微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定8类化妆品中23种元素

建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱,同时测定8类化妆品中23种元素的方法.根据化妆品不同基质,选用硝酸-双氧水或硝酸-双氧水-氢氟酸对样品进行微波消解,采用在线内标校正基体效应,外标法定量进行ICP-MS测定.方法检出限为0.03～6.2μg·kg-1,线性相关系数均大于0.999,RSD为1.3%～6.8%,加标回收率为88.6%～109.1%.实验结果表明,该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高、准确度好,适用于8类化妆品中23种元素的同时测定.     

不同酸化体系测定中国不同地区土壤重金属的比较研究

本文采用硝酸-氢氟酸-盐酸-过氧化氢(5∶1∶1∶1)的消解体系和硝酸-过氧化氢(6∶2)消解体系,均通过微波消解法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定土壤中的铬、镍、铜、锌、砷、镉、铅等7种元素.分析了来自全国不同地区的9种土壤与水系沉积物的质控样品,研究了全量微波消解酸体系对土壤中7种重金属测定的影响.结果表明,对于Cr和Pb元素,硝酸-过氧化氢消解体系可溶态元素的结果显著低于元素全量的结果,未加入氢氟酸,难以将硅晶格中的Cr和Pb析出.对于As元素,硝酸-氢氟酸-盐酸-过氧化氢消解体系的回收率略有偏高,推测其原因为盐酸引入的氯离子对ICP-MS的测定产生了质谱型干扰,因此消解体系应尽量避免引入氯.对于Ni、Cu和Zn的结果,硝酸-过氧化氢消解体系的回收率在75%—110%的范围,两种消解体系结果的偏差较小,硝酸-过氧化氢法测定的可溶态元素的结果可以较好的反映元素全量的水平.对比不同地区土壤的结果发现,除水系沉积物和砖红壤中的Pb及砖红壤中的Cr,土壤中部分Cr和Pb难以被硝酸-过氧化氢体系消解出来,在环境中处于稳定的状态,因此采用硝酸-过氧化氢体系能更准确地评估Cr和Pb对环境的危害.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定茶叶中的16种稀土元素

采用微波消解和干法灰化两种前处理方法,电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)测定了茶叶中的16种稀土元素.外标法绘制校准曲线,分析了国家标准物质茶叶GBW07605和GBW10016,测定值与标准值吻合,样品测定的精密度在0.6%-6.3 %,方法检出限为0.04-0.43 μg·kg-1.用加标回收的方法评价了该方法的准确性,回收率为96.0%-108.0%之间.     

地下水中砷和汞的不同测试方法

本文研究了原子荧光法(AFS)、电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)等3种不同方法检测地下水中的砷和汞.结果表明,地下水中砷汞的3种测试方法在一定的浓度范围内标准曲线线性良好,相关系数均在0.999以上,加标回收率和精密度较好,质控测定结果均在理论值范围内,说明3种方法有很好的准确性和稳定性,分析数据结果可靠. AFS和ICPMS砷检出限分别为0.10μg·L^-1和0.02μg·L^-1,汞检出限分别为0.03μg·L^-1和0.05μg·L^-1,都远低于相关水质标准检出限以及《地下水质量标准》规定的Ⅰ类水限值,完全能够满足地下水测试要求.而ICPOES砷和汞的检出限分别为20μg·L^-1和9.36μg·L^-1,可用于受到污染的地下水样品检测.     

ICP-MS法直接进样分析食用油中的铅、砷、锰、镉、铬、铜等元素

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)仪直接进样测定了食用油中铅、砷、锰、镉、铬、铜等元素的含量.该方法对食用油中各元素的定量限分别为Pb 0.15μg.L-1,As 0.07μg.L-1,Mn 0.06μg.L-1,Cd 0.03μg.L-1,Cr 3.5μg.L-1,Cu 0.11μg.L-1.根据所建立的方法,分析了市售的食用油样品,用加标回收的方法评价了该方法的准确性,回收率为98.22%—108.1%,结果令人满意.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析锰结核中的多种元素含量

本文使用岛津ICPMS-2030电感耦合等离子体质谱仪,采用微波消解法对锰结核样品进行前处理,测定了锰结核样品中32种元素含量.实验结果表明,各元素在1.0-100μg·L-1范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.9998,检出限低,各元素检出限都在0.00004-0.73 μg·g-1之间.该方法操作简便、快速,测试...     

