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1.
Sustainable metal management exemplified by copper in the USA 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
A sustainable management of non-renewable metals calls for scientific-ecological understanding of the regional material household.
The copper household in the USA between 1900 and 2100 was chosen to illustrate mathematical modelling of such systems. Relatively
limited and inaccurate sets of data already allow a first approximation of the metal management system. The copper fluxes
of the 20th century have contributed to the formation of two new ore deposits of the same order of magnitude as the currently
still available reservoir (90 million tons), i.e. copper stock in consumption products (approx. 70 million tons) and in landfills
(approx. 40 million tons). The “landfill”, therefore, contains copper whose potential use is lost due to dilution. The long-term
copper consumption stock is greater than the short-term stock. Scenarios show that the current economically mineable Cu-stocks
will be exhausted in 30 to 50 years if a change in the existing management system does not occur. In case of a reorientation,
the use of copper as a “new resource” in the consumption stocks appears to be the most promising strategy. The future waste
management processes will have to increase their copper recycling rates.
Received: 24 February 1999 · Accepted: 8 June 1999 相似文献
2.
Defining climate-change victims 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article introduces the concept of “climate-change victims” and classifies categories of threats and groups of people
who would be vulnerable to and victimized by human-induced climate change. (The full, correct wording is “human-induced climate-change
victims”, but we will use just “climate-change victims” in the rest of the article.) It offers a definition with three levels
of climate-change victimization and differentiates “climate-change victims” from “natural-disasters victims” and from “climate-change
migrants”. The article sets an agenda for a new type of victimhood and could lead to further research on possible prevention,
accountability measures, environmental tribunals, and compensation mechanisms to recompense climate-change victims. 相似文献
3.
Renato A. M. Silvano John Valbo-Jørgensen 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2008,10(5):657-675
Studies investigating the local ecological knowledge (LEK) held by fishermen about the fishing resources have indicated that
fishermen’s LEK may have the potential to improve fishery management, by providing new information about the ecology, behavior
and abundance trends of fish and other aquatic animals. Our major aim is to undertake a brief review of published ethnoichthyological
studies with a focus on coastal Brazilian fisheries and freshwater fisheries in both Brazil and Southeast Asia. Based on such
review, we provide 29 hypotheses on fish ecology based on fishermen’s LEK and compare them with what is already known from
the biological literature, using an arbitrary ‘likelihood’ measure: “Low likelihood” corresponded to unexpected hypotheses,
which contradict existing biological data. “Medium likelihood” corresponded to hypotheses that could not be compared to available
scientific knowledge. Hypotheses that agree with scientific data were considered as “High likelihood”. We therefore discuss
these three categories of hypotheses about several distinct topics, such as migration, reproduction, feeding habits, abundance
patterns, ecological relationships between fish and their predators, and fishing pressure. Our results may contribute to the
fisheries management and research in the studied regions and other similar places, besides raising the interest of biologists
to properly include fishermen’s LEK when planning and conducting fisheries surveys.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
4.
This paper quantitatively assesses the influences of various demographic and socio-economic factors, past adaptive behavioral
factors, access to weather/climate information, and spatial/locational factors on coastal populations’ perceived adaptive
capacity against major impacts of hydro-meteorological disasters on their livelihood. A total of 285 respondents from three
coastal villages in Bangladesh were randomly interviewed between January and April 2009. Respondents rated their perceived
adaptive capacity against 25 anticipated impacts of sea-level rise (SLR)-induced events on their livelihood. By employing
the principal component analysis (PCA), perceived adaptive capacity was grouped into five major categories. Then, an adaptive
capacity index for each of five major impacts, namely, “infrastructure damage and disrupted mobility,” “food and nutritional
insecurity,” “low earning and higher cost of maintenance,” “loss of employment in offshore activities,” and “crisis of potable
water and public health risk,” was prepared. How adaptive capacity against each of these major five categories of impacts
differs due to the influence of various factors was assessed by employing the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) technique.
The MANOVAs show that age, sex, level of education, type of occupation, farmland holdings, past adaptive behavior against
rainfall, salinity intrusion, freshwater crises, use of radio for weather information, and the distance of the homestead from
the shoreline have varying levels of influence on respondents’ perceived adaptive capacity against each of the five major
categories of impacts. Others factors have moderate to limited influences. The policy implication is that specific programs,
rather than a generic one-size fits all program, must be initiated for enhancement of adaptive capacity against specific impacts. 相似文献
5.
