Systematic analysis of microfauna indicator values for treatment performance in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant

The indicator values of microfauna functional groups and species for treatment performancewere systematically evaluated based on the continuous monitoring of the entire microfauna communities including both protozoa and metazoa over a period of 14 months, in two parallel full-scale municipalwastewater treatment systems in a plant in Beijing, China. A total of 57 species of ciliates, 14 species (units) of amoebae, 14 species (units) of flagellates and4 classes of small metazoawere identified,with Arcella hemisphaerica, Vorticella striata, Vorticella convallaria, Epistylis plicatilis and small flagellates (e.g. Bodo spp.) as thedominant protozoa, and rotifers as thedominant metazoa. The abundance of the sessile ciliateswas correlatedwith the removals of BOD 5 (Pearson’s r = 0.410, p < 0.05) and COD Cr (r = 0.397, p < 0.05)while the testate amoebaewas significantly positively related to nitrification (r = 0.523, p < 0.01). At the same time, some other associationswere also identified: the abundances of the large flagellates (r = 0.447, p < 0.01), the metazoa (r = 0.718, p < 0.01) and species Aspidisca sulcata (r = 0.337, p < 0.05)were positively related to nitrification; the abundance of Aspidisca costatawas correlated to the TN (total nitrogen) removal (r = -0.374, p < 0.05 ); the abundances of the sessile species Carchesium polypinum (r = 0.458, p < 0.01) and E. plicatilis (r = 0.377, p < 0.05)were correlatedwith the removal of suspended solids.     

土地利用对流域氮素记忆效应的影响研究

"记忆效应"是一些流域实行了多年的氮污染控制实践却仍未见成效的主要原因之一.然而,目前对流域氮素记忆效应的认识还很有限.本研究利用温州市珊溪水源地13个集水区近5年的河流TN浓度逐月监测数据,运用重标极差(R/S)分析和Spearman秩相关分析方法,探讨了土地利用对流域氮素记忆效应的影响.结果表明,河流TN平均浓度与耕地(r=0.495,p=0.086)和建设用地(r=0.692,p=0.009)面积比例正相关,与林地(r=-0.604,p=0.029)面积比例显著负相关,与园地(r=-0.039,p=0.900)、未利用地(r=-0.176,p=0.566)、集水区面积(r=-0.335,p=0.263)和河网密度(r=0.148,p=0.629)的相关性不显著.13条入库支流TN浓度序列的Hurst指数变异范围为0.33~0.72,意味着其中11个集水区具有显著的氮素记忆效应(0.5Hurst指数1.0),而其余2个集水区不显著(0Hurst指数0.5).Hurst指数与耕地(r=-0.482,p=0.095)和建设用地(r=-0.311,p=0.301)面积比例均负相关,而与园地(r=0.479,p=0.098)和林地(r=0.510,p=0.075)面积比例正相关.同时,Hurst指数与集水区面积大小(r=0.118,p=0.700)和未利用地面积比例(r=0.032,p=0.917)的相关性不显著,而与河网密度负相关(r=-0.529,p=0.063).流域内"源"功能为主土地利用面积的增加和氮输移效率的提高加剧了河流氮污染,而对氮素记忆效应的作用则相反.因此,尽管增加"汇"景观面积、降低氮输移效率能缓解河流氮污染,但"汇"景观中截留的遗留氮对河流氮浓度会造成更长时间的影响.     

水稻甲基汞富集对大气气态单质汞浓度升高的响应研究

水稻具有很强的甲基汞(MeHg)富集能力,从而增加了汞污染地区居民甲基汞暴露的风险.本研究利用开顶气室熏蒸实验和土壤加汞培育实验探究水稻各组织中MeHg富集对大气中的气态单质汞(GEM)浓度升高的响应.结果表明:水稻根中甲基汞含量与土壤中甲基汞含量显著正相关(r=0.9462~0.9870,p0.05),与大气汞含量无线性关系(p0.05),表明水稻根中的MeHg主要来自土壤.水稻茎中甲基汞含量随土壤甲基汞含量的增加而线性增加(上部茎:r=0.8560,p0.05;下部茎:r=0.9178~0.9484,p0.05),与大气汞含量没有相关性(p0.05),但在气室熏蒸实验中上部茎中的甲基汞含量高于下部茎;而在土壤加汞培育实验中下部茎中的甲基汞含量高于上部茎,表明水稻茎主要受土壤汞的影响,且大气汞可能对水稻上部茎甲基汞的富集有一定的影响.水稻叶中甲基汞含量与土壤甲基汞含量显著正相关(r=0.9708,p0.01),与大气汞含量无线性关系,但在气室熏蒸实验中实验组叶中甲基汞的含量高于对照组,表明水稻叶中的甲基汞可能受土壤甲基汞和大气汞的共同影响.水稻籽粒中甲基汞的含量与土壤甲基汞含量呈显著正相关(r=0.9046~0.9865,p0.05),与大气汞含量无明显的线性关系(p0.05),表明水稻籽粒中的甲基汞主要来自土壤,但在水稻上部茎和叶中甲基汞含量受一定程度大气汞含量影响的情况下势必会对水稻籽粒甲基汞的富集产生影响,但究竟有多大程度影响或量化其贡献还需进一步实验研究.     

