张家口宣化区土壤和粉尘中重金属分布、来源解析与污染评价

为研究张家口市土壤和粉尘中重金属的污染状况,选择张家口宣化区为研究区,采集22个表土样、10个粉尘样,测试其中As、Hg、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu和Ni 7种重金属的含量,采用多元统计方法探究了研究区土壤和粉尘中重金属污染的来源及空间分布特征,并对土壤和粉尘中重金属污染进行了评价。结果表明:在粉尘样中,重金属Zn含量的最大值达到了341.2 mg/kg,是农用地土壤污染风险筛选值的3.41倍,说明重金属Zn在燃煤企业周围粉尘中出现了一定的累积,而在表土样中,重金属Hg、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu和Ni含量的平均值均大于当地土壤背景值,其中表土样中重金属Zn和Cu含量的最大值分别达到了718.8 mg/kg和151.7 mg/kg,是农用地土壤污染风险筛选值的1.52倍和2.40倍,说明重金属Zn、Cu在研究区表土中严重累积,重金属Cd、Pb和Hg在研究区表土中一定范围内累积;在粉尘样中,重金属Cd、Cu、Ni主要来源于汽车交通运输,重金属Zn、Pb、As、Hg主要来源于燃煤活动,而在表土样中,重金属Cd、Pb、Hg、Zn主要来源于交通、燃煤和污水灌溉,重金属As主要受土壤母质的影响;但土壤中重金属Zn在一定比例上处于轻度污染水平,总体上研究区土壤处于安全水平。     

某试验场土壤重金属分布特征及其污染评价

试验场重金属污染是广受关注的环境问题之一.选取吉林某试验场的静爆试验区、落弹区和生活保障区作为研究对象,检测了112个表层土壤样品及两个土壤剖面中的重金属(As、 Cd、 Cr、 Cu、 Ni、 Pb和Zn)含量,分析了重金属分布特征并对其进行了源解析,采用多个污染指数评价法对重金属的污染程度及潜在生态风险进行了研究.结果表明,静爆试验区土壤中As、 Cd、 Cu、 Ni和Zn含量的平均值高于吉林省背景值,且Cu、 Zn、 As和Cd含量表现出较强的空间异质性;落弹区土壤中As、 Cd和Ni含量的平均值超出背景值;生活保障区土壤中As和Cd含量的平均值高于背景值,并且Pb、 Cd、 Zn和Cr变异系数较强,表明其可能受到人类活动的影响.在不同的试验区,土壤中As、 Cr、 Cu、 Ni和Zn含量具有显著差异(P<0.05),静爆试验区较落弹区受到试验活动影响更为强烈,土壤剖面表层重金属含量明显偏高,土壤剖面中重金属未发生明显垂向迁移.多元统计和APCS-MLR源解析分析表明,Zn、 Pb和Cd主要受到试验活动相关的污染源影响,Cr和Ni主要受成土母质自然源影响,As和Cu来源较为...     

南京市大气沉降中重金属特征及对土壤环境的影响

为明确城市大气重金属沉降对土壤环境的影响,在对南京市6个典型城市功能区连续4a大气(干、湿)沉降中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni)含量、通量、时空变异等方面研究的基础上,结合不同功能区表土重金属含量与土壤剖面206Pb/207Pb特征,分析其在城市土壤的累积特征.研究显示,Cu、Zn和Pb在大气沉降中强烈富集,其中又以Cu和Pb为潜在生态危害的关键元素.大气沉降导致除在相对未受城市人为活动影响的风景区外各功能区表土重金属均有明显富集,这种富集受大气沉降重金属含量和沉降量的共同影响.土壤累积模式预测钢铁工业区表土受大气重金属沉降影响的长期累积增量最大,以Zn和Pb最明显.钢铁工业区土壤剖面Pb含量和同位素特征显示表层20cm土体受大气沉降影响明显,206Pb/207Pb二元模型与预测模式对定量大气Pb沉降的土壤影响结果较一致,表明土壤中某些重金属的累积与大气沉降密切相关.     