Fabio Orecchini 《Sustainability Science》2007,2(2):245-252
Human society consumes resources that it is not able to reproduce. Human activities are still based on “open cycles,” starting
from a condition of natural environmental balance and reaching an environmental imbalance. The challenging scope of scientific
and technological research towards sustainability appears clear if it is based on this analysis: to find development systems
based on “closed cycles” of resources. The challenging objective of realizing closed cycles leads to a definition of sustainability
that indicates the path to sustainable development, as well as stating the general principle. It also provides a key to the
qualitative measurement of sustainability. This means that the sustainability level of a system can be measured by measuring
its capacity to avoid the consumption of resources. Zero consumption is a necessary condition for sustainability, and brings
about as a side effect the highly desired “zero-waste” result. Materials entering the proposed endless scheme pass through
the process of usefulness without losing their capacity to feed the system again after being used. Thus, the concept of “consumption”
itself is replaced by one of “use” when resources are inserted into closed loops capable of feeding human development. The
application of the closed cycle sustainability criterion particularly displays its feasibility, and a theoretical guiding
role, in the energy sector. Energy vectors such as hydrogen and electricity enable the closure of the energy resources loop
by effectively approaching the objective of “zero consumption” (and the side result of “zero waste”) through already demonstrated
technological solutions. 相似文献
6.
Brad Allenby 《Sustainability Science》2006,1(1):7-13
The Industrial Revolution and associated economic, demographic, technological and cultural changes have resulted in what many scientists are beginning to refer to as “the Anthropocene” – roughly translated, the Age of Humans. One response to this development is the nascent field of “sustainability science,” a multidisciplinary and systemic attempt to perceive and understand this new era. In doing so, however, methodologies and intellectual frameworks must be developed which extend beyond existing, dominantly reductionist, approaches, and are intended to address emergent characteristics of complex systems that integrate cultural and social systems, the engineered and built environment and natural systems. In the area of ethics, this requires developing a capability for “macroethics,” or ethical systems and processes capable of addressing issues arising from the emergent behavior of the complicated systems that characterize the Anthropocene. 相似文献
7.
T. V. Kotova I. M. Miklyaeva G. N. Ogureeva E. G. Suslova L. V. Shvergunova 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2000,31(5):318-323
Objectives and methods of mapping the ecological state of the plant cover at different spatial levels—federal, regional, and
local—are analyzed. The maps used as examples are as follows: at the federal level, “Ecological State of Rangelands in Russia”
(1:10 000 000); at the regional level, “Vegetation of Moscow Oblast” (1:200 000); and at the local level, “Vegetation of Narofominskii
Raion” and “Current State of the Plant Cover in Narofominskii Raion” (1:50 000). 相似文献
8.
This study has indicated that there is close relationship between development density and environmental quality; therefore,
it is necessary to decide the form of development carefully beforehand. The form of development is shaped either by new development
or urban renewal which is a major tactic nowadays adopted by the Hong Kong Government to improve the living condition of the
citizens and the quality of the built environment. This study is limited to urban renewal and aims to find out the major urban
design considerations for sustaining the environment. Through a questionnaire survey carried out in Hong Kong, the opinions
of architects, planners, property development managers, and local citizens were sought and evaluated, and critical design
factors for enhancing environmental sustainability of urban renewal projects are highlighted. The results derived from factor
analysis indicated that certain design considerations should be incorporated for sustaining the urban environment. “Land Use
Planning”, “Quality of Life”, “Conservation & Preservation”, “Integrated Design”, “Provision of Welfare Facilities”, and “Conservation
of Existing Properties” were believed to be the significant underlying factors for achieving environmental sustainability
of local urban renewal projects.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
9.
Storm surges: perspectives and options 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
This review paper attempts to summarize the scattered and fragmented knowledge about past and possible future changing storm-surge
statistics using the particularly well-studied case of the North Sea as an example. For this region, a complete and robust
analysis methodology has been developed in recent years. This methodology is based on dynamical and statistical models. Using
the concept of dynamical downscaling, development during recent decades, when sufficiently good and homogeneous weather data
exist, has been “reconstructed,” and scenarios of possible future change are described. “Localization” allows estimation of
changes at specific sites, e.g., harbors. As local water-level statistics depend not only on climate variations but also on
local modifications of the local bathymetry, new options for adaptation emerge. For the case of Hamburg, an option for such
future adaptations is discussed. 相似文献
10.