河南洛阳市不同功能区土壤重金属污染特征及评价

以河南洛阳市居民区、科教区、城市绿地、商业区、城市主干道、工业区和城乡结合处这7个功能区为研究对象,共采集63个样品.分析不同功能区土壤重金属含量,采用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数评价重金属污染的程度,Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法评价土壤重金属潜在生态风险,主成分分析重金属污染的成因和来源.结果表明,6种重金属平均含量均超过河南省土壤重金属背景值.不同功能区重金属的单因子污染指数平均污染趋势为CdZnPbCuNiCr.内梅罗综合污染指数显示工业区重金属总含量最高,污染最为严重.单个重金属潜在生态危害指数Eir表明,Cd的潜在生态危害指数最高.不同功能区土壤多金属潜在危害危险指数RI依次为工业区(548.87)主干道(466.06)商业区(392.81)居民区(226.27)科教区(189.76)绿地(153.72)城郊(117.45),工业区、主干道和商业区达强生态危害水平,居民区、科教区和绿地达中等生态危害水平,而城乡属轻微生态危害.Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd为人为因子,主要来源于工业废物和交通排放;Cr和Ni为自然源因子,受成土母质的控制.     

A preliminary investigation on the occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in the Beijiang River, South China

The occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) was investigated and quantified in 20 water samples collected in the Beijiang River, South China. Sulfonamide- and tetracycline-resistant bacteria were present in 17 and 14 of the collected 20 samples. For sulfonamide ARGs, sulI and sulII were frequently observed in the Beijiang River. The levels of sulI were higher than sulII (p < 0.05), with the mean values of (1.41 ± 1.12) × 10-2 and (1.58 ± 1.71) × 10-3 copies/16S rDNA, respectively. For tetracycline ARGs, tetG had the highest frequency, 100%, followed by tetA (85%), tetO (85%), tetC (70%), tetX (60%), tetM (40%) and tetQ (20%), while tetE and tetS were not detected in all the samples from the Beijiang River. On the other hand, tetC had the highest concentration, ranging from 8.30 × 10-2 to 13.20 copies/16S rDNA. The poor correlation between ARGs and antibiotic concentrations revealed that the self-amplification and persistence of ARGs were the reasons that made ARGs exist in the water environment even though the antibiotic selecting pressure was absent. Because so few field measurements have been conducted for investigating the levels of ARGs in rivers in South China, this study provides an important insight on better understanding the occurrence and spread of ARGs in such an ecosystem.     

Distribution characteristics of total mercury and methylmercury in the topsoil and dust of Xiamen, China

The levels and distribution of mercury (Hg) species, including total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in the topsoil and dust collected from twenty sampling stations located in di erent land function areas of Xiamen, China, were investigated. The THg concentrations in topsoil ranged from 0.071 to 1.2 mg/kg, and in dust ranged from of 0.034 to 1.4 mg/kg. For stations where the THg of dust was less than 0.31 mg/kg, THg concentrations in the topsoil were significantly correlated to those in the corresponding dust (r = 0.597, n = 16, P = 0.014). The MeHg concentrations in topsoil were varied between 0.14 and 5.7 g/kg. The ratios of MeHg/THg in the topsoil ranged from 0.069% to 0.74%. The range of MeHg concentration in the dust were 0.092–2.3 g/kg. The ratios of MeHg/THg in the dust were at the same level as those in the topsoil. The MeHg concentrations in both topsoil and dust were linked to corresponding THg concentrations and soil organic matter. Neither THg nor MeHg concentration in the topsoil and dust was obviously linked to the land function.     

