步回归方程可以有效建立Cd、Cu和Pb生物有效组分与影响因素之间的关系.重金属全量和pH值是影响碳酸盐岩高地质背景区土壤重金属化学形态的重要因子,受研究区长期土法炼锌活动和碳酸盐岩风化成土过程中重金属元素倾向于在残渣态中富集的影响,土壤有机质（OM）和氧化物含量对土壤重金属化学形态影响相对较小.