南京市大气沉降中重金属特征及对土壤环境的影响

为明确城市大气重金属沉降对土壤环境的影响,在对南京市6个典型城市功能区连续4a大气(干、湿)沉降中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni)含量、通量、时空变异等方面研究的基础上,结合不同功能区表土重金属含量与土壤剖面206Pb/207Pb特征,分析其在城市土壤的累积特征.研究显示,Cu、Zn和Pb在大气沉降中强烈富集,其中又以Cu和Pb为潜在生态危害的关键元素.大气沉降导致除在相对未受城市人为活动影响的风景区外各功能区表土重金属均有明显富集,这种富集受大气沉降重金属含量和沉降量的共同影响.土壤累积模式预测钢铁工业区表土受大气重金属沉降影响的长期累积增量最大,以Zn和Pb最明显.钢铁工业区土壤剖面Pb含量和同位素特征显示表层20cm土体受大气沉降影响明显,206Pb/207Pb二元模型与预测模式对定量大气Pb沉降的土壤影响结果较一致,表明土壤中某些重金属的累积与大气沉降密切相关.     

广西百色不同功能区土壤重金属污染与来源

以百色城区及周边县城土壤为研究对象,测定不同功能区(清洁区、矿区、工业区和城市中心区)土壤Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cd、As和Hg含量,采用地质累积指数法评价重金属污染水平。结果表明,百色地区土壤重金属含量差异很大,除Cu以外,工矿区土壤重金属污染达到中度污染水平以上,其中Cd达到强污染水平;清洁区和城市中心区土壤大部分重金属元素则处于无污染水平。采用主因子分析法分析了矿区和工业区土壤重金属可能的污染源,结果显示工矿区土壤重金属可能有三个来源:工业源的Co、Ni、Pb、As、Hg,混合源的Cd、Cr、As、Zn,自然源的Cu、Zn。     

河南省典型工业区周边农田土壤重金属分布特征及风险评价

为深入探讨典型工业区周边农田土壤重金属分布的特征,以河南省新乡市凤泉区大块镇工业区周边农田土壤为研究对象,对表面和剖面方向上土壤As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn等7种重金属污染的空间分布和污染风险进行分析,并使用主成分分析进行污染源解析,为该类工业区周边农田重金属污染治理与防控提供理论基础.结果表明,该工业区内表层土壤Cd、Cu和As含量分别为（2.56±1.23）、（205.58±157.49）和（15.27±4.14） mg·kg^-1,点位超标率分别为100%,89.44%和3.40%.空间上,受污染源分布、地势和风向共同影响,研究区7种重金属在土壤表层方向上均呈现出南部含量高北部含量低的空间分布;在剖面方向上,Cd和Cu含量随土壤深度增加显著降低,As在碱性土壤条件下迁移能力较强,其含量随土壤深度增加含量变化较小.污染评价结果表明,Cd和Cu达到重度污染（5级）,同时Cd存在极强的潜在生态风险（5级）,Cu存在中等潜在生态风险（2级）,其余重金属均为低潜在生态风险（1级）,风险排序为Cd > Cu > Ni > As > Pb > Cr > Zn,研究区内重金属综合潜在生态危害属强生态危害.主成分分析表明,土壤As、Cd和Cu外源污染主要来自电池生产和铜（管、线）生产等活动,属工业污染源.综上所述,该研究区应重视土壤Cd和Cu污染的治理与防控,同时警惕As对土壤环境质量进一步的影响.     

