泰莱盆地孔隙水水化学特征及其控制因素分析

为了解泰莱盆地孔隙水水化学特征及控制因素,运用数理统计、相关性分析、Piper图、Gibbs图等方法,分析了研究区孔隙水的主要离子及水化学特征,并探讨了其控制因素.结果表明,泰莱盆地孔隙水中主要阳离子为Ca~(2+)、Na~+,占阳离子总量的86%以上,而阴离子则以HCO~-_3、NO~-_3、SO■为主,占阴离子总量的85%以上;水化学类型较为复杂,以HCO_3·SO_4(SO_4·HCO_3)-Ca·Mg(Ca)为主;pH均值为7.42,其pH变异系数较小,整体呈现弱碱性;研究区TDS均值为866.09 mg·L~(-1),其北部及南部靠近基岩区的TDS值整体较小,呈现出南、北两侧值低,越向泰莱盆地中部越高的现状.Gibbs图及离子端元图结果表明,水化学组分主要受水-岩作用控制,以硅酸盐岩风化溶解为主且存在碳酸盐岩风化溶解,分析与研究区南、北部基岩裂隙水和岩溶水的补给有关.     

偃师市浅层地下水流动系统水化学特征

在水文地质调查和样品分析的基础上,应用水化学统计、离子相关性分析等方法对偃师市浅层地下水流动系统特征和水化学特征进行分析.研究表明:偃师市地下水化学特征具有明显的水平分带性,在沿着补给—径流—排泄的方向上,地下水化学类型由SO4·Cl-Na型水向HCO3-Ca·Mg、HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg型水演化.总体上研究区地下水中TDS不高,均值为515.29 mg/L,与Mg2+、Ca2+、SO42-、Cl-质量浓度的分布规律具有明显的正相关性,主要表现为平原地区浓度高于南北两侧的丘陵山地.图3,表1,参15.     

滇东高原牛栏江流域岩溶区地下水化学特征及成因分析

以滇东高原牛栏江流域岩溶区为例,利用水化学数据,探讨区内地下水化学特征及其成因.对研究区24组水样的水化学特征进行分析,结果表明,研究区水化学类型主要是以HCO3-Ca·Mg型和HCO3-Mg·Ca为主,HCO3-和Ca2+是区内主要阴阳离子,反映了水化学特征主要受碳酸盐岩溶解影响.δD与δ18O的关系显示,研究区内地下水主要受大气降水补给.地下水化学演化过程受地层岩性影响显著,岩石风化使东、西两区的地下水水化学特征有较大差异.Mg2+、Ca2+、HCO3-、SO42-和Cl-主要受岩石风化、大气降雨等自然条件控制,受到人类活动影响较小,Na++K+则是主要受农业活动等人类活动的影响.本研究对牛栏江-滇池补水工程区的水化学特征、水质保护和滇池生态恢复具有重要意义.     

太湖北部流域水化学特征及其控制因素

为了解太湖北部流域主要河网区水质受该流域地质状况、岩石和土壤的化学风化作用以及人类活动的影响等方面,对太湖北部流域河网区主要河道水体中的主要离子进行了采样研究。结果表明:太湖北部流域水体中的TDS平均值为355.74mg·L-1,变化范围为276.08～681.54mg·L-1,其中Ca2+和HCO3-是占绝对优势的离子,分别占阳离子和阴离子总量的46.2%和48.9%;其次是Na+和SO42-,分别占阳离子和阴离子总量的35.9%和27.5%。进而判断出该流域水化学类型是以碳酸盐岩石和蒸发岩来源为主的HCO3--Ca2+-Na+型。再从离子的自然起源和人类活动角度分别对水化学类型的控制因素进行分析,一方面利用吉布斯分布模式投点作图得出结论:其离子自然起源的优势机制是岩石的风化作用,而蒸发-结晶和大气降水的输入作用十分微弱,这与该流域的水文、地理、地质背景相一致;另一方面通过SPSS软件的相关关系分析得出结论:NO3-、SO42-、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+的相关性较强,与Cl-也呈正相关,说明水体中这些主要离子都具有共同的来源,其中NO3-的较高含量(平均值为14.74mg·L-1)反映了该流域受人类影响较大。尤其是NO3-与SO42-的相关性达到0.83,再次说明氮污染对该流域水体的酸化和水质变化有较大影响。     

