赣江上游河水中主元素、锶和锶同位素端元组分的探讨

对赣江上游河水中主要离子的水化学特征进行研究,结果显示:Ca/Sr=480-897(均值为717),Mg/Sr=191-296(均值为231),Ca/Na=0.60-2.79(均值为1.19),Mg/Na=0.19-0.66(均值为0.38),Si的浓度在4.06-6.57 mg·1-1之间,赣南流域河水中富集Na 和K ,而Mg2 和Ca2 含量相对较少,Si的含量较高且变化不大.通过海盐校正分析得出,研究区域内大气降水对河流组分的贡献率为9.90%.根据质量平衡方程模型算出流域主元素的69%来源于硅酸盐岩的风化.硅酸盐岩、碳酸盐岩和蒸发盐岩风化对溶解态锶的贡献率依次为48.3%,27.4%和4.3%.通过对主元素、锶(0.20-0.45μmol·1-1,平均值0.32 μmol·1-1)以及锶同位素比值(0.7165-0.7249,平均值为0.721)的综合研究,赣南流域87Sr/86Sr与1/Sr呈显著的正相关关系,并且从Mg/Na*,Ca/Na*,Mg/Ca,HCO3-/(HCO3- SO42-)和87Sr/86Sr的关系图中发现:硅酸盐岩的风化对赣南流域水体的化学组成起主要控制作用,碳酸盐岩次之,蒸发盐岩风化的影响不大,人为活动影响较小.通过锶同位素的平衡方程得出:赣南流域为大气降水和岩石风化的混合型,大气降水对赣江上游87Sr/86Sr的贡献率约为9.7%,岩石风化对其贡献率约为90.3%.     

亚热带典型花岗岩小流域径流化学特征与化学风化

为了解小流域尺度下生物地球化学过程对径流水体的影响及花岗岩化学风化对CO2的吸收,对亚热带典型花岗岩区不同利用条件下的2个相邻小流域(F-森林、FA-森林/农田)的地表径流及其常量离子和溶解Si含量进行了连续3年的定期观测和分析.结果表明,溶解Si,Na+和HCO3-构成地表径流的主要化学成分,FA流域离子总量高于F流域,反映了流域内农业活动对其化学径流的贡献.皖南典型花岗岩小流域(F、FA)径流中Sidiss/Na+和NO3-/SO24-比值均远高于同一生物气候带内富含碳酸盐岩的太湖流域径流中的相应值,揭示了区域岩性差异和人类活动导致的大气酸沉降组成差异是决定径流化学组成的主要因素.皖南花岗岩小流域(F、FA)径流化学组分约43%和38%来源于大气降水,57%和50%来源于岩石风化,FA流域内农业活动对其化学径流的贡献约为12%.皖南小流域(F、FA)花岗岩化学风化过程对CO2的消耗通量分别为(0.67—0.96)×105 mol.km-.2a-1和(0.64—1.05)×105 mol.km-.2a-1,远低于同一生物气候带内石灰岩母质流域.     

热带花岗岩海岛的化学风化及其环境效应——以东澳岛为例

通过对珠江口花岗岩海岛-东澳岛小流域水体离子的实测分析,揭示海岛小流域的离子来源与贡献量,获得在相对封闭环境下的热带海岛地区花岗岩小流域的化学风化速率及过程对大气CO2的年消耗量.研究表明,东澳岛溪水总体为弱碱性,总溶解固体均值为68.14 mg·L-1,远低于世界河流均值,非汛期溶解固体和电导率均高于汛期.溪水离子组成以Cl-、溶解Si、Na+以及HCO-3为主,体现了海盐沉降和硅酸盐岩化学风化过程对溪水化学组成的共同影响.东澳岛岩石化学风化速率和CO2消耗通量分别为1.09×104kg·km-2·a-1和1.12×105mol·km-2·a-1,均低于世界河流均值,主要是由于花岗岩抗风化能力较强所致.广东省热带花岗岩海岛年碳汇消耗CO2约5218 t,因此保护海岛表层土壤和生态环境对海岛的碳汇作用具有重要意义.     