MARZIO GALEOTTI 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2007,9(4):427-454
There is a long-standing debate on the relationship between economic development and environmental quality. From a sustainable
development viewpoint there has been a growing concern that the economic expansion of the world economy will cause irreparable
damage to our planet. In the last few years several studies have appeared dealing with the relationship between the scale
of economic activity and the level of pollution. In particular, if we concentrate on local pollutants many empirical contributions
have identified a bell-shaped curve linking per capita pollution to per capita GDP (in the case of global pollutants like
CO2 the evidence is less clear-cut). This behavior implies that, starting from low per capita income levels, per capita emissions
or concentrations tend to increase but at a slower pace. After a certain level of income (which typically differs across pollutants)
– the “turning point” – pollution starts to decline as income further increases. In analogy with the historical relationship
between income distribution and income growth, the inverted-U relationship between per capita income and pollution has been
termed “Environmental Kuznets Curve”. The purpose of this paper is not to provide an overview the literature: there are several
survey papers around doing precisely that. We instead reconsider the explanations that have been put forth for its inverted-U
pattern. We consider the literature from this perspective. In addition, without resorting to any econometric estimation, we
consider whether simple data analysis can help to shed some light on the motives that can rationalize the Environmental Kuznets
Curve.
This paper is part of the research work being carried out by the Climate Change Modelling and Policy Unit at Fondazione Eni
Enrico Mattei and has been prepared for the 2004–2005 ESRI Collaboration Project. The author is grateful to Nicola Cantore
for skillful assistance. 相似文献
11.
The developing countries i.e., the non-Annex-I countries (parties to the Kyoto Protocol but not responsible to any reduction
target yet) in the Kyoto Protocol whose economies are in transition are also allowed to reduce GHG emissions. Among these,
the countries that have accepted the Kyoto Protocol may be benefited from CDM projects to promote sustainable development.
The developed countries i.e., the Annex-I countries (that have signed the Kyoto Protocol & are responsible to have specific
GHG emission reduction target) or the investing countries, in return, have privilege to purchase CER credits (in units equivalent
to one tonne of CO2 gas emission reduction) to meet the emission target as specified in the Kyoto Protocol. The key step in understanding about
CDM is to grasp the concept of “baseline” and “additionality”. The “Baseline” is the emissions level that would have existed if a CDM project had not happened. The feature of an approved CDM project
is that the planned reductions would not occur without the additional incentive provided by emission reduction credits; this
concept is known as “Additionality”. According to environmental additionality concept, baseline emission minus project emission is equal to emissions reduction.
“Investment Additionality,” ultimately rejected during negotiation of the “Marrakech Accords” and “Financial Additionality,” are the two important concepts. The concept of trading of CER matches to the idea of Pigovian tax (equal to the negative externality and which is considered one of the “traditional” means of bringing a modicum of market
forces) in Economics, making pollution more costly to the polluter, as the polluters have negative cost since they save money
by polluting; hence, there are supposed negative externalities associated with the market activity. Economic theory predicts
that in an economy where the cost of reaching mutual agreement between parties is high and where pollution is diffuse, Pigovian
tax will be an efficient way to promote the public interest and will lead to an improvement of the quality of life measured
by the Genuine Progress Indicator and other human economic indicators, as well as higher gross domestic product growth. We
can seek a level of pollution such that the marginal savings (MS) to one polluting unit from pollution (−MC) is equal to marginal
damage (MD) from pollution over the entire population, since pollution is a public bad i.e., MS (x*) = ∑MDi (x*) where ∑Di (x) is the total damage. Though the responsibility of reduction in emission does not lie on the non-Annex-I countries, still
effort of maintaining global emission balance can be expected equally from developed and developing countries. The responsibilities
of Kyoto Protocol are (a) to reduce global GHG emissions, (b) to bring about sustainable development in the developing countries
lie on above two groups since its effect on February 16, 2005. Different polluters have different costs of pollution control.
The least costly way of controlling pollution from various sources that reflects different costs of pollution control making
the set of environmental regulations to achieve the emission target at the lowest cost makes the regulation cost-effective.
Though efficiency is not attainable for many regulations, cost-effectiveness is attainable. 相似文献
12.
