油田企业洪水灾害防控与处置恢复对策

油田企业作业地域分布辽阔,面对的自然灾害种类多、风险高,洪水灾害是对油田企业的生产设施和作业现场影响最为严重的灾害之一,且其引发的次生灾害会带来一系列的环境污染和财产损失。文章梳理总结了油田企业常见的洪水灾害类型和灾害特征,并结合油田企业实际情况,从重要生产设施和重要作业场所入手,研究如何做好洪水灾害防控、开展灾害应对处置,提出企业防洪应急工作要求,以在灾后尽快恢复作业和生产。     

洪水灾害遥感监测研究综述

洪水灾害是最严重的自然灾害之一,洪灾造成的损失十分严重,对其进行科学的监测是防灾减灾的基础。在洪水灾害遥感监测研究进展的介绍基础上,着重对中分辨率、高时相、微波、高精度DEM、多源数据遥感洪水监测原理及方法的研究进展进行比较和总结,分析各种数据特点。在此基础上提出了洪水遥感监测向高分辨率、高时相性方向,遥感影像相互订正和利用3S技术是洪涝灾害动态监测发展的方向,为洪水灾害的快速反应和防洪辅助决策提供依据。     

生态系统能够降低自然灾害风险

近日,2012年度《世界风险报告》在比利时布鲁塞尔发布。《报告》称,人类发展已经使潜在风险大幅增加。目前,人类需要进行大量科学研究,了解自然生态系统、降低风险和防止各种灾害。报告举例说,珊瑚礁以及东南亚滨海红树林等生态系统的消失,降低了防护洪水和风暴潮的能力;巴基斯坦长期的滥砍乱伐致使土壤流失、洪水肆虐、频发山体滑坡等地质灾害。报告警告     

突发污染事故风险源评价方法研究

突发污染事故风险评价方法是环境风险评价的重要组成部分,风险源评价结果关系到风险源的分类、分级和防范监管。概述了环境风险评价的概念和发展情况,从企业、公路、区域三类风险源对环境风险评价常用的方法进行了总结和评价,对我国环境风险评价方法提出了展望。     

环境风险评价构架的探讨

本文归纳并概括了国际上和我国环境风险评价的一般构架,从环境风险评价、安全评价、健康评价、生态评价、最大可信灾害事故及最大可接受水平等几个方面对我国环境风险评价一般构架进行了探讨,分析了我国环境风险评价构架中存在的问题,提出了进一步完善我国环境风险评价一般构架的方法,并辅以了案例分析。     

2013年洪水灾害后大伙房水库的水质变化情况分析

主要论述了2013年大伙房水库的水质现状及洪水灾害后大伙房水库的水质变化情况,并与非洪水发生年份(2010年至2012年)进行比较,进一步确定总磷是洪水之后水质变化的主要因子,简要分析了洪水灾害后影响水质的污染物来源。     

秦皇岛市气象灾害风险评估技术研究及风险环境区划分

根据国际流行的灾害评估模式，通过对秦皇岛市气象灾害的分布和环境状况的调查，建立风险要素和风险级别的隶属关系矩阵，用层次分析法来确定风险要素权重的排序，凭借DPS数据处理软件（DataProcessingSystem）计算权重，得到综合脆弱度指数集合，获得相关区域的气象灾害风险指数得分。     

污泥土地利用生态风险评价初探

生态风险评价是污泥环境风险评价的重要组成部分。本文通过对美国污泥土地利用生态风险评价的研究，阐述了污泥土地利用生态风险评价过程中涉及的基本概念和定量研究方法，并对存在的困难进行了探讨。文章建议我国应借鉴国外污泥土地利用生态风险评价的研究方法，尽快建立适合我国污泥处置的生态风险评价标准方法和指南，以发挥其在环境保护和管理中的作用。     

洪泽湖滞洪区工程建设地表水环境影响评价

洪泽湖滞洪区建设工程对确保洪泽湖大堤安全、减轻洪泽湖防洪压力、减少洪水灾害及保护下游城市的安全起着十分重要的作用,工程建设势必对洪泽湖滞洪区的水环境产生一定的影响。通过洪泽湖滞洪区工程建设的施工期及运行期的水环境数学模型的模拟与评价,预测得出工程建设的施工期将会使局部地区地表水的SS提高,滞洪期洪水中的COD、氨氮和总磷都不达标。通过进一步评价得出,随着工程的完建运行和生态环境保护措施的实施,地表水环境将会重新恢复,使得水质达标,对于洪泽湖水环境管理和水利工程影响后评价具有一定的指导意义。     