消解方法对煤矸石中砷含量测定的影响

选择山西不同地区不同硅铝含量的4种煤矸石,通过实验得到湿法消解和微波消解的优化条件,采用配置氢化物发生器的电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(HG-ICP-AES)对消解液中的砷含量进行测试,对比了微波消解(酸解液:4 mL HNO3、2 mL HF、1 mL H3PO4)和湿法消解(酸解液:5 mL HNO3、1 mL HF、1 mL HClO4、1 mL H3PO4)对煤矸石中砷含量测定的影响,以确定适合测定煤矸石中砷含量的前处理方法.结果表明,微波消解耗时短、体系密闭,可有效防止砷的挥发与样品间的交叉污染,结合HG-ICP-AES测试,测试结果精密度高、回收率良好,可以满足煤矸石中砷含量准确测定的要求.     

基于ICP-MS和对照制剂的牛黄清胃丸中石膏的质量评价

本文将对照制剂引入中药的质量评价,建立了牛黄清胃丸中石膏的质量评价方法.样品经微波消解,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定Ca含量.Ca在1—20μg·m L-1范围内线性关系良好,检出限为1.03 mg·kg~(-1),回收率为99.70%.扣除阴性干扰后,优质原料投料、规范生产的对照制剂中Ca含量可以达到拟定限度的要求.18个厂家的49批次抽样中,18批未达到拟定限度,提示企业应重视牛黄清胃丸中石膏的投料质量.所建立的方法简便、准确、可靠,为中成药中石膏的质量控制提供了示范和参考.     

微波消解ICP-AES法测定土壤及植物中的重金属

建立了微波消解、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)同时测定赣南钨矿区尾砂库的土壤和植物中重金属的测试方法.结果表明:土壤和植物分别经HNO3-HF-HClO4(4∶ 5∶ 2)和HNO3-HClO4(8∶ 2)消解后完全分解,适当增加RF功率和雾化速率有利于提高重金属的信噪比,采用内标法有效地改善了检测结果的准确度和精密度.土壤和植物分析方法的加标回收率分别为96.0%-113.6%和97.2%-107.0%,RSD分别为1.31%-4.16%和1.59%-4.17%.     

活性炭管吸附-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定工作场所空气中砷化氢

工作场所空气中砷化氢经活性炭管采集、以0.01 mol·L~(-1)硝酸溶液超声洗脱后,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定其含量.结果显示,砷化氢在0.1—50μg·L~(-1)范围内呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数(r)为0.9999.砷化氢的检出限为0.04μg·L~(-1).加标回收率为88.2%—95.6%,相对标准偏差(n=6)值为3.8%—5.3%.该方法高效、快速、准确、灵敏,适用于工作场所空气中砷化氢的测定和安全性评价.     

Induction of metamorphosis of two species of sea urchin from Sea of Japan

The induction of metamorphosis in mature larvae by selected chemical compounds and natural substrata was investigated in two species of sea urchins from the Sea of Japan, Strongylocentrotus intermedius and Scaphechinus mirabilis. Glutamine in crystalline form was added directly to water containing mature larvae, and this compound, at a final concentration of 10 g ml^-1, was an inducer of metamorphosis in S. intermedius (100% activity) and S. mirabilis (50% activity). Gutamine, or its natural mimetic molecules, may be an active component of the exogenous cue that induces metamorphosis of S. intermedius larvae. This exogenous cue was produced by the epiphytic calcareous algae, Melobesia spp. that colonized the older sea grass Zostera marina. Glutamic acid was also used as an inducer of metamorphosis for S. intermedius and S. mirabilis larvae (50 to 60% activity), but it was toxic to the larvae.     

1株微小杆菌对4种蓝藻的生长影响

利用过滤的天然珍珠养殖水参照BG11配制加富培养液,将1株能促进鱼害微囊藻生长的微小杆菌属菌株(Exiguobacterium sp.013,简写为E.sp.013)进行纯化扩大培养后与铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、水华微囊藻(Microcystis flosaquae)、平裂藻(Merismopedia sp.)和惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)按一定菌、藻密度比例同时接种后进行为期24 d的培养试验,利用特定生长率和细胞密度等指标观察并检验E.sp.013菌株对4种蓝藻生长的影响,同时检测培养液中优势菌群的数量变化趋势.结果表明:E.sp.013菌对铜绿微囊藻、水华微囊藻和惠氏微囊藻具有显著促生长和延长稳定生长期作用,对平裂藻不具有显著促生长作用,但对延长其稳定生长期具有显著效果;试验培养过程中E.sp.013菌落数量占所有菌落总数的比例始终高于46％,处于绝对优势地位,表明E.sp.013菌具有调控其他菌群的能力.     