黄河下游地区河水主要离子和锶同位素的地球化学特征

对黄河下游地区河水主要阴阳离子、锶元素及其同位素组成进行了分析.结果发现其水化学组成主要以Ca~(2+),Na~+,HCO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)离子为主,分别占阴阳离子组成的75%以上.干流与支流间在化学组成上存在显著差异,黄河干流的SO_4~(2-),NO_3~-和Cl~-具有共同的来源,而支流河水中的SO_4~(2-),NO_3~-和Cl~-来源不同.黄河下游具有较高的锶含量及较低的锶同位素组成,锶含量变化范围在0.0429 mg·l~(-1)-0.936mg·l~(-1)之间,平均含量为0.394 mg·l~(-1),锶同位素组成变化范围在0.70986-0.71139之间,平均值为0.71118,其中黄河人海口的锶同位素组成(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr=0.70986)与现代海水锶同位素比值(0.70916)相近,表明其锶同位素组成受海水作用影响较大.对主要元素、微量元素锶及其同位素组成分析研究发现,黄河下游地区河水锶同位素组成主要源于蒸发盐岩和碳酸盐岩的风化溶解作用,而人类活动的影响相对较小.由锶同位素平衡方程计算得出,黄河下游地区河水锶同位素组成由大气降水和岩石风化作用混合而成,其中大气降水对黄河下游地区~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr的贡献率约为30%,而岩石风化对其贡献率约为70%.     

山区性小流域水化学特征及物源贡献研究——以武夷山九曲溪流域为例

通过对武夷九曲溪流域地表水体化学组成的分析,运用离子三角图、端元图和Gibbs图定性分析了流域的化学特征、岩性来源控制和主要自然作用机制,运用主成分分析定量判断离子的主要来源,并计算流域风化速率和碳汇作用.研究结果表明:(1)九曲溪流域水化学类型为重碳酸盐类钙组Ⅰ型水,并以硅酸盐矿物风化产物为主要来源,碳酸盐矿物风化产物次之.(2)流域水化学特征整体上受岩石风化和大气降水共同影响.(3)物质来源以碳酸岩和硅酸岩为主,贡献率超过50%.(4)流域的化学风化速率为27.91 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1),大气CO_2消耗量为1.01×108mol·a~(-1),消耗率为5.40×105mol·km~(-2)·a~(-1).结果揭示了湿热季风区流域化学风化对碳汇作用的重要性,以及流域内岩性、气温、降水量以及土地利用类型等因素对物源贡献的复合作用.     

呼伦湖流域地表水与地下水离子组成特征及来源分析

通过对2017年4月连续采集的呼伦湖湖水、入湖河水、周边地下水与同年降水的主要离子进行水化学分析,结合呼伦湖流域水文地质资料,综合运用统计分析、相关性分析、Piper三角图、Gibbs图及离子比等方法分析了呼伦湖流域地表水与地下水主要离子组成特征及来源。结果表明,呼伦湖流域地表水与地下水水化学组成中优势阴离子为HCO_3~-与Cl~-,优势阳离子组成特征不同。其中,湖水与地下水主要由Na~+与Mg~(2+)组成;河水主要由Na~+、Ca~(2+)组成。湖水与河水TDS值变化范围分别为695~852 mg·L~(-1)与42~193mg·L~(-1),变化范围小,地下水TDS值变化范围为248~4610mg·L~(-1),分布差异明显。流域水体主要受碳酸盐与蒸发岩风化溶解共同作用控制,地下水TDS值变化主要受流域地质条件产生控制下的蒸发作用影响,蒸发作用强度为:呼伦湖湖水东岸地下水南岸地下水西岸地下水河水。呼伦湖流域水体中的离子的主要来源及其变化特征不受大气降水的控制,呼伦湖流域水体中NO_3~-与SO_4~(2-)的来源方式不同,研究区周围硝矿场的污染是导致部分地下水NO_3~-含量超标的主要因素,牧民存储草垛与牛粪堆的不合理方式也是造成地下水中NO_3~-污染因素之一。     