我国城市内涝灾害研究进展

受城市化进程和气候变化的影响,城市内涝问题广泛频繁地出现。全面及时地监测和预报城市内涝灾害,可提高防灾减灾体系的整体精确程度,减少财务损失。利用知识图谱分析了城市内涝灾害的发展进程,简要介绍了城市内涝灾害内涵与组成部分,从城市内涝灾害危险性评价方法、城市内涝灾害主要承灾体易损性评估方法和城市内涝灾害风险评估基本方法三方面对城市内涝灾害进行了综合分析。结果表明:①在目前的城市内涝灾害评价研究中,灾害承灾体选择是有限的。②到目前为止,城市内涝灾害评价大多是在大型城市进行,对小规模城市评估较少,且城市内涝灾害研究评估很少考虑气候变化因素。③在城市内涝灾害研究中,对致灾因子危险性分析研究较多,敏感性研究较少,将模型和易损性分析、敏感性分析相结合是需要突破的研究重点和难点。对当前城市内涝灾害研究中存在的问题进行了分析,以期更深入地了解城市内涝灾害,最大限度地减少城市内涝灾害带来的影响。     

Disaster preparedness and perception of flood risk: A study in an alpine valley in Italy

Italy is a country highly vulnerable to floods and landslides. The present study aims to investigate disaster preparedness and perception of flood risk in a group of people living in an alpine valley in the north of Italy. Four hundred seven adult residents in nine communities exposed to hydrogeological risk were interviewed by using a structured questionnaire. Participants were asked about the adoption of a set of protective behaviors that can prevent negative consequences of floods. Perception of flood risk was assessed by means of a one-dimensional scale that was developed and validated by the authors. Items included in this scale asked participants to estimate likelihood of occurrence of different flood consequences and to express feelings of worry associated to them. Socio-demographic and experiential information on respondents were also collected. Overall, results showed that most of respondents were fairly well prepared to deal with a future flood disaster. Correlational and regression analyses indicated that disaster preparedness was positively associated with risk perception. In accordance with literature, there was not a significant relation between likelihood judgments and adoption of protective behaviors, while feelings of worry were associated with disaster preparedness. Authors interpret their results in relation to the socio-environmental characteristics of the studied communities. Theoretical, empirical and practical implications of the findings are also discussed.     

Flood risk management in Dutch local spatial planning practices

Spatial planning is increasingly regarded as an important instrument to reduce flood consequences. Nevertheless, there are very few studies that show why local planning authorities do or do not systematically use spatial planning in advance to mitigate flood risks. This paper explores flood reduction strategies in local planning practices in the Netherlands. It also explores why spatial planning was or was not used to reduce flood consequences. The arguments for the use or non-use of planning mainly referred to requirements from other governmental bodies and the perceived role and the related responsibility of local planning authorities, previous disaster experience, and previous experience with spatial planning for flood risk management.     

Public Perception of Flood Hazard in the Niger Delta,Nigeria

Summary Our study had the aim of understanding how floodplain dwellers regard the risk of flooding. About 500 questionnaires were administered to landowners in the selected settlements in the study area using systematic random sampling. The results of analysis show, among other things, that the population regards most important the causes of floods as heavy, prolonged rainfall and river overflow. Nevertheless, they have little knowledge of the frequency of severe floods, and flood alleviation schemes. Most flood victims do not get compensation or relief during flood disaster, and the reason why they remain in the study area is influenced by their occupations, especially fishing, subsistence agriculture, and the presence of crude oil in the region which has attracted many migrants who cannot afford the high cost of accommodation and are therefore forced to live in vulnerable areas of the floodplain. Finally, the study concludes that flood control in the region needs the cooperation of government, community efforts and an enlightenment programmes through environmental education and mass media.     