水动力扰动作用对太湖水体胶体相痕量金属浓度影响的模拟

在水槽中模拟研究了太湖中动力扰动作用引发底泥再悬浮对水体Cd、Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn、Zn等痕量金属的胶体相浓度的影响.结果表明,上覆水各元素的胶体相浓度在模拟扰动22h后均达最高值,其中,胶体相Cd、Fe、Cu、Mn浓度均与水动力扰动强度显著正相关(r=0.799、0.709、0.820、0.788,P=0.001、0.007、0.001、0.001),胶体Pb、Zn浓度均与水动力扰动作用不相关(r=0.542、0.523,P=0.056、0.067);水动力作用主要通过改变上覆水各痕量金属总量和胶体有机碳(COC)浓度而影响胶体相痕量金属的浓度,而且,其影响存在一定的滞后效应;由于上覆水中COC浓度低于太湖水体,使得其对胶体相痕量金属浓度的影响比在太湖中显著.     

太湖典型湖区中胶体有机碳浓度的时空变化

利用切向流超滤技术研究了太湖梅梁湾与贡湖湾2个不同生态类型的典型湖区在不同季节胶体有机碳(COC)的浓度变化,并同步观测了浮游植物、叶绿素(Chla)、悬浮物(SS)等背景指标.结果表明,作为藻型湖区的梅梁湾,其COC浓度夏季最高,秋季最低;作为草型湖区的贡湖湾.其COC浓度在秋季最高,冬季最低;太湖梅梁湾和贡湖湾COC浓度的差异和季节变化有关,夏季梅梁湾COC浓度高于贡湖湾,差异为一年中最大;太湖水体COC浓度和Chla浓度显著正相关(r=0.81,P=0.015),表明浮游植物的生命活动址太湖水体COC的一个重要来源.     

辽东湾近岸海域沉积物石油类分布特征及污染状况

利用2015年－2017年海洋环境监测数据,对辽东湾近岸海域沉积物石油类含量时空分布状况进行阐述,对其污染状况进行分析,对其污染来源进行讨论。研究结果表明,2015年－2017年辽东湾近岸海域沉积物石油类含量范围为1.5×10?6~2790.0×10?6,中位值为62.7×10?6。2015年－2017年辽东湾海洋功能区内沉积物石油类含量的总中位值大小顺序（前三位）为港口航运区>保留区>农渔业区。2015年－2017年辽东湾海洋功能区内沉积物石油类站位总超标率大小顺序（前四位）为工业与城镇用海区>保留区>农渔业区>港口航运区。石油类主要产生于港口航运区、工业与城镇用海区沿岸、保留区沿岸、农渔业区等生产活动较为频繁的区域。     

Mercury in alpine fish from four rivers in the Tibetan Plateau

As a global pollutant, high levels of mercury (Hg) have been found in remote ecosystem due to the long range atmospheric transport. In this study, a total of 60 fish samples were collected from four rivers across the Tibetan Plateau to study the accumulation of Hg in remote and high-altitude aquatic environment. The total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in fish muscles ranged from 11 to 2097 ng/g dry weight (dw) (average: 819 ng/g dw) and from 14 to 1960 ng/g dw (average: 756 ng/g dw), respectively. Significantly positive linear relationships were observed between the THg (r = 0.591, p < 0.01, n = 36) and MeHg concentrations (r = 0.473, p < 0.01, n = 36) with the trophic level of fish from Lhasa River, suggesting trophic transfer and biomagnification of Hg in this aquatic ecosystem. Moreover, the THg levels in fish had significantly positive correlations with the length (r = 0.316, p < 0.05, n = 60) and weight (r = 0.271, p < 0.05, n = 60) of fish. The high levels of Hg were attributed to the slow growth and long lifespan of the fish under this sterile and cold environment. Risk assessment revealed that the consumption of Oxygymnocypris stewartii, Schizothorax macropogon, Schizothorax waltoni, Schizopygopsis younghusbandi and Schizothorax o'connori would lead to a high exposure to MeHg.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil from three typical industrial areas in Beijing, China

Areas containing industrial facilities belonging to three different typical industries that may cause pollution by polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） in Beijing, China were investigated. Specifically, the areas contained a solid waste incineration plant, a chemical factory, and a heat and power plant. Investigation of the pollution status of PBDEs in the surface soil from areas around these industries revealed the highest concentration of 42 PBDE congeners （118 ng/g, dry mass） at the solid waste incineration plant. In the other two plants, the highest concentrations were both 26 ng/g （dry mass）. Among the PBDE homologues, the PBDE contamination at all sites showed similar congener compositions, with BDE 209 being the dominant congener. Our findings established the first contamination status of three typical industrial areas in Beijing. Furthermore, the total concentrations of 42 PBDE congeners tended to decrease as the distance from the investigated plants increased. Overall, these plants were identified as potential pollution sources of PBDEs in Beijing. Moreover, Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the major PBDE source in Beijing may be associated with the technical deca-BDE and penta-BDE mixture. Based on the data obtained in this preliminary investigation, further study of the potential of these sources to emit PBDEs in Beijing is warranted.     