黄河流域马莲河枯水期水化学特征及形成机制

为查明马莲河流域水环境现状,于2016年4月采集河水、支流水和地下水样品37组,运用Piper三线图和同位素分析来探究水体主要阴阳离子、氢氧稳定同位素特征及其空间变化,结合Gibbs图、端元图解和相关性分析等方法揭示河水化学组分的形成作用.结果表明:枯水期马莲河水呈弱碱性,总溶解固体TDS均值2685.1 mg·L-1,离子组成以Na~+、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)为主,水化学特征和中国主要河流有较大差异.沿着流向TDS和Cl~-、Na~+质量浓度呈降低趋势、水化学类型具分带规律.不同水体δD、δ~18O分布特征不一,地下水沿着当地降雨线分布,河水和支流水沿着蒸发线分布.硫酸盐和岩盐是水体离子的主要来源,河水化学组成由蒸发盐风化、蒸发浓缩和地下水补给3种作用控制.其中,蒸发盐风化是首要因素,决定了河水化学组分的宏观特征,蒸发作用和地下水补给影响了河水化学组成的空间变异.     

不同土地利用方式下亚热带花岗岩小流域碳汇潜力及其影响因素

了解小流域尺度上植物生长与岩石风化对CO2吸收的相对贡献对评估生态系统碳汇功能有重要意义,但过去的研究大多集中在某一单一过程且多基于特定土地利用类型。本研究以亚热带丘陵地区不同土地利用方式下的3个花岗岩小流域(F-100%森林、FA1-82%森林/18%农田和FA2-76%森林/24%农田)为研究区,自2010年3月至2012年2月定期监测了流域内的雨水、径流水,并采集了植物样品,分析其化学组成,系统研究了小流域尺度下植物生长和岩石风化的碳汇潜力及其影响因素。结果表明,F流域中不同林分(马尾松Pinus massoniana Lamb.阔叶树混交林、杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.)Hook.阔叶树混交林、马尾松林、杉木林、灌木林和竹Bambusoideae林)的碳密度和年均CO2吸收通量均不相同,碳汇潜力存在差异。不考虑施肥的影响,F、FA1和FA2流域植被的碳密度分别为44.5、37.3和35.0 t·hm-2,植被年均单位面积吸收CO2的量分别为10.5、11.8和12.4 t·hm-2·a-1,岩石风化消耗CO2的量分别为54.7×10-3、99.8×10-3和109.2×10-3 t·hm-2·a-1,均随农田比例的增加而增加。施肥对农田水稻(Oryza sativa)碳截留的直接贡献很小,但可通过多种途径间接影响农田的碳汇潜力。3个流域径流水中HCO3-的物质的量浓度随农田比例增加而增加,在一定程度上受到施肥的影响,扣除施肥对径流水中HCO3-的贡献外,FA1和FA2流域土壤风化吸收CO2的量分别为84.4×10-3和88.6×10-3 t·hm-2·a-1,仍高于F流域土壤风化吸收的大气CO2的量,说明农田土壤和森林土壤通过风化对CO2的固定存在差异。因此,农业活动在一定程度上影响了流域碳汇,不同土地利用方式下流域的碳汇潜力存在差异。尽管短时间尺度上植物生长对流域碳汇的贡献远高于岩石风化,但植物的收获与利用也可能加剧生态系统的碳排放,而硅酸岩风化在任何尺度上都是净碳汇,因而在地质时间尺度上硅酸盐风化对全球碳循环的影响不容忽视。     