Paolo Bazzoffi 《Regional Environmental Change》2009,9(3):169-179
Council Regulations (EC) No 1257/1999 and the EU Soil Thematic Strategy give great importance to soil and land conservation
to develop knowledge driven governance for rural development. In the hilly areas of Italy cultivated intensively, and especially
in the ones devoted to viticulture, agricultural practices determine high loss of soil with consequent degradation of the
soil resource. In addition to it, offsite effects of soil erosion can be unsustainable, due to sediment transfer to the channel
network and infrastructures. In order to achieve a sustainable rural development there is a need for tools and instruments
to allow European regional administrations, to develop, implement, manage and monitor rural development plans. To counteract
the environmental threats intensified by agricultural activity, the environmental functions “soil erosion control” and “water
runoff control” were investigated in the Chianti area by using GIS. To determine the EMR (Environmental Minimum Requirements)
values for soil erosion the “regeneration” capability of soils was considered, and the value of estimated soil loss was compared
with the value of soil reformation. A scenario analysis was also performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the agroenvironmental
measure “grass cover” in reducing erosion. The concept of tolerable erosion based on soil productivity and soil reformation
rate only is reductive and off-site effects of soil erosion should be also taken into account. For this reason, it was proposed
to extend the concept of hydrogeological risk to soil erosion by implementing the notion of soil erosion tolerance (T) with the new concept of environmental risk of soil erosion (ERSE). The new ERSE index takes into account all the in- and
off-farm externalities of soil erosion. For this reason, it can be considered an aggregated environmental indicator that enables
policy makers to evaluate the impacts of soil erosion by following an holistic approach. 相似文献
13.
A. B. Savinov 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2011,42(3):179-185
According to the basic concept of the theory dealt with in this study, autocenosis, i.e., a self-regulatory host-symbiont system, rather than an individual, is the individual-level unit. Then, democenosis, which is a system of autocenoses, corresponds to the population level. Therefore, natural selection of autocenoses rather
than individuals occurs in a democenosis, and auto- and democenoses, rather than “individuals” and “populations,” are components
of food chains and webs. However, the symbiotic approach does not exclude the population paradigm and will be developed in
parallel with it. 相似文献
14.
Environment, Development and Sustainability - The article “Quantifying carbon footprint for ecological river restoration”, written by “Yiwen Chiu, Yi Yang and Cody Morse”,... 相似文献
15.
Agroforestry in the Western Ghats (WG) of peninsular India and satoyama in rural Japan are traditional land-use systems with
similar evolutionary trajectories. Some of their relevance was lost by the middle of the twentieth century, when modern agricultural
technologies and urbanisation engineered shifts in emphasis towards maximising crop production. There has been, however, a
resurgence of interest in traditional land-use systems recently, in view of their ability to provide ecosystem services. Both
agroforestry and satoyama are thought to be harbingers of biological diversity and have the potential to serve as “carbon
forests.” Carbon (C) stock estimates of the sampled homegardens in WG ranged from 16 to 36 Mg ha−1. Satoyama woodlands owing to variations in tree stocking and management conditions indicated widely varying C stocks (2–279 Mg ha−1). Agroforestry and satoyama also differ in nature, complexity, and objectives. While agroforestry involves key productive
and protective functions, and adopts ‘intensive management’, the satoyama woodlands are extensively managed; understorey production
is seldom a consideration. Differences in canopy architecture (multi-tiered structure of agroforestry vs. the more or less
unitary canopy of satoayama) and land ownership pattern (privately owned/managed agroforestry holdings vs. community or local
government or privately owned and mostly abandoned satoyamas) pose other challenges in the transfer and application of knowledge
gained in one system to the other. Nonetheless, lessons learnt from satoyama conservation may be suitable for common pool
resource management elsewhere in Asia, and aspects relating to understorey production in agroforestry may be relevant for
satoyama under certain scenarios. 相似文献
16.
P. P. Popov 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2010,41(5):378-385
Discriminant analysis has been used to analyze the composition of phenotypic forms and geographic differentiation of spruce
populations in northwestern Russia in comparison with those of “standard” Norway spruce and Siberian spruce populations. The
absolute prevalence of trees with an intermediate Norway-Siberian spruce phenotype has been revealed in almost all populations,
except for the northernmost ones. Spruce populations in northwestern Russia may be divided into at least three groups, with
the southern group being closer to the Norway spruce, and all other groups, to the Siberian spruce. 相似文献
17.
