公路建设项目景观视觉影响评价的方法研究

公路建设的景观视觉影响及其保护措施,是我国公路建设中环境保护的热点问题之一。本文在国内外相关研究的基础上,以青藏公路改建工程为例,采用矩阵分析的方法,从景观美学质量评价、视觉敏感度分析、工程活动影响等景观视觉影响要素出发,划分了青藏公路沿线的景观保护级别,建立起青藏公路景观视觉影响评价方法,并以公路施工建设中具有代表性的取土场为例,结合视觉冲击强度分级,进行了相关的景观视觉影响评价。     

妙笔生花，光明顶生态修复无缝对接

我国世界遗产地，大多作为风景名胜区对社会公众开放，因此，楼堂馆所、公路、索道及游览步道等旅游服务基础设施建设在其发展过程中是必不可少的。在建设和维护过程中，不可避免地会对原有的景观和生态环境带来影响和损坏，如何及时修复建设带来的生态破坏，成为当前遗产地、风景名胜区景观保护和生态建设的一项重要内容。黄山风景区2008年实施的光明顶高海拔花岗岩山地景观生态修复工程做了有益的探索。     

重庆市河堰村景观改变对水环境的影响

为了研究农村景观改变对水环境的影响,选取重庆市河堰村为研究对象,运用SWMM水文模拟软件,分析了研究区域的景观变迁与水量、水质变化的相互关系;通过访谈当地居民,分析了土地利用与景观变化对水环境的影响机制。认为(1)散点状的居民点分布模式与"村村通公路,户户通水泥"的农村道路建设以及庭院硬质化导致农村不透水表面面积迅速增加,缩短了雨水汇流时间并加速了污染物向水体的转移。(2)山体开发和现代农田水利工程的建设,如水库、山坪塘和排灌沟渠等的建设导致水体自净能力降低,加重了水体污染。(3)地表硬质化与河床沟渠化加速了水过程从而加速水环境的破坏。(4)人水关系由"我"、"你"变成"我"、"它",农民在卫生意识上升的同时缺乏相应的环保意识。     

景观生态学在公路建设项目环境影响评价中的应用

景观生态学中的优势度原理在评价开发建设项目对生态系统完整性及其结构与功能稳定性方面具有很好的适用性，但在线型开发建设项目环境影响评价中很少应用。以公路建设为例，探讨了在线型开发建设项目生态环境影响评价中的应用。     

移动通信基站景观影响评价方法与实践

为保护景区景观资源，降低对景观的影响，有必要开展风景区移动通信基站建设项目的景观影响评价。针对其建设特点，梳理了移动通信基站景观影响评价思路，探讨了评价方法。以南京玄武湖公园梁州基站为例，在景观敏感度和景观阚值评价的基础上，对3处基站拟建址的景观影响进行评价，给出评价结论和建议，对开展景观影响定量评价具有很好的参考价值。     

基于RS与GIS的莱州湾南岸滨海湿地景观类型与破碎化分析

应用Landsat--7遥感数据和GIS技术对莱州湾南岸滨海湿地类型、面积和分布现状进行了调查,并对滨海湿地景观特征及景观破碎化程度进行了分析.结果表明,研究区景观类型以盐田、滩涂和养殖池为主,人工湿地面积占整个湿地面积的78.22%.该区主要受人为干扰活动影响,区域景观斑块破碎化程度较高,对研究区湿地产生了严重的影响,因此合理调控人类干扰活动是改善莱州湾南岸滨海湿地环境的根本途径.     

水西景区景观格局及土地利用结构分析

景观格局与土地利用空间结构密切相关.运用景观多样性、优势度、均匀度和破碎度等景观生态学指标,对水西景区景观格局及其用地现状进行了分析.结果表明:水西用地类型多样性较高,以林地占优势,林地破碎度低,森林景观较完整,但空闲地和建筑用地受人类活动干扰大,破碎度高,在一定程度上影响了水西的景观格局.     

基于BP神经网络模型的城市自然生态型河流景观方案质量评价

城市自然生态型河流的景观设计方案质量评价受多种因素的影响,这些因素之间存在着复杂的非线性关系,有些甚至是随机的、模糊的,利用传统的方法难以表达它们之间的内在关系.研究建立三层次BP神经网络模型,以30份河流景观设计方案为样本,分别根据水质、水量、水空间、植被、经济、设施、交通等7项指标对景观方案的质量进行评价.结果表明,BP神经网络模型具有极强的非线性逼近能力,能真实反映景观质量与影响因素之间的非线性关系,预测结果与实测值之间误差小,相对误差小于5%.该方法操作性强,结果可靠.     