金水河流域矿物元素生物地球化学交换模式

通过对金水河流域矿物元素生物地球化学交换模式的研究,得到以下结论：（1）在不同空间位置的矿物元素对河水的水质贡献率不相同。河水成分贡献主要来源于硅酸盐风化,在金水河流域生态系统不同空间位置矿物元素对河水水质贡献率方程为：YRiverwater=0.242＋0.203 XRain＋0172 XLitter＋0.471 XSoilwater（r2=0.55）。（2）固-液相界面（土壤-土壤水溶液）离子交换过程拟合表明：离子交换过程符合二、三次曲线模型。（3）区域内碳酸盐岩含较少的Na＋和K＋,且受酸雨等影响。Na＋在土壤-土壤溶液之间的分配行为可能加重土壤盐碱化的趋势。土壤和枯枝落叶层HCO3-和TDS值均处于稳定的范围内。（4）输入性污染分析表明,流域内土壤基本表现出物理性质改善;但却表现出贫养化和生物地球化学性质恶化的极化趋势。人为活动输入污染物影响显著,在全球变化背景下,酸雨和干旱加剧了水溶液组成的变化。     

新疆伊犁喀什河流域地表水水化学特征及控制因素

利用2019年1月至7月伊犁喀什河流域的水化学测试数据,采用Piper三线图、相关性分析、Gibbs模型等方法,分析喀什河流域的地表水水化学特征及其控制因素,并对其物质来源进行探讨.结果 表明,喀什河流域地表水呈弱碱性(7.77≤pH≤8.16),TDS介于184.8-588.12 mg.L-1之间,其浓度均值(243.48 mg.L-1)低于世界半干旱区地表水TDS的均值(370 mg·L-1),同时低于干旱区地表水TDS的均值(440 mg·L-1),但高于世界河流的均值(115 mg·L-1);阳离子以Ca2+为主,HCO3-为其主要阴离子,两者分别占其相应离子总量的82.8％和82.6％;研究区主要离子浓度总体随海拔升高而降低,主要原因是高海拔流域冰雪融水占比高;水化学类型以HCO3-Ca·Mg和HCO3-Ca型为主;地表水主要离子受岩石风化作用和阳离子交换作用的影响,主要离子来源于碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩的风化溶解,HCO3-、Mg2+、Ca2+与SO42-主要来自白云岩等碳酸岩盐的风化溶解,Na+与K+主要来自长石类硅酸盐岩的风化溶解,人类活动对离子组分的影响较弱.     

三峡水库香溪河库湾春季水华暴发藻类种源研究

2008年2月18日-4月17日,在距离香溪河河口约19 km处设一野外观测站,对观测站附近一定点进行持续监测,并在观测站进行围隔试验,探索香溪河库湾春季水华暴发藻类的种源,揭示水华暴发过程.监测结果表明:香溪河库湾春季硅藻(Diatom)(主要是针杆藻Synedra、星杆藻Asterionella)冰华藻类种源是原地水体,底泥对硅藻水华暴发影响不明显;2008年观测站附近的甲藻(Protoperidinium sp .)种源不是底泥中的孢囊.2008年春季香溪河库湾水华暴发过程可以分为"复苏-增长-衰亡"三个阶段,其中溶解性硅酸盐(D-Si)和光照是水华藻类复苏阶段的主要影响因子,而增长阶段的主要影响因子则是溶解性硅酸盐(D-Si)和总磷(TP),衰亡阶段由于4月8日骤降暴雨,浊度和降雨量是该阶段的主要影响因子.     

Effect of rubber factory effluent on seed germination and seedling growth of Vigna radiatus L

Physico-chemical analysis of the rubber factory effluents revealed high amounts of total suspended and dissolved solids. Sulphate, phosphate, total nitrogen were also present in significant amounts. At higher concentration (above 50%) of effluent, the seed germination percentage was retarded. Diluted effluent (upto 50%) favoured seedling growth. Length of root system, shoot system and number of lateral roots were increased by low concentrations of effluent.     