赣江上游河水中主元素、锶和锶同位素端元组分的探讨

对赣江上游河水中主要离子的水化学特征进行研究,结果显示:Ca/Sr=480-897(均值为717),Mg/Sr=191-296(均值为231),Ca/Na=0.60-2.79(均值为1.19),Mg/Na=0.19-0.66(均值为0.38),Si的浓度在4.06-6.57 mg·1-1之间,赣南流域河水中富集Na 和K ,而Mg2 和Ca2 含量相对较少,Si的含量较高且变化不大.通过海盐校正分析得出,研究区域内大气降水对河流组分的贡献率为9.90%.根据质量平衡方程模型算出流域主元素的69%来源于硅酸盐岩的风化.硅酸盐岩、碳酸盐岩和蒸发盐岩风化对溶解态锶的贡献率依次为48.3%,27.4%和4.3%.通过对主元素、锶(0.20-0.45μmol·1-1,平均值0.32 μmol·1-1)以及锶同位素比值(0.7165-0.7249,平均值为0.721)的综合研究,赣南流域87Sr/86Sr与1/Sr呈显著的正相关关系,并且从Mg/Na*,Ca/Na*,Mg/Ca,HCO3-/(HCO3- SO42-)和87Sr/86Sr的关系图中发现:硅酸盐岩的风化对赣南流域水体的化学组成起主要控制作用,碳酸盐岩次之,蒸发盐岩风化的影响不大,人为活动影响较小.通过锶同位素的平衡方程得出:赣南流域为大气降水和岩石风化的混合型,大气降水对赣江上游87Sr/86Sr的贡献率约为9.7%,岩石风化对其贡献率约为90.3%.     

太湖北部流域水化学特征及其控制因素

为了解太湖北部流域主要河网区水质受该流域地质状况、岩石和土壤的化学风化作用以及人类活动的影响等方面,对太湖北部流域河网区主要河道水体中的主要离子进行了采样研究。结果表明：太湖北部流域水体中的TDS平均值为355．74mg·L-1,变化范围为276．08--681．54mg·L-1,其中ca2＋和HCO3-是占绝对优势的离子,分别占阳离子和阴离子总量的46．2％和48．9％;其次是Na＋和SO42-,分别占阳离子和阴离子总量的35．9％和27．5％。进而判断出该流域水化学类型是以碳酸盐岩石和蒸发岩来源为主的HCO3-Ca2＋-Na＋型。再从离子的自然起源和人类活动角度分别对水化学类型的控制因素进行分析,一方面利用吉布斯分布模式投点作图得出结论：其离子自然起源的优势机制是岩石的风化作用,而蒸发一结晶和大气降水的输入作用十分微弱,这与该流域的水文、地理、地质背景相一致;另一方面通过SPSS软件的相关关系分析得出结论：NO3-、SO42-、心、ca2＋和Mg2＋的相关性较强,与cl‘也呈正相关,说明水体中这些主要离子都具有共同的来源,其中NO3-的较高含量（平均值为14．74mg·L-1）反映了该流域受人类影响较大。尤其是NO3-与sO42-的相关性达到0．83,再次说明氮污染对该流域水体的酸化和水质变化有较大影响。     

冰封期达里诺尔湖主要离子特征

通过对内蒙古达里诺尔湖冰封期湖冰与湖水进行取样,分析总磷(TP)、总溶解性固体(TDS)、Mg2+、Ca2+、K+、Na+、Cl-、SO2-4、CO2-3和HCO-3离子在冰体及水体中的分布特征及迁移过程.结果表明,在冰体和水体阳离子中,Ca2+、Mg2+相对贫乏,在冰体中平均浓度分别为1.37 mg·L-1和7.0 mg·L-1,水体中平均浓度分别为4.01 mg·L-1和24.53 mg·L-1,Na+所占比例最高,冰体与水体中平均浓度均达到92%.CO32-、HCO-3和Cl-是冰体和水体中阴离子的主要组成部分,冰体中平均浓度分别为435.86、543.20、539.97 mg·L-1,水体中平均浓度分别为1773.90、2556.49、1890.08 mg·L-1.Piper图表明达里诺尔湖水化学类型以Na+-CO2-3-Cl--HCO-3型为主.Gibbs图显示岩石风化与蒸发浓缩作用对达里诺尔湖的离子含量影响显著.通过对TP、TDS、Mg2+、Ca2+和Cl-之间的关系分析可知,在水体中,Mg2+和Ca2+的组成随着深度的变化基本保持不变,而在冰体中呈现无规律的变化,在水中表现为基本不变;TP和Cl-在水体中没有相关性,在冰中相关性不明显.无论在水体中还是在冰体中,TP和TDS具有较好的相关性(水体:r=0.94;冰体:r=0.90),说明TDS可以在冰封期较好地示踪TP的迁移过程.     

