医疗污水处理系统中污泥处理工程实践

分析了国内医疗污水处理系统中污泥消毒处理的现状和必要性,并对常用的几种污泥消毒处理的方法进行了比较,提出在不同的环境条件下,使用C IO2和石灰作消毒剂对医疗污水处理系统中污泥进行消毒的工艺路线。工程实践表明,此工艺稳定可靠,运行成本低廉,较好地做到经济和环境效益的统一。     

医院污水处理与水资源综合利用

污水的资源化利用具有重要的现实意义，本文从提高环境质量和节约经费开支两方面综合考虑，设计了医院污水的处理工艺，通过长时间的运行监测下检测，该工艺处理的污水各项指标均达到生活杂用水水质标准，将其用于浇灌，冲洗以及池塘水环境的治理，取得了一定的经济效益，环境效益和社会效益。     

总程平衡治理技术处理饮料废水工艺

对可乐废水采用总程平衡治理技术,经调查、试验与计算,对废水实行动态的分流．将占总水量不足２％ 的浓废水进行厌氧处理,去除占ＣＯＤ总量７０％ 以上的污染物,使好氧处理负荷降低．根据费用计算中所作假设,在其它条件不变的情况下,总程平衡治理工艺吨水处理能耗可比常规好氧治理工艺节省４８％ ．     

再生水消毒副产物的检测、生成与控制

在水资源紧缺的当下,污水再生利用是一项重要的环保战略更是资源战略.消毒能有效杀灭病菌和阻断介水疾病的传播,是保障再生水用水安全的重要手段.然而,消毒剂会不可避免地与水中有机物发生反应形成具有毒害效应的消毒副产物.围绕污水在再生消毒过程中所产生的消毒副产物,针对其检测识别方法、生成条件（前体物、消毒工艺及水质条件对消毒副产物生成的影响）以及控制方法（源头控制、过程控制及末端控制）进行综述.在此基础上,对再生水消毒副产物的未来研究动态进行了探讨,可为保障再生水的安全利用提供依据.     

Welfare-based ecosystem management: an investigation of trade-offs

This paper investigates the use of welfare-based trade-offs in environmental management, focussing primarily on wetlands and riverine examples. It outlines methods and challenges in using economic criteria for determining these trade-offs. While economic criteria other than cost may have limited general applicability in determining wetlands banking and total maximum daily loads (TMDL) allocations, the paper suggests several methods for incorporating broad welfare criteria into regulatory methods. In particular, it suggests the use of a technique known as the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) in developing community-based trade-off rules for wetlands and riverine management. This technique can be used to establish wetlands banking ratios, source and non-source mitigation techniques, and stream designated uses.     

北京市清水与再生水协同利用优化模型

开展协同利用清水与再生水的城市供水系统优化研究具有重要的科学意义和广阔的应用前景.为促进城市水资源高效利用,基于多水源转换关系以及再生水生产能力和利用潜力,构建了面向多区域多部门的城市清水与再生水协同利用优化模型,并以水资源严重短缺的北京市为例进行实证研究.设置规划方案基准情景和规划替代方案情景,分别优化了清水与再生水的协同利用方案以及再生水厂群的运行方案.在规划方案基准情景下,再生水占研究区用水总量的32%,分别占农业、工业、环境用水量的60%、30%和42%.海淀区和石景山区再生水供给矛盾将较为突出.相比之下,规划替代方案情景可以获得更高的经济效益,总效益增加6. 21亿元,同时能增加再生水利用量36. 59%、减少清水用量14. 02%.规划替代方案能更加充分地利用现有设施,促进水资源循环利用.此外,还提供了在现有设施条件下,再生水利用量由政策规划值逐渐提升至最佳规模过程中再生水厂群的运行过渡方案.本文建立的研究方法具有较广泛的适用性,可用于解决其它具有再生水利用潜力地区的水资源短缺问题.     