不同土地利用方式下北京城区土壤的重金属累积特征

对不同土地利用方式下城市土壤的采样调查表明,北京市城市土壤Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn含量显著高于其相应的土壤背景值,As、Ni与背景值无显著差异.在工业、住宅、商贸、交通边缘带(道路)、公园、城市广场和校园7种土地利用方式下,工业区土壤Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量均居首位,且Cu、Pb和Zn含量达到污染等级;公园土壤的As水平最高,但仍处于清洁水平.As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn综合累积程度由高到低的顺序为工业区公园商贸区≈校园住宅区≈城市广场交通边缘带.工业区土壤总体表现为重金属轻度污染;公园、商贸区、校园和住宅区土壤重金属处于尚清洁水平;城市广场和交通边缘带土壤重金属处于清洁水平.不同土地利用方式对城市土壤的重金属含量有一定影响.     

长三角湖州市土壤磁化率与铜、锌有效量和全量分布规律

通过对84个地表土样、17个剖面土样和11个基岩样的磁参数与化学分析测试,对湖州市土壤磁化率与重金属元素Cu、Zn有效量和全量分布规律、成因及两者的相关性进行了研究。研究发现:①表层土壤磁化率高值异常区总体上与土壤重金属元素Cu、Zn有效量和全量高值分布区吻合程度非常高;剖面土壤磁化率值与Cu、Zn有效量和全量含量总体上均呈现出向下递减的相同特点。②表层土壤磁化率与Cu、Zn有效量和全量高值异常均系人类经济工程活动影响所致,主要与当地城镇生活垃圾随意堆放、垃圾施肥、工业“三废”排放、农药和化肥的过量使用等有关。③表层土壤磁化率值与重金属元素Cu、Zn有效量和全量含量之间在不同环境条件下相关性存在明显差异。     

北江流域横石河-翁江沿岸土壤重金属污染特征分析

采集了北江流域翁源县境内受大宝山矿区影响的横石河-翁江沿岸13个土壤剖面共49个土样,分析了河流沿岸土壤中重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量,讨论了土壤重金属含量的空间变化特征、污染程度以及潜在生态风险.结果表明:横石河沿岸(I区)土壤重金属污染较翁江沿岸(II区)严重,I区As、Cd、Cu、Zn的含量分别为26.6~430,1.99~11.9,31.7~765,63.5~646mg/kg; II区As、Cd、Cu、Zn的含量分别为4.16~51.3,0.830~4.67,3.99~103,17.6~83.7mg/kg;重金属含量差异分析显示,土壤重金属污染与污染源类型(大宝山矿山开采、农业、交通污染、生活垃圾等)、河水-地下水交互作用以及土壤理化性质(有机质含量、微粒组分)有关;As、Cu、Cd是研究区内主要的重金属污染元素,尤其以Cd污染最为严重,I区、II区Cd的地累积系数分别为6.13和4.84,属于极度污染和强-极度污染水平;土壤毒性单位评价结果显示,I区土壤(S23除外)剖面毒性单位(∑TU)均大于4,属于中毒性;II区土壤剖面∑TU普遍较低.     

上海城市表土磁性特征对重金属污染的指示作用

选取上海市城市表土作为研究对象,结合磁学方法与传统化学方法,研究了上海市192件表土样品的磁性特征和重金属含量,并探讨了磁学参数指示重金属污染的可行性.结果表明,上海市表土磁化率平均值为187.66×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1),亚铁磁性矿物占主导地位,颗粒较粗.上海市表土重金属Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Ni、Mn、Fe含量均超过背景值,属于轻度污染.重金属和磁学参数(磁化率、饱和等温剩磁)具有相似的空间分布,高值集中在宝山区和闵行区,低值集中在崇明区.工业生产和交通活动是上海市表土重金属、磁性矿物的主要来源.磁化率χlf指示污染负荷指数的半定量结果为:χlf38.90×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤属于清洁状态,无污染;38.90×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)≤χlf258.69×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤遭受轻度污染;258.69×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)≤χlf793.45×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤遭受中度污染;χlf≥793.45×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤遭受重度污染.因此,磁学参数对城市表土重金属污染有着一定的指示意义.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.