呼伦湖流域地表水与地下水离子组成特征及来源分析

通过对2017年4月连续采集的呼伦湖湖水、入湖河水、周边地下水与同年降水的主要离子进行水化学分析,结合呼伦湖流域水文地质资料,综合运用统计分析、相关性分析、Piper三角图、Gibbs图及离子比等方法分析了呼伦湖流域地表水与地下水主要离子组成特征及来源。结果表明,呼伦湖流域地表水与地下水水化学组成中优势阴离子为HCO_3~-与Cl~-,优势阳离子组成特征不同。其中,湖水与地下水主要由Na~+与Mg~(2+)组成;河水主要由Na~+、Ca~(2+)组成。湖水与河水TDS值变化范围分别为695~852 mg·L~(-1)与42~193mg·L~(-1),变化范围小,地下水TDS值变化范围为248~4610mg·L~(-1),分布差异明显。流域水体主要受碳酸盐与蒸发岩风化溶解共同作用控制,地下水TDS值变化主要受流域地质条件产生控制下的蒸发作用影响,蒸发作用强度为:呼伦湖湖水东岸地下水南岸地下水西岸地下水河水。呼伦湖流域水体中的离子的主要来源及其变化特征不受大气降水的控制,呼伦湖流域水体中NO_3~-与SO_4~(2-)的来源方式不同,研究区周围硝矿场的污染是导致部分地下水NO_3~-含量超标的主要因素,牧民存储草垛与牛粪堆的不合理方式也是造成地下水中NO_3~-污染因素之一。     

广花盆地地下水化学特征及其演化分析

粤港澳大湾区(简称大湾区)建设已经上升为中国国家重大发展战略,水资源保障能力提升是大湾区建设的重点内容。城市应急备用水源建设是解决区内供水风险、保障特殊时期供水安全的重要手段,查明水环境质量状况及其演化对于备用水源地的科学建设意义重大。以粤港澳大湾区应急备用水源地-广花盆地为研究对象,采集并测试了41口监测井水样的常规化学组分,利用主成分分析、元素比值和Gibbs模型等多种方法,探讨了地下水主要离子来源及控制因子,评估了水质状况。结果表明:地下水的TDS变化范围为51.42-1 293.36 mg·L-1,Cl-为1.81-858.65 mg·L-1,淡水样占比95.1%,微咸水占比4.9%,反映地下水化学具有较大的空间差异;地下水阳离子以Ca2+和Na+为主,阴离子以HCO3-和Cl-为主,为HCO3-Ca、HCO3-Na·Ca、HCO3·SO4-Na·Ca和HCO3·Cl-Na·Ca型水;地下水的ρ(Na+)/ρ(Na++Ca2+)值为0.02-0.59,ρ(Cl-)/(Cl-+HCO3-)值为0.03-0.88,Ca/Na值为0.69-52.66,HCO3/Na值为1.28-41.64,据Gibbs模型和元素化学计量分析表明,其化学组成主要受含水层碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩风化控制;Na/Cl系数为0.31-6.39,局部地下水盐化明显,在北部高Cl-质量浓度区,其主要受古咸水与现代淡水混合影响,并有Na+与Ca2+离子交换,在南部的高Cl-质量浓度区,可能是海水沿流溪河咸潮上溯和河流侧向补给地下水所致;氨氮为0.05-7.50mg·L-1,有75.6%的样品超过Ⅲ类水标准,其主要来源为农业施肥、人畜粪便。由此,氨氮污染威胁地下水安全,作为应急备用水源应引起高度重视。     

黄河流域马莲河枯水期水化学特征及形成机制

为查明马莲河流域水环境现状,于2016年4月采集河水、支流水和地下水样品37组,运用Piper三线图和同位素分析来探究水体主要阴阳离子、氢氧稳定同位素特征及其空间变化,结合Gibbs图、端元图解和相关性分析等方法揭示河水化学组分的形成作用.结果表明:枯水期马莲河水呈弱碱性,总溶解固体TDS均值2685.1 mg·L-1,离子组成以Na~+、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)为主,水化学特征和中国主要河流有较大差异.沿着流向TDS和Cl~-、Na~+质量浓度呈降低趋势、水化学类型具分带规律.不同水体δD、δ~18O分布特征不一,地下水沿着当地降雨线分布,河水和支流水沿着蒸发线分布.硫酸盐和岩盐是水体离子的主要来源,河水化学组成由蒸发盐风化、蒸发浓缩和地下水补给3种作用控制.其中,蒸发盐风化是首要因素,决定了河水化学组分的宏观特征,蒸发作用和地下水补给影响了河水化学组成的空间变异.     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Seaweed for climate mitigation,wastewater treatment,bioenergy, bioplastic,biochar, food,pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review

The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products.

     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.