Management objectives for the protection of ecosystem services

People find themselves confronted with ever starker tradeoffs in the allocation of resources to competing uses and users. At the local level, for instance, allocation of land or water to agricultural, industrial, municipal, recreational, and conservation activities often involves a zero sum game. This is apparent in the widespread loss of water and land from native habitat to farms and increasingly to urban and industrial purposes. These tradeoffs are becoming increasingly vexing and difficult to resolve, from both ethical and practical perspectives. The Ecosystem Services Framework integrates biophysical and social dimensions of environmental protection in a way that holds great promise for addressing the environmental crisis that will likely peak in the 21st century. Here, I provide a brief overview of this framework and suggest a plan for immediate action.     

棉印染废水处理回用技术研究

为将污水回用于生产,降低生产成本和减少环境污染,对棉印染废水进行清浊分流,将轻质废水作为处理对象采用生化-陶瓷膜过滤工艺对废水进行深度处理后回用,处理后水质满足印染回用水水质要求,其中COD、浊度和色度去除率分别达到85％,98％和95％。将处理后水全部回用于生产,对印染产品质量无影响。     

感潮河流环境需水量预测及敏感性分析--以深圳河为例

以深圳河为研究区域,应用～维非恒定水质模型计算了感潮河流的环境需水量,并针对污染负荷、补水水质、潮汐和污水厂尾水处置等因素对环境需水量的影响进行敏感性分析．结果表明,随着污染负荷和补水本底污染物浓度的增加,环境需水量分别成近似线性和指数函数增加;大、小潮时深圳河的环境需水量差别不大,但涨、落潮的影响却不能忽略;将污水厂尾水输送到流域外排放或将尾水资源化后作为河道补水可以大大减少环境需水量因此,掌握环境需水量的变化规律,对于感潮河流水环境综合治理中截污、补水、污水厂尾水处置等方案的决策具有重要的指导意义．     

天津市不同后备水资源对比评价研究

为了缓解天津水资源严重短缺的困境,利用层次分析法,从水资源保证程度、调水协调难度、可供水量、工程成本、供水管网改造成本、水质、水处理成本、污水处理难度、生态环境风险等角度对天津市主要后备水源进行了综合对比评价。评价结果认为海水淡化、南水北调中线调水、地下咸水开发、海水直接利用可以作为天津市理想的后备水资源开发方案;上游水库调水、南水北调东线调水、引黄调水可以作为应急后备水源方案;污水处理后主要用作灌溉、生态、景观用水。     

Computational fluid dynamics applied to water and wastewater treatment facility modeling

The major issues in water and wastewater industry are to meet quality requirements, to guarantee treatment process efficiency, to contain investment and operating costs. This implies the use of powerful predictive modeling and simulation tools which are able to account for the multiple interaction between all the water quality and process design parameters. Computational Fluid Dynamics modeling tools have already been widely used in other industries but their application in water industry is quite recent. This paper presents different applications of CFD modeling to the study of the hydrodynamic and mass transfer performance of single- or two-phase flow reactors used in water and wastewater treatment. Numerical simulations, together with experimental measurements, have been performed on laboratory and full-scale plants in order to gain a better understanding of the physical phenomena (mixing, interfacial transfer) occurring in these systems. Numerical simulations are systematically validated by experiments. The paper shows how CFD can be helpful in order to improve the design of existing water treatment plants and the process efficiency. In this scope, CFD enables designs more reliable and cost effective water treatment processes which remain basic environmental policy issues.     

铁炭微电解法处理黄连素废水应用研究

黄连素废水成分复杂,COD高且难降解,废水可生化性差,对环境造成较大污染。沈阳某制药总厂黄连素废水采用深井曝气工艺处理。该方法存在需要大量清水稀释、运行成本高、处理效果不佳等缺点。内电解的基本原理是利用铁屑中的铁和炭组分构成微小原电池的正极和负极,以充入的废水为电解质溶液,发生氧化-还原反应,形成原电池。利用内电解预处理黄连素废水,COD除去率高达93.1%,并可提高废水的可生化性,废水的的BOD5/CODCr值由处理前的0.08提高到0.41,为后续生化处理和处理后废水达标排放奠定了基础,且运行成本低,易于管理。     

Potential application of high pressure carbon dioxide in treated wastewater and water disinfection: Recent overview and further trends