The paper addresses the topic of wealth accumulation in Russia. This phenomenon plays an important role for the understanding
and forecasting the future economic and social development of the country. The “westernized” paradigm calls for hard honest
work during the life and approves getting a reward in a form of wealth in the end. When brought to Russia, this paradigm faces
the orthodox traditions and rules together with the post-soviet mental patterns. In this paper, we consider how the pattern
“first accumulate wealth, then consume it” competes with its opposition, the pattern “first consume wealth, then accumulate
it” in Russia. We base our discussion on the consumers’ simple optimization problem, which exhibits a bifurcation between
those two patterns depending on the relation between the consumption “impatience” and the wealth growth rate. We also suggest
a framework to model the phenomenon of unfair wealth through impulse type of wealth development. 相似文献
18.
Kan-ichiro Matsumura Rover J. Hijmans Yann Chemin Christopher D. Elvidge Kenji Sugimoto Wenbin Wu Yang-won Lee Ryosuke Shibasaki 《Sustainability Science》2009,4(2):301-313
Rice plays a major role in the global supply and demand for sustainable food production. The constraints of maintaining sustainable
rice production are closely linked to the relationship between the distribution patterns of human activity on the planet and
economic growth. Global patterns of rice production can be mapped by using various criteria linked to domestic income, population
patterns, and associated satellite brightness data of rice-producing regions. Prosperous regions have more electric lighting,
and there are documented correlations between gross domestic product (GDP) and nighttime light. We chose to examine global
rice production patterns on a geographical basis. For the purposes of this study, each country is considered to be made up
of regions, and rice production is discussed in terms of regional distribution. A region is delineated by its administrative
boundaries; the number of regions where rice is produced is about 13,839. We used gridded spatial population distribution
data overlain by nocturnal light imagery derived from satellite imagery. The resultant relationship revealed a correlation
between regional income (nominal values of GDP were used) and rice production in the world. The following criteria were used
to examine the supply and demand structure of rice. Global rice consumption = “caloric rice consumption per capita per day”
multiplied by “regional population values”. Regional rice yields = “country-based production” divided by “harvested area”
(multiple harvests are taken into account). Regional rice production = “regional harvested areas” multiplied by “rice yield
values”. We compared regional rice consumption and production values according to these methods. Analysis of the data sets
generated a map of rice supply and demand. Inter-regional shipping costs were not accounted for. This map can contribute to
the understanding of food security issues in rice-producing regions and to estimating potential population values in such
regions. 相似文献
19.
S. N. Sannikov I. V. Petrova N. S. Sannikova E. V. Egorov T. V. Filippova 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2011,42(3):186-191
Comparative allozyme analysis of 26 marginal island populations of Pinus sylvestris L. and 20 populations from the center of the species range has confirmed, at the species level, the Wright-Dubinin “island
model” of automatic genetic processes and Mayr’s hypothesis about homozygotization of small isolated populations at range
boundaries. It has been shown that the polymorphism of isolated populations sharply decreases when their area is reduced below
15–20 km2 and increases to the level observed in the center of the range when the population area exceeds 50–100 km2. A chorogenetic classification of marginal P. sylvestris populations is proposed. 相似文献
20.
According to various reports, climate change is responsible for the change in rainfall amount and pattern accompanied by the
various degrees of extreme events in Sahelian West Africa in recent years. Other reports also suggest that there has been
a “recovery” of the rainy season (Nicholson 2005). In this study, temporal characteristics of meteorological droughts in the Volta basin, a semi-arid region in West Africa,
are investigated in order to provide a guide for sustainable water resource management. For this purpose, drought intensity,
areal extent and recurrence frequency is analysed using the standardised precipitation index (SPI) for a time series between
1961 and 2005 from 52 meteorology stations across the Volta basin. Using this analysis the severity of the historical droughts
of 1961, 1970, 1983, 1992 and 2001 that occurred in the region are assessed and their intensity, areal extent and return periods
are obtained. The drought intensity is lower than −2.0 over nearly 75% of the region, meaning that a major part of the region
was under extreme drought conditions during this year. The drought of 1983/1984 has a probability of occurrence of up to 0.1
from records spanning 44 years. The areal extent of extreme drought conditions is about 90% during this drought period. 相似文献