南京城市西部遗产廊道规划

南京城市西部历史时期是城市的重要边界,现在逐渐演变成老城与新区之间的核心地带,成为公共活动的重要地区,保护其自然、文化遗产和生态环境具有非常重要的意义。在对其现状调查分析的基础上,梳理遗产点的历史概况、现状及其分布情况,提出规划遗产廊道的意义,探讨规划的具体思路,为南京遗产保护提供了新的视角。     

《生态毒理学报》主编简介

<正>王子健,男,1953年10月出生,博士,研究员,博士生导师．1976年中国科技大学毕业后到中科院生态环境研究中心工作．1983-1985年在瑞士留学,从事水质污染化学规律研究;1987年在日本从事生物样品生理活性物质分析方法研究． 1992-2000年担任中科院生态环境研究中心环境水化学国家重点实验室副主任、主任,兼环境模拟与污染控制国家重点联合实验室学术委员会委员,国家863计划污染控制技术主题专家组副组长,国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部第二届咨询专家委员会委员,国际环境地球化学与健康学会亚太分会理事,全球环境基金专家库成员等．同时担任环境科学学报(副主编)、过程工程学报、环境化学、湿地研究、地球与环境、美国Environmental Science and Health(A)等杂志的编委．王子健领导的研究小组主要研究天然水体和水处理过程中的水质转化、相关毒性和毒理变化以及健康和生态风险．内容包括发展新的环境监测技术,离体和活体生物毒性测试方法,污染物水体多介质过程,水质安全性评价以及水污染的健康和生态风险的指标和方法．在开发新型生物模拟采样技术和生物毒性测试方法体系、生活饮用水和再生水的安全性评价、持久性有毒污染物污染及其生态与健康影响等方面取得了丰硕的成果,相当一部分成果得到推广应用．     

Evaluation of adsorption potential of adsorbents: a case of uptake of cationic dyes

Adsorption potential of a commercial activated carbon (FS300) has been evaluated for the uptake of cationic dyes namely methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RB). Though, there are numerous studies in literature which report the sorption of MB (more than 40 studies) and RB (more than 10), however none of these use a common parameter to report the capacity of the sorbent. A protocol, based on the equilibrium dye concentration has been proposed to measure the sorption potential of a sorbent. The Langmuir model can very well describe the experimental equilibrium data for both dyes (coefficient of correlation > 0.999). MB (Qm = 312.5 mg g(-1)) is more adsorbable than the RB (Qm = 144.9 mg g(-1)). Molecular weight and chemical structure of dye molecules seem to affect the dye uptake. The effect of pH on dye uptake has also been evaluated by varyingpH from 3 to 11. Uptake of MB increases with pH, wherein RB removal decreases with pH. Dyes could not be desorbed either by distilled water (0.06 and 0.11% for MB and RB respectively), or by 0.1 NHCl (0.136 and 3.0% for MB and RB respectively) indicating, chemical adsorption type of adsorbent-adsorbate interactions.     

利用回归分析确定降水入渗补给量

目前常用降水量乘以降水入渗补给系数的方法计算降水入渗补给量,此法不能表现降水特征、蒸发等因素对降水入渗补给的影响．为解决不同时间尺度、不同降水特征和蒸发情况下的降水入渗补给量,在分析郑州地下水均衡试验场地中渗透仪实测入渗量、降水和蒸发资料的基础上,利用均匀设计法选取最优的与降水入渗补给量关系密切的前期降水量和蒸发量的期次,然后利用回归分析建立各岩性和埋深的年、月和日尺度上的降水入渗函数,可以比较准确的计算降水入渗补给量．表3,参9．     

洞庭湖生态环境承载力分析

洞庭湖湖内冬枯水季节，有芦苇面积530km^2，草地面积800余km^2，泥滩地面积367km^2，天然水域面积约993km^2。湖洲之间隔水相望，河沟水系纵横交错，具“水浸皆湖，水落为洲”的地貌特征，呈现出支离破碎的形态面貌和典型的自然湿地景观。文章在大量调查的基础上，从自然和人文两个方面对洞庭湖的生态环境承载力或环境压力进行分析。     