Evaluating the seasonal changes of water quality of the Değirmendere and Galyan Rivers (Trabzon, Turkey)

The De?irmendere and Galyan (De?irmendere tributary) Rivers that discharge their water into the Black Sea are important watersheds in the northeastern part of Turkey. Water quality parameters were sampled from 1997 through 2001 for each year at five sites (three for Galyan, two for Degirmendere) along 29 and 42 km gradients, respectively covering all seasons. Surface water was collected from the sites and analyzed for temperature, total alkaline (MAAL), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, conductivity (EC), nitrate (NO3), nitrite (NO2), total hardness (TH), phenolphthalein alkalinities (PAL) and organic matter (PV). Seasonal changes of water quality were analyzed statistically for both Rivers and evaluated according to the TS 266, EU and WHO standards. The analysis of variance results showed that Ca, Mg, MAL, NO3, pH, TDS and TH parameters of the De?irmendere River and Ca, DO, EC, MAL, NO3, pH and TH parameters of the Galyan River showed seasonal differences (p<0.05). The maximum values of the water pollution parameters for the two Rivers were below the threshold values throughout the study period. When both Rivers were compared, the mean values of the pollution parameters of the Degirmendere River were higher than those of the Galyan River and very close the limits. The results indicate that both Rivers can be used for the production of potable water during all seasons but only with an advanced treatment in the De?irmendere and a moderate treatment in the Galyan River, and for indirect and non-contact recreational activities.     

Pollution level in distillery effluent and its phytotoxic effect on seed germination and early growth of maize and rice

The effluent from a Lucknow- based distillery (Mohan Meakin Distillery) was analyzed for physico-chemical and biological parameters of pollution and concentration of potentially toxic heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni and Zn) and the effect of the distillery effluent, as such and on 50% dilution with tap water was studied on seed germination and seedling growth of maize (Zea mays L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.). The effluent was wine red in colour and highly acidic (pH approximately 55) and possessed decaying alcoholic smell. The effluent contained high values of different pollution parameters, particularly total solids, 3450 mgl(-1) (soluble plus suspended solids), alkalinity 1500 mgl(-1), biological oxygen demand (BOD, 1649 mgl(-1)) and chemical oxygen demand (COD, 2036 mgl(-1)). It had very low values of dissolved oxygen (DO, 0.34 mgl(-1)). The heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni and Zn) content, particularly the nickel concentration (0.029 mg l(-1)) was high. Use of the distillery effluent, even on 1:1 dilution with tap water inhibited germination and early seedling growth of maize and rice. In both maize and rice, more so in the former germination % of seeds, length of radicle and plumule and the fresh and dry weight of the seedlings were significantly reduced. The emerging leaves of the seedlings also developed visible effects of toxicity some of which resembled the symptoms of nickel toxicity. Our observations suggest that the effluent, as discharged from the distillery carry a heavy load of pollutants. Its discharge into the river Gomti poses a potential threat to the aquatic life, perticularly during the summer months when the water flow in the river is drastically reduced. The distillery effluentis also harmful for irrigating crops grown along the drain carrying it.     

Light-mediated thresholds in stream-water nutrient composition in a river network

The elemental composition of solutes transported by rivers reflects combined influences of surrounding watersheds and transformations within stream networks, yet comparatively little is known about downstream changes in effects of watershed loading vs. in-channel processes. In the forested watershed of a river under a mediterranean hydrologic regime, we examined the influence of longitudinal changes in environmental conditions on water-column nutrient composition during summer base flow across a network of sites ranging from strongly heterotrophic headwater streams to larger, more autotrophic sites downstream. Small streams (0.1-10 km2 watershed area) had longitudinally similar nutrient concentration and composition with low (approximately 2) dissolved nitrogen (N) to phosphorus (P) ratios. Abrupt deviations from this pattern were observed in larger streams with watershed areas > 100 km2 where insolation and algal abundance and production rapidly increased. Downstream, phosphorus and silica concentrations decreased by > 50% compared to headwater streams, and dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen increased by approximately 3-6 times. Decreasing dissolved P and increasing dissolved N raised stream-water N:P to 46 at the most downstream sites, suggesting a transition from N limitation in headwaters to potential P limitation in larger channels. We hypothesize that these changes were mediated by increasing algal photosynthesis and N fixation by benthic algal assemblages, which, in response to increasing light availability, strongly altered stream-water nutrient concentration and stoichiometry in larger streams and rivers.     