基于蒙特卡罗模拟的铅锌冶炼厂周边农田土壤重金属健康风险评估

为探明铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤重金属污染程度及人体健康风险,在云南省某铅锌冶炼厂周边农田采集56个表层土壤(0～20 cm),分析了土壤中pH和重金属Pb、 Cd、 Zn、 As、 Cu和Hg的含量,对土壤重金属含量的污染程度、生态风险和概率健康风险进行了研究.结果表明,研究区土壤中ω(Pb)、ω(Cd)、ω(Zn)、ω(As)、ω(Cu)和ω(Hg)的平均值分别为4 413.93、 6.89、 1 672.76、 44.45、 47.61和0.21 mg·kg^-1,均超过云南省土壤背景值.Cd的地累积指数(I_geo)平均值为0.24,单因子污染指数(P_i)平均值为30.42,潜在生态风险指数(E_r)平均值为1 312.60,是研究区污染最重以及生态风险最高的重金属.蒙特卡罗概率健康风险结果显示,成人和儿童的非致癌风险指数(HI)分别为2.42E-01和9.36E-01,儿童的非致癌风险超过控制值的比例为36.63%;成人和儿童的致癌风险指数(TCR)分别为6.98E-05和5.93E-04,儿童的致癌风...     

Application of AERMOD on near future air quality simulation under the latest national emission control policy of China：A case study on an industrial city

Air quality model can be an adequate tool for future air quality prediction, also atmospheric observations supporting and emission control strategies responders. The influence of emission control policy (emission reduction targets in the national "China’s 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015)") on the air quality in the near future over an important industrial city of China, Xuanwei in Yunnan Province, was studied by applying the AERMOD modeling system. First, our analysis demonstrated that the AERMOD modeling system could be used in the air quality simulation in the near future for SO2 and NOx under average meteorology but not for PM10. Second, after evaluating the simulation results in 2008 and 2015, ambient concentration of SO2, NOx and PM10 (only 2008) were all centered in the middle of simulation area where the emission sources concentrated, and it is probably because the air pollutions were source oriented. Last but not least, a better air quality condition will happen under the hypothesis that the average meteorological data can be used in near future simulation. However, there are still heavy polluted areas where ambient concentrations will exceed the air quality standard in near future. In spatial allocation, reduction effect of SO2 is more significant than NOx in 2015 as the contribution of SO2 from industry is more than NOx. These results inspired the regulatory applications of AERMOD modeling system in evaluating environmental pollutant control policy     

贵阳市水库中硫酸盐还原菌及铁还原菌对甲基汞分布的影响

微生物在汞的甲基化过程中起着关键作用,但关于野外微生物活动对甲基汞分布的影响研究较为缺乏.通过对贵阳市不同污染类型水库中硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)、铁还原菌(DIRB)、甲基汞(MeHg)及相应水质参数分布规律研究,探讨了水库中SRB和DIRB活动在汞甲基化及其分布中所起的作用.在水库上覆水体中,SRB与甲基汞呈显著正相关关系(r=0.398,p0.015,n=37),表明在上覆水体中,SRB为主要的汞甲基化细菌.在污染严重且差异明显的沉积物中,两种微生物对甲基汞分布的影响各不相同.在受矿山酸性废水污染的阿哈水库,由于其过高的SRB含量及其硫酸盐还原活动,导致夏季沉积物表层硫离子大量积累,严重抑制了汞的甲基化过程,使得沉积物孔隙水表层甲基汞明显低于其它两个水库,也低于阿哈水库上覆水体甲基汞含量.在红枫水库,沉积物表层适宜的SRB活动促进了汞的甲基化,硫酸盐还原物硫离子和孔隙水甲基汞存在显著相关性(r=0.674,p0.001,n=31);在百花水库,由于沉积物曾受到严重汞污染,甲基汞峰值主要受到沉积物总汞的影响,和两种微生物活动及其产物均未表现出显著相关性.     