接种污泥源对厌氧氨氧化启动效能的影响

厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)菌生长缓慢是影响其实际应用的主要问题之一,选取合适的接种污泥十分重要.本研究采用好氧污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥和厌氧消化污泥3种接种污泥,分别经过61、70和85 d的运行均实现了厌氧氨氧化过程,氨氮去除率分别为82%、92%和91%,总氮去除率达76%、82%和80%.分别接种3种污泥源的厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)R1、R2、1t3出水pH值最终稳定在8.4、8.5、8.5.好氧污泥呈絮状,但沉降性比接种前好,厌氧颗粒污泥解体后最终形成粒径集中在0.5～1.0 mm的污泥,厌氧消化污泥则呈沙化状态,有细小颗粒出现.根据厌氧氨氧化细胞产率系数及NH4+-N、NO2--N去除量和NO3--N生成量之间的计量学关系,估算出厌氧氨氧化菌产率系数(以1 mol NH4+产生的CH2O0.5N0.15量计)分别为0.080、0.105和0.114 mol·mol-1,说明反应器内厌氧氨氧化菌有不同程度的衰减.总体而言,厌氧颗粒污泥是富集厌氧氨氧化菌的最适污泥源.     

Effects of contrasting modes of larval development on the genetic structures of populations of three species of prosobranch gastropods

 In south-eastern Australia, the prosobranch gastropods Morula marginalba (Blainville), Cominella lineolata (Lamarck) and Bedeva hanleyi (Angas) have similar fine-scale distributions, but appear to possess very different dispersal capabilities due to contrasting modes of larval development. M.marginalba produce planktonic larvae, whereas C. lineolata and B. hanleyi undergo direct development in benthic egg capsules and emerge as crawling juveniles. To test for possible effects of contrasting life histories on levels of genetic variation within and among populations, a survey was conducted of allozyme variation at six polymorphic loci in 8 to 9 local populations of each species. Collections of snails were made between June 1992 and November 1993. Sampling ranges spanned between 162 and 180 km of coast. Regardless of larval type, proportions of single-locus genotypes in each collection were consistent with the recruitment of offspring which had been generated through random mating. However, genotypic diversity was lower in those species that undergo direct development. Loci surveyed in C. lineolata and B. hanleyi were polymorphic (i.e. frequency of most common allele <95%) in fewer populations than those examined for M.␣marginalba (P <0.001) and, where polymorphisms occurred, also possessed significantly fewer alleles (P <0.001). Consequently, average levels of expected heterozygosity were greater in populations of M. marginalba than in those of either of the other species (P <0.001). Genetic variation among populations, expressed as the standardised variance in allele frequencies (F _ST ), was inversely related to expected larval dispersal capability. The nine collections of M. marginalba showed little overall differentiation (F _ST  = 0.017; P <0.001), reflecting the ability of planktonic larvae to interconnect local populations, and so limit divergence due to drift and natural selection. In contrast, there were high levels of allelic heterogeneity among the nine collections of C. lineolata (F _ST  = 0.523; P <0.001) and eight collections of B. hanleyi (F _ST  = 0.140; P <0.001). These data imply that for species which undergo direct development, local populations are effectively closed and evolve largely independent of one another. Received: 3 May 1996 / Accepted: 12 July 1996     

Comparative study of the effects of temperature,salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of nauplii of different strains of Artemia

The effects of temperature, salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of three different strains of Artemia nauplii have been studied. When acclimated to a salinity of 30, nauplii from each of the three strains were able to maintain approximately constant rates of oxygen consumption over a wide range of oxygen tension. The ability to maintain respiratory independence during hypoxia was reduced, however, with an increase in either temperature or salinity. Nauplii of two of the strains (parthenogenetic diploid and tetraploid) showed a progressive increase in the rate of oxygen consumption with increasing temperature up to 35°C. Nauplii of the bisexual strain appeared to be less tolerant of exposure to temperatures >30°C, since at higher temperatures their oxygen consumption declined slightly. The differences between the nauplii of the different strains in their physiological responses to changing environmental conditions appear to correlate well with their seasonal occurrence in the field.