Hydrogeochemistry study and groundwater quality assessment in the north of Isfahan,Iran

This study presents the groundwater quality assessment in the north of Isfahan, Iran. In the study area, assessment and measurement of groundwater hydrochemical parameters such as pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), total hardness, major cations (K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) and major anions (Cl^?, \({\text{HCO}}_{ 3}^{ - } ,{\text{CO}}_{3}^{2 - }\) and \({\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - }\)) concentrations were performed. Accordingly, the 66 water samples from different locations were collected during April and May 2015. Water samples collected in the field were analyzed in the laboratory for cations and anions using the standard methods. In this research, the analytical results of physiochemical parameters of groundwater were compared with the standard guideline values as recommended by the world health organization (WHO) for drinking and public health purposes. The pH values of groundwater samples varied from 7.05 to 8.95 with a mean of 7.78, indicating a neutral to slightly alkaline water. TDS values showed that 14% of the samples exceeds the desirable limit given by WHO. EC values varied from 213 to 4320 µS/cm, while 23% of the samples were more than the standard limit. Gibbs diagram had shown that 90% of the samples in the study area fall in the rock weathering zone, and this means that chemical weathering of rock-forming minerals is the main factor controlling the water chemistry in the study area. Irrigation suitability and risk assessment of groundwater are evaluated by measuring EC, %Na, SAR and RSC. According to the dominant cations and anions, five types of water were identified in the water samples: Ca-HCO₃, Ca-SO₄, Na-Cl, Na-HCO₃ and Na-SO₄. The results show that the majority of samples (30 samples, 45%) belongs to the mixed Na-SO₄ water type. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis was used to identify the relationship between ions and physicochemical parameters. Results indicated that 18 stations of the study area had the best quality and can be used for irrigation and drinking purposes in the future.     

Urbanization and small household agricultural land use choices in the Brazilian Amazon and the role for the water chemistry of small streams

Many small watersheds and streams in the Brazilian Amazon have been impacted by agriculture and urban development, often due to household economic needs and migration processes. This study examined the relationships between land use, soil type, and household factors on stream water chemistry in and near the city of Altamira, Pará, Brazil, in 2008–2009. While soil weathering and stream discharge may have affected several stream water ion concentrations, agriculture and especially urban development were associated with high dissolved nitrogen concentrations, high water temperatures, and low dissolved oxygen concentrations in streams. Younger interviewed households were generally associated with these watersheds, and many urban residents reported disposing of household waste directly into streams. In contrast, older households were generally associated with forest and cocoa agriculture, along with lower water temperatures and higher dissolved oxygen concentrations in streams. These conditions persisted despite reported uses of herbicides and fertilizers by some residents.     

Dynamics of nitrogen,phosphorus, algal biomass,and suspended solids in an artificial lentic ecosystem and significant implications of regional hydrology on trophic status

Chemical and biological parameters were analyzed to examine how regional hydrological fluctuations influence water quality of a artificial lentic ecosystem over a two-year period The intensity of seasonal monsoon rain accounted for most of annual inflow and discharge and influenced flow pathway (interflow vs. overflow), resulting in a modification of chemical and biological conditions. Sharp contrasting interannual hydrology of intense vs. weak monsoon occurred during the study. The intense monsoon disrupted thermal stratification and resulted in ionic dilution, high TP and high inorganic solids (NVSS) in the headwater reach. The variation of NVSS accounted 75% of TP variation (slope = 4.14, p < 0.01, n = 48). Regression analysis of residual chlorophyll-a (Chl) versus flushing rate indicated that short hydraulic retention time and high mineral turbidity affected algal growth in the headwater reach during summer monsoon. In contrast, severe drought during weak monsoon produced strong thermal stratification, low inorganic solids, high total dissolved solids (TDS), and low TP in the entire system. In addition, Chl concentrations were controlled by phosphorus. Based on the physical, chemical and biological parameters, riverine conditions, dominated during the intense monsoon, but lacustrine conditions were evident during the weak monsoon. The interannual dynamics suggest that monsoon seasonality is considered the main forcing factor regulating overall functions and processes of the waterbody and this characteristic has an important implication to eutrophication of the system.