滨海沙地木麻黄林生态系统的凋落物及其热值研究

采用定位研究的方法，在福建惠安赤湖防护林场定期收集木麻黄林分的凋落物，开展凋落物的归还量和热值的研究．结果表明，木麻黄林凋落物年归还量为14．17thm^-2 a^-1，小枝占总归还量的72．19％，其他各组分占27．81％．凋落物灰分含量：小枝4．39％～5．65％，枝条3．52％～5．65％，球果2．63％～4．23％；凋落物干重热值为：小枝20．51～21．68kJ／g，枝条19．63～20．21kJ／g，球果18．27～20．63kJ／g；凋落物去灰分热值为：小枝21．48～22．69kJ／g，枝条21．48～22．69kJ／g，球果18．91～21．49kJ／g．图1表8参26     

UASB反应器高温处理酒精废液的研究

在θ＝53±1℃条件下，采用UASB用1mo培养出颗粒污泥,到运行结束时，污泥ρ（TS）为65·0g·L－1，SVI为14．0，Umax（CH4）为603．9mL·g－1·d－1，对颗粒污泥微生物类群数量和微观结构的分析表明，颗粒污泥具有活性和结构上的高效性；反映在处理效果上，使UASB具有高效稳定的运行结果：当t（HRT）24．0～18．4h，容积负荷大于20g·L－1·d－1时，甲烷含量约60％，COD去除率约91％，出水ρ（COD）1400～2000mg·L－1，厌氧生物降解的产能和治污效果良好     

四川盆地农业生态系统害鼠种群测报数学模型的研究

根据四川盆地农业生态系统害鼠种群数量连续3年的统计结果：方差分析证明种群数量在年周期间变化不显著，（F＜F0．05）而年内存在着显著的统计学差异（F＞F0．05）种群数量季节消长呈明显的双峰型模式，年周期内出现6月和11月两个数量高峰，两峰之间无显著性差异（t＜t0．01）．依据农田灭鼠的实际情况，用3月份的数量来预测6月份的种群数量，是理想的预测方案故本文依据该3年的数据，采用数学拟合方法，组建预测6月份数量高峰的短期预测模型．统计检验表明具有准确、可靠和实用的特点．     

大鸨生长期能量代谢和蛋白质沉积量的初步研究

对不同日龄笼养大鸨 (Otistarda)的能量代谢和蛋白质沉积量进行研究 .结果表明 ,5 0日龄、70日龄、30 0日龄和 4 0 0日龄雄性大鸨的能量日摄入量分别为 14 98.9kJ、2 376 .2kJ、2 397.4kJ和 2 4 6 5 .9kJ;能量代谢率分别为 82 .3%、81.8%、81.8%和 83.1% ;蛋白质的日沉积量分别为 5 .8g、13.4g、15 .8g和 13.5g .表 3参 9     

六溴环十二烷及其复合污染脑发育期暴露对大鼠甲状腺激素代谢过程的影响

研究六溴环十二烷（HBCD）及其复合污染对发育期幼鼠甲状腺激素代谢过程的影响。设计HBCD单一暴露剂量（10、50、100、300ttg·kg-1）,及HBCD与等浓度商用多溴联苯醚DE-71按2：1复合暴露剂量（10、50、100、300gg·kg-1）,对新生3d的SD大鼠进行为期42d的暴露,放射免疫法测定血清中甲状腺激素（TT3,TT4,FT3,FT4,TSH）水平,并分别测定肝脏和脑组织中甲状腺激素脱碘酶（D1,D2）活性及其对应基因的相对表达水平。与对照组相比较,经HBCD暴露后,大鼠血清中TT4、TT3、FT4、FT3浓度随着暴露剂量增大呈现先升高后下降的趋势,其中10μg·kg-1剂量组的FT3质量分数显著升高（P〈0．05）,300μg·kg-1剂量组的FT4质量分数显著下降（P〈0．05）;TSH则呈现下降趋势。lO、50及300μg·kg-1剂量组的TSH质量分数均显著下降（P〈0．05）。HBCD／DE-7l复合暴露后,大鼠血清中TT4、TT3、FT4、FT3浓度随着暴露剂量的增大呈升高趋势,其中50μg·kg-1剂量组TT4质量分数显著升高（P〈0．05）,50μg·kg-1及300μg·kg-1剂量组FT4质量分数显著升高（P〈0．05）,300μg·kg-1剂量组FT3质量分数显著升高（P〈0．05）。单一暴露后,D1活性及基因表达水平均呈下降趋势,300gμg·kg-1剂量组基因表达水平下降显著（P〈0．05）;D2活性及基因表达水平则均呈现下降趋势,50μg·kg-1剂量组均显著下降（P〈0．05）;HBCD／DE-71复合暴露后,D1、D2活性及其基因表达水平则均呈升高趋势,其中100μg·kg-1剂量组D1活性及基因表达水平均显著性升高（P〈0．05）,300μg·kg-1剂量组D2活性显著性升高（P〈0．05）。HBCD及HBCD／DE-71复合污染物均能通过改变甲状腺激素代谢酶的活性及mRNA表达水平进一步影响机体甲状腺激素的内稳态平衡,且HBCD单一暴露与HBCD／DE-71复合暴露对机体毒性作用途径及所产生的毒性效果存在着很大的差异。     