Toxicity of the xenoestrogen nonylphenol and its biodegradation by the alga Cyclotella caspia

Alkylphenols (APs), the breakdown products of alkylphenol polyethoxylates that are widely used as surfactants, have been proven to exert estrogenic effects. With industrial development, higher concentrations of APs are discharged into aquatic environments. Nonylphenol (NP), the most noxious AP, is included in the blacklist of several countries. The toxicity of NP to the alga Cyclotella caspia and the biodegradation of NP by C. caspia were studied in the laboratory. The median effective concentration at 96 hr (96 hr EC50 ) of NP for C. caspia was found to be 0.18 mg/L. Five toxicity and three degradation indices were selected for toxicity and biodegradation experiments, respectively, in five or three concentrations of NP set by the 96 hr EC50 of NP. The algal growth rate and chlorophyll a contents decreased as NP concentration increased. The main manifestations of morphological deformity of the cells included volume expansion and the presence of cytoplasmic inclusions (lipid droplets). The abnormality rate of the cells increased with NP concentration and time, and was 100% at 0.22 and 0.26 mg/L of NP after 192 hr of culture. Superoxide dismutase activity initially increased and then declined at a higher NP toxicity of greater than 0.18 mg/L. After 192 hr of culture, the biodegradation rates of NP by C. caspia with initial concentrations of 0.14, 0.18, and 0.22 mg/L were 37.7%, 31.7%, and 6.5%, respectively. The kinetic equation of C. caspia biodegradation on NP was correlated with algal growth rate and initial NP concentration.     

甘肃省对流层甲醛柱浓度时空分布特征及影响因素研究

近年来,有着致癌性质的甲醛在大气中的含量逐年增加,加强对大气甲醛及其影响因素的监测意义重大。本文利用OMI卫星反演数据,对2008～2016年甘肃省对流层甲醛柱浓度的时空特征以及影响因子进行分析。结果表明：（1）甘肃省甲醛柱浓度空间分布极其不平衡,呈现出由甘肃南部向中部、西北部逐渐降低的趋势,这与甘肃省自东南向西北的植被分布有关,植被排放对大气甲醛有一定的贡献。（2）甲醛柱浓度年均值最低为7.15×10¹⁵ molec/cm²,出现在2008年,最高为10.66×10¹⁵ molec/cm²,出现在2011年;按照季节划分甲醛柱浓度均值,表现为夏季 > 冬季 > 春季 > 秋季,这与夏季光化学反应和甘肃省冬季采暖有关;甘肃省大气中的甲醛以自然因素为主,人为因素次之。（3）甲醛柱浓度变化不仅与自然因素的温度呈显著正相关,还与社会经济因素中的第二产业值、工业产值以及能源消耗等具有一定相关性。甘肃省甲醛柱浓度时空特征总体受当地自然和社会经济因素的综合影响。     

施肥量对福州平原稻田CO2排放及其温度敏感性的影响

为了阐明施肥量对稻田CO_2排放及其温度敏感性的影响,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对福州平原稻田对照(CK)、常规施肥组(CG)和倍增施肥组(BZ)的CO_2排放及其温度敏感性进行了测定和分析.结果表明,CK、CG和BZ的CO_2排放通量变化范围分别为32.33~3181.97、30.68~3701.05和32.81~3206.29 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),CG的CO_2排放通量比较CK增加了14.16%,BZ的CO_2排放通量较CK增加了8.04%,CK、CG和BZ之间CO_2排放通量差异不显著(p0.05);稻田CO_2排放与土温(r=0.683,p0.01)、株高(r=0.820,p0.01)及含水量(r=0.309,p0.05)具有显著的正相关关系;CK、CG和BZ的CO_2排放通量与土温和气温均具有显著的正相关关系(n=42,p0.01);CK、CG、BZ的Q_(s10)值和Q_(a10)值分别为28.13、18.88、13.24和9.86、7.64、6.35,CK的温度敏感性显著高于CG和BZ(p0.05),施肥显著降低了稻田CO_2排放的温度敏感性(p0.05).     