再生水景观河道生态修复水体净化效果研究

天津某再生水景观河道生态修复工程采用了生态修复处理技术以净化和保持河道水质。本文通过对该生态示范工程运行期间的水质净化效果的研究，为盐碱地区同类型景观河道的建设和水体富营养化的防治提供了工程经验和理论依据。     

公路建设中水土流失分析及对策建议

以天津地区公路建设为例,分析了公路建设过程中水土流失主要受降雨、植被的减少、地形、土壤、人工因素等方面的影响。根据水土流失方程式对公路施工前后水土流失的情况进行了分析,结果显示公路建成一般需要2~3年,由于植被的恢复,水土流失可恢复到施工前的水平,并且随着植被的生长,道路沿线的水土流失会比施工期减轻。     

论城市旅游景观视觉形象的影响因素——以扬州市为例

在视觉影响因素的作用下,旅游者对实地感知的城市旅游景观视觉辨别和鉴赏形成了视觉形象感知。城市旅游景观的品质不同对视觉形象产生的影响不同,而不同社会背景的旅游者及居民对同类旅游景观视觉形象感知的影响也不同。分析得出性别、年龄、文化水平、职业等不同社会背景的旅游者和居民对扬州旅游景观视觉形象感知的影响不显著,据此提出了提升城市旅游景观视觉形象的方法和建议,期望对城市旅游的规划者、决策者提供参考,以便创造更多更美的城市旅游景观。     

山区生态产业及其环境保育的作用研究

山区生态产业是依赖于山区丰富的自然资源按照生态学原理组织形成的生态与经济有机统一的产业发展形式。本文阐述了山区生态产业七个方面的特征：即山区生态产业对自然资源的特殊依赖性、受高度景观带的制约性、结构多样性与复杂性、建设长期性、经济收益级差性、开发水平落后性和开发任务艰巨性。在此基础上,文章从要素调控设计、垂直带幅生态调控设计、产业模式系统生态设计出发探讨了生态产业与垂直地带性的构建关系,并举例说明了山区生态产业开发建设对环境保护的积极作用。得出了山区生态产业的开发就是努力避免产业活动对生态环境干扰的逆向作用,积极引导与实现产业活动对生态环境干扰的正向作用的结论。     

Integrating Landscape Analysis and Planning: A Multi-Scale Approach for Oriented Management of Tourist Recreation

Tourism and landscape are interdependent concepts. Nature- and culture-based tourism are now quite well developed activities and can constitute an excellent way of exploiting the natural resources of certain areas, and should therefore be considered as key objectives in landscape planning and management in a growing number of countries. All of this calls for careful evaluation of the effects of tourism on the territory. This article focuses on an integrated spatial method for landscape analysis aimed at quantifying the relationship between preferences of visitors and landscape features. The spatial expression of the model relating types of leisure and recreational preferences to the potential capacity of the landscape to meet them involves a set of maps showing degrees of potential visitor satisfaction. The method constitutes a useful tool for the design of tourism planning and management strategies, with landscape conservation as a reference.     

依靠发展生态旅游业解决我国自然保护区事业发展存在的问题

自然保护区管理是环境管理的一个重要方面,也是我国可持续发展的一项重要事业.虽然我国自然保护区事业近些年发展速度很快,但是在自然保护区建设和管理中存在很多困难和问题,本文分析了这些问题所在之后,提出依靠在自然保护区内发展生态旅游业来解决,旨在促进我国自然保护区事业向着可持续的方向发展.     

Land Use-Based Landscape Planning and Restoration in Mine Closure Areas

Landscape planning and restoration in mine closure areas is not only an inevitable choice to sustain mining areas but also an important path to maximize landscape resources and to improve ecological function in mine closure areas. The analysis of the present mine development shows that many mines are unavoidably facing closures in China. This paper analyzes the periodic impact of mining activities on landscapes and then proposes planning concepts and principles. According to the landscape characteristics in mine closure areas, this paper classifies available landscape resources in mine closure areas into the landscape for restoration, for limited restoration and for protection, and then summarizes directions for their uses. This paper establishes the framework of spatial control planning and design of landscape elements from “macro control, medium allocation and micro optimization” for the purpose of managing and using this kind of special landscape resources. Finally, this paper applies the theories and methods to a case study in Wu’an from two aspects: the construction of a sustainable land-use pattern on a large scale and the optimized allocation of typical mine landscape resources on a small scale.     