洞庭水患与生态环境保护

本文分析了洞庭湖流域生态环境破坏对洪涝造成的影响,指出流域生态环境受到破坏主要是人类违背自然规律、破坏森林植被、盲目围湖造田、生产及建设性破坏河道及湖滩所致。文章还就根治洞庭水患的关键性措施——搞好生态恢复,提出了几点意见。     

黄土湿陷地区长输管线施工弃渣对河道行洪的影响研究

在西气东输管道工程(靖边—临汾段)建设过程中,在河道及河岸荒地弃渣的情况时有发生,这些弃渣将对河道的防洪产生不良影响,极易造成地质灾害。不仅对上、下游居民、厂矿、企业及生态环境造成影响,而且对管线本身的安全也构成威胁。为此提出在施工设计时有必要在附近河岸荒地集中设立弃渣处理场。这种方法可以有效地缩短运渣距离,方便施工,利于管理,可以实现施工、水保、管道安全、经济等因素的良好组合。     

A NEW LOOK AT FLOOD RISK DETERMINATION1

ABSTRACT: The probability distributions of annual peak flows used in flood risk analysis quantify the risk that a design flood will be exceeded. But the parameters of these distributions are themselves to a degree uncertain and this uncertainty increases the risk that the flood protection provided will in fact prove to be inadequate. The increase in flood risk due to parameter uncertainty is small when a fairly long record of data is available and the annual flood peaks are serially independent, which is the standard assumption in flood frequency analysis. But standard tests for serial independence are insensitive to the type of grouping of high and low values in a time series, which is measured by the Hurst coefficient. This grouping increases the parameter uncertainty considerably. A study of 49 annual peak flow series for Canadian rivers shows that many have a high Hurst coefficient. The corresponding increase in flood risk due to parameter uncertainty is shown to be substantial even for rivers with a long record, and therefore should not be neglected. The paper presents a method of rationally combining parameter uncertainty due to serial correlation, and the stochastic variability of peak flows in a single risk assessment. In addition, a relatively simple time series model that is capable of reproducing the observed serial correlation of flood peaks is presented.     

Flood Risk Perceptions and Overdevelopment in the Floodplain1

ABSTRACT: There is a long standing hypothesis that overdevelopment has occurred in the nation's floodplains due to imperfect information about the potential flood hazard, an expectation of disaster relief and anticipation of future structural protection. This hypothesis is investigated with multiple regression analysis of data for a case study area. In particular the question of whether floodplain residential property values are fully discounted for expected flood damages is addressed by considering the impact of the National Flood Insurance Program on property values. The extent to which flooding risk perceptions are based on low cost information such as distance from and elevation above the river is also considered. Finally, implications for floodplain management policy are discussed.     

NEAR REAL-TIME MAPPING OF THE 1975 MISSISSIPPI RIVER FLOOD IN LOUISIANA USING LANDSAT IMAGERY1

ABSTRACT: The project described in this report was undertaken by the Louisiana State Planning Office to establish the extent of backwater flooding in Louisiana in April 1975. Band 7 Landsat imagery, enlarged to a scale of 1:250,000 was used to visually identify flooded areas. Inundated areas were delineated on overlays keyed to 1:250,000 U.S. Geological Survey topographic quadrangles. Tabular data identifying acres flooded, according to land use type, were derived by merging the flood map overlays with computerized 1972 land use data. Approximately 1.12 million acres of the state were inundated by flood waters. The total acreage and land use types affected by flooding were determined within 72 hours from the time the flood areas were imaged. Flooded maps were prepared for 26 parishes. Field observations were made by Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service county agents in order to determine the accuracy of parish flood maps and flood acreage figures by land use type. Results indicated that this was a fast, accurate, and relatively inexpensive method of compiling flood data for disaster planning and postflood analysis.     

THE RED RIVER FLOOD CONTROL SYSTEM AND RECENT FLOOD EVENTS1

ABSTRACT: The 1950 flood disaster in the Red River Valley, Manitoba, and particularly in Winnipeg made all levels of government aware of the need for control measures. The principal elements of the system which was implemented were two large excavated diversion channels, a storage reservoir, and ring dykes around several small communities. In terms of cost and size, the flood control system is the largest in Canada and despite Federal contributions amounting to nearly 60 percent of the final cost, it represented a considerable fiscal burden for the comparatively small population of Manitoba. Between the opening of the Red River Floodway in 1968 and 1979, a series of exceptional spring peak flows on the Red and Assiniboine Rivers demonstrated the benefits of such a system to a degree which could not have been anticipated at the time the projects were being considered. Furthermore, maximum spring discharges from 1913 to 1978 show a clear rising trend, indicating that the flood hazard is becoming even more severe than was initially assumed; if this trend continues, future benefits will continue to exceed expectations. The overall effectiveness of the hazard reduction program in the Red River Valley, however, has suffered from continued development in unprotected areas. Recent federal-provincial agreements have been reached which will substantially reduce this problem and place greater emphasis on improving the non-structural components of an overall flood hazard reduction program.