杭州湾潮滩湿地土壤碱性磷酸酶活性分布及其与磷形态的关系

以杭州湾潮滩作为研究区域,对土壤中碱性磷酸酶活性、磷形态、有机磷细菌数量及理化性质的时空分布特征进行分析,揭示碱性磷酸酶活性与磷形态分布及转化的关系. 结果表明,杭州湾潮滩湿地土壤中碱性磷酸酶活性具有显著的时空差异,总体表现为7月最高（38. 59~104.74 mg·kg^-1·h^-1）,2月最低（8. 21~40.61 mg·kg^-1·h^-1）,且各月之间有显著性差异（p<0.05）;不同植被型土壤碱性磷酸酶活性之间差异总体表现为芦苇（39.72~104.63 mg·kg^-1·h^-1）>互花米草（32.18~73.23 mg·kg^-1·h^-1）≈海三棱藨草（9.68~83.48 mg·kg^-1·h^-1）>光滩（8.21~49.50 mg·kg^-1·h^-1）,其中光滩与其他类型土壤具有显著性差异（p<0.05）. 无机磷形态中的可交换态磷（Exch-P）、铁/铝结合态磷（Fe/Al-P）及钙结合态磷（Ca-P）的含量均表现为：5月>7月>10月> 2月,5月与2月之间具有显著性差异（p<0.05）. 有机磷形态中的活性有机磷（L-P）的含量动态变化为：7月>5月>10月>2月;中等活性有机磷（ML-P）的含量表现为：2月> 5月>10月>7月;非活性有机磷（NL-P）的含量没有明显的动态变化. 相关性分析结果显示,碱性磷酸酶活性与有机磷细菌数量呈显著的正相关关系（r=0.58,p<0.01）,有机磷细菌是影响碱性磷酸酶活性的主要因素之一.土壤碱性磷酸酶活性与无机磷组分中的（Fe/Al）-P（r=0.39,p<0.05）、 有机磷组分中的L-P （r=0.37,p<0.05）、NL-P（r=0.31,p<0.05）呈正相关,潮滩湿地土壤中的NL-P是生物有效磷的潜在磷源.     

基于受体和化学传输的综合模型解析重庆PM2.5来源

为进一步提高PM_2.5污染源解析的准确性,研究提出一种基于受体和化学传输的综合源解析模型（CTM-RM）,并以重庆冬季一次典型PM_2.5污染过程为例（2019年1月21～27日）开展模型评估与应用.结果表明,观测期间基于CTM-RM获得的模拟误差平方值较CAMx/PSAT低84.58%,PM_2.5及其化学组分浓度的模拟相对误差值较CAMx/PSAT下降15.69%～92.86%;此外,CTM-RM还可以获取重庆市PM_2.5污染源贡献的时空分布特征.观测期间,主城区PM_2.5农业源、工业源、电力源、民用源、交通源和其他源的调整因子R值分别为1.39±0.38、 1.54±0.48、 1.01±0.13、 1.02±0.58、 0.86±0.59和0.58±0.67,各污染源R值的累积分布函数差异明显.民用源和工业源是主城区PM_2.5的主要污染源（46.23%和28.23%）.与其他源不同,污染日交通源贡献率（8.62%）同比清洁日显著上升（P<0.00...     

洛阳市不同功能区道路灰尘重金属污染及潜在生态风险

以洛阳市为例,调查了工业区、商业区、居民区、城乡结合处、城市绿地和城市主干道等6个功能区道路灰尘中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd)含量,并采用Hkanson潜在生态危害指数评价重金属污染水平及其潜在风险.结果表明,洛阳市各功能区道路灰尘重金属含量均显著高出河南省土壤重金属环境背景值,平均含量依次为Zn(1 019.75 mg.kg-1)>Cr(401.63mg.kg-1)>Cu(240.94 mg.kg-1)>Pb(176.04 mg.kg-1)>Cd(2.33 mg.kg-1).在所有功能区,Cd均是污染最重的重金属,平均污染系数Cif高达35.84,之后依次是Zn(16.32)>Cu(12.05)>Pb(7.90)>Cr(6.36).各功能区道路灰尘中的重金属含量和污染水平存在较大差异,工业区的重金属总量最高、污染最重.不同功能区灰尘重金属综合潜在生态危害指数RI依次为工业区(1 709.51)>城市绿地(1 581.50)>商业区(1 297.45)>居民区(1 111.25)>城市主干道(889.97)>城乡结合部(641.39),且均已达到很强生态危害水平.产生潜在生态危害的重金属主要是Cd,在所有功能区均超出极强生态危害水平,其潜在生态危害指数Eir平均值达1 075.16,其次是Cu(60.23)和Pb(40.77),平均达中等生态危害水平,而Zn(16.32)和Cr(12.71)则为轻微生态危害水平.减少工业污染和交通污染可能是有效降低道路灰尘中重金属污染和风险的主要措施.