PID技术在垃圾渗沥液处理中的应用

PID技术是废水处理中提高氮、磷去除的技术。它通常由两个或三个相同的氧化沟组成，这些氧化沟周期性处于好氧、缺氧或沉淀等工作状态，一个工作周期4h。垃圾处理厂采用这一技术处理垃圾渗沥液，处理效果好，费用低。主要工艺参数为，污泥浓度3．0-5．5g/L、泥龄15－30d、污泥产率0．6－0．9kg（MLSS）/kg(BOD).d、反硝化速率26g（N）／kg（MLSS）.d。     

淮河水系淮南段椎实螺类(Lymnaeidae)生态学研究

于2004年春季（4月）和秋季（9月），分别对淮河水系淮南段不同环境条件下的10个站点椎实螺类的种类和分布特征进行了调查，共鉴定出椎实螺类5种，其中萝卜螺属4种，土蜗属1种，耳萝卜螺为优势种；全流域平均密度和生物量，春季为227．7Ind.／m^2。和175．50g／m^2，秋季为100．2Ind．／m^2和88．85g／m^2．工业污染较重的站点（D、F、I）椎实螺类的群落结构趋于简化，而流域底质生境异质性的站点（E、H）螺类种数呈现多样性．图1表2参16     

微型裸腹蚤的生长,生殖和种群增长

年龄为５±２ｈ的纯系微型裸腹蚤置于２５±１℃、主要含斜栅藻的培养液、静置换水的条件下培养时，其体长（ｌｔ）增长模式为ｌｔ＝１．３０－０．７９７６ｅ－０．３６８２ｔ（ｌｔ为体长，ｔ为时间），各龄蚤平均体长为１．０８ｍｍ，平均寿命为１９．１ｄ，生殖高峰发生在第５龄期，累计生殖量为１０１．２１个．从初始２０个体的种群计算，种群生长曲线呈ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ型：ｙ＝２０２４／（１＋ｅ４．１３６－０．５３７ｔ）（ｙ为总个体数），内禀增长能力ｒｍ＝０．９８５／ｄ，净生殖率Ｒ０＝８２．２５３／世代，世代平均周期Ｔ＝４．７２ｄ．     

濒危植物矮牡丹种群生物量的研究

对矮牡丹种群生物量的研究表明，矮牡丹地上无性小株的叶、茎干和根系的生物量可分别用m1（DW）＝－0．232＋000771A，ms（DW）＝0．370＋0．18000（D2H1），mr（DW）＝1．54＋0．000338（AH1）来表示象矮牡丹这种似棕榈型生长型的小灌木，植冠面积容易测得，用植冠面积进行叶重的模拟最为准确随年龄的增长，矮牡丹种群各部分生物量都呈指数模式增长     

杀虫剂敌敌畏对黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪的毒性影响

采用静态换水法研究了杀虫剂敌敌畏（dichlorvos，DDVP）对黑眶蟾蜍（Bufo melanostictus）蝌蚪的急性毒性和生长发育、生理活动的影响．结果表明，DDVP对黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪的96h半数致死浓度（LC50，96h）为51．61mg／L．暴露于2．24mg／L的DDVP溶液中10d和20d，蝌蚪的体长日增长率分别降低24．9％和9．5％，并引起黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪酯酶同工酶（EST）酶带数和强弱发生改变，抑制了蝌蚪的酯酶同工酶活性，而超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）比活受到的影响相对较小．暴露于6．72mg／L的DDVP溶液中10d和20d，蝌蚪的体长日增长率分别降低27．0％和38．8％，酯酶同工酶（EST）酶带的强弱发生明显的改变，SOD酶比活明显低于对照组．说明杀虫剂敌敌畏对黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪可造成一定的毒性影响．图2表4参22     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.