括苍山淡竹森林公园旅游资源特征及开发设想

淡竹森林公园地处括苍山脉中部,保存有括苍山脉最好、最完整的常绿阔叶林,是浙中和浙东沿海区域原生性最强的原始次生森林。在系统调查的基础上,分析得出淡竹森林公园旅游资源的6大特点——风景资源品味较高,天然常绿阔叶林景观较典型,水体景观多姿多彩,山体和岩体景观奇妙,森林环境优异,山区风情较淳厚;提出了淡竹森林公园旅游开发的5条基本思路,即依法开发、保护为先,体现特色与周边景区互补相结合,突出重点与循序发展相结合,旅游产品应以自然性休闲型为主导,塑造主题旅游形象,强化宣传促销。     

Evaluating Tourist Perception of Environmental Changes as a Contribution to Managing Natural Resources in Glacierized Areas: A Case Study of the Forni Glacier (Stelvio National Park, Italian Alps)

Climate change effects are noticeably evident above the timberline where glacier and permafrost processes and mass movements drive the surface evolution. In particular, the cryosphere shrinkage is deeply changing the features and characteristics of several glacierized mountain areas of the world, and these modifications can also affect the landscape perception of tourists and mountaineers. On the one hand glacier retreat is increasing the interest of tourists and visitors in areas witnessing clear climate change impacts; on the other hand cryosphere shrinkage can impact the touristic appeal of mountain territories which, diminishing their ice and snow coverage, are also losing part of their aesthetic value. Then, to promote glacierized areas in a changing climate and to prepare exhaustive and actual proposals for sustainable tourism, it is important to deepen our knowledge about landscape perception of tourists and mountaineers and their awareness of the ongoing environmental modifications. Here we present the results from a pilot study we performed in summer 2009 on a representative glacierized area of the Alps, the Forni Valley (Stelvio National Park, Lombardy, Italy), a valley shaped by Forni, the largest Italian valley glacier. During the 2009 summer season we asked tourists visiting the Forni Valley to complete a questionnaire. This study was aimed at both describing the features and characteristics of tourists and mountaineers visiting this Alpine zone in summer and evaluating their landscape perception and their ability to recognize climate change impacts and evidence. Our results suggest that the dissemination strategies in a natural protected area have to take into account not only the main landscape features but also the sites where the information will be given. In particular considering the peculiarities of the huts located in the area, such as their different accessibility and the fact that they are included or not in a mountaineering network like that of the Italian Alpine Club. Both these factors can influence the kind of visitors to the area, thus requiring different dissemination strategies. Moreover, differences in the viewpoints from where visitors could watch and understand landscape also have to be considered. Next, in a protected area where climate change effects are evident, the dissemination strategies should be developed in close cooperation with scientists who are analyzing the area and with the support of periodic interviews which could be very useful to evaluate the effectiveness of the applied dissemination methods. Last but not least, the questionnaire should be standardized and distributed in several protected areas, thus permitting useful comparisons and the identification of common solutions for sharing in a friendly way scientific knowledge about climate change and its effects on the environment and the landscape.     

对环境影响评价中常用的几种公路交通噪声预测模式的适用性研究

道路交通噪声预测是公路建设环境影响评价中一个重要的环节，它对我们判断、分析公路交通噪声对沿线保护目标的影响程度，以及针对影响采取何种有效措施有积极的作用；本文重点就目前环评中常用的几种公路噪声预测模型对省内已建成的不同等级公路进行噪声预测，并与其实际监测结果进行对比分析，据此，论述在相同争件下各种预测模式计算结果产生误差的原因，得出各种噪声预测模式的适用性结论。     

Impacts of Transportation Routes on Landscape Diversity: A Comparison of Different Route Types and Their Combined Effects

A comparison of different transportation route types and their combined effects on landscape diversity was conducted within Tiaoxi watershed (China) between 1994 and 2005. Buffer analysis and Mann–Kendall’s test were used to quantify the relationships between distance from transportation routes (railway, highway, national, and provincial road) and a family of landscape diversity parameters (Simpson’s diversity index, Simpson’s evenness index, Shannon’s diversity index, and Shannon’s evenness index). One-way ANOVA was further applied to compare influences from different route types and their combined effects. Five other landscape metrics (patch density, edge density, area-weighted mean shape index, connectance index, and Euclidean nearest neighbor distance) were also calculated to analyze the associations between landscape diversity and landscape pattern characteristics. Results showed that transportation routes exerted significant impacts on landscape diversity. Impact from railway was comparable to that from highway and national road but was more significant than that from provincial road. The spatial influential range of railway and national road was wider than that of highway and provincial road. Combined effects of routes were nonlinear, and impacts from different route types were more complex than those from the same type. The four landscape diversity metrics were comparably effective at the buffer zone scale. In addition, landscape diversity can be alternatively used to indicate fragmentation, connectivity, and isolation at route buffer scale. This study demonstrates an applicable approach to quantitatively characterize the impacts from transportation routes on landscape patterns and has potential to facilitate route network planning.