Recently emerging disadvantages in conventional disinfection have heightened the need for finding a new solution. Developments in the use of high pressure carbon dioxide for food preservation and sterilization have led to a renewed interest in its applicability in wastewater treatment and water disinfection. Pressurized CO₂ is one of the most investigated methods of antibacterial treatment and has been used extensively for decades to inhibit pathogens in dried food and liquid products. This study reviews the literature concerning the utility of CO₂ as a disinfecting agent, and the pathogen inactivation mechanism of CO₂ treatment is evaluated based on all available research. In this paper, it will be argued that the successful application and high effectiveness of CO₂ treatment in liquid foods open a potential opportunity for its use in wastewater treatment and water disinfection. The findings from models with different operating conditions (pressure, temperature, microorganism, water content, media …) suggest that most microorganisms are successfully inhibited under CO₂ treatment. It will also be shown that the bacterial deaths under CO₂ treatment can be explained by many different mechanisms. Moreover, the findings in this study can help to address the recently emerging problems in water disinfection, such as disinfection by-products (resulting from chlorination or ozone treatment).     

Computational fluid dynamics applied to water and wastewater treatment facility modeling

The major issues in water and wastewater industry are to meet quality requirements, to guarantee treatment process efficiency, to contain investment and operating costs. This implies the use of powerful predictive modeling and simulation tools which are able to account for the multiple interaction between all the water quality and process design parameters. Computational Fluid Dynamics modeling tools have already been widely used in other industries but their application in water industry is quite recent. This paper presents different applications of CFD modeling to the study of the hydro-dynamic and mass transfer performance of single- or two-phase flow reactors used in water and wastewater treatment. Numerical simulations, together with experimental measurements, have been performed on laboratory and full-scale plants in order to gain a better under-standing of the physical phenomena (mixing, interfacial transfer) occurring in these systems. Numerical simulations are systematically validated by experiments. The paper shows how CFD can be helpful in order to improve the design of existing water treatment plants and the process efficiency. In this scope, CFD enables designs more reliable and cost effective water treatment processes which remain basic environmental policy issues.     

Investigating the bacterial community and amoebae population in rural domestic wastewater reclamation for irrigation

Reclamation of domestic wastewater for agricultural irrigation is viewed as a sustainable option to create an alternative water source and address water scarcity. Free-living amoebae(FLA), which are amphizoic protozoa, are widely distributed in various environmental sources. The FLA could cause considerable environmental and health risks. However, little information is available on the risk of these protozoa. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility using rural domestic wastewater for agricultural irrigation, and analyzed dynamic changes of the microbial community structure and FLA populations in raw and treated wastewater, as well as the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of lettuce production sites that were irrigated with different water sources. The bacterial community dynamics were analyzed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism(T-RFLP). The bacterial community structures in the influent were similar to that in the effluent, while in some cases relative abundances varied significantly. The populations of Acanthamoeba spp. and Hartmannella vermiformis in the anaerobically treated wastewater were significantly higher than in the raw wastewater. The vegetables could harbor diverse amoebae, and the abundances of Acanthamoeba spp. and H. vermiformis in the rhizosphere were significantly higher than in the phyllosphere. Accordingly, our studies show insight into the distribution and dissemination of amoebae in wastewater treatment and irrigation practices.     

造气含氰废水的生物治理

在塔式生物滤池生产性处理规模上考察了造气含氰废水在挂膜前后的处理效果。比较结果表明，未挂过氰化物的平均处理率仅为７９．２９％，挂膜后的处理率平均为９５．２６％，处理后的废水全部回用于生产，减少了氰化物的排放量，防止了造气废水对环境的污染。     

Modeling of secondary treated wastewater disinfection by UV irradiation: Effects of suspended solids content

This work aimed to study UV-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to propose a formulation of the kinetics of secondary treated wastewater disinfection and to underline the influence of suspended solids on the inactivation kinetics of these strains. Some investigations were carried out for the validation of some simulation models, from the simplest, the kinetics model of Chick-Watson reduced to first order, to rather complex models such as multi-kinetic and Collins-Selleck models. Results revealed that the involved processes of UV irradiation were too complex to be approached by a simplified formulation, even in the case of specific strains of microorganisms and the use of nearly constant UV radiation intensity. In fact, the application of Chick-Watson model in its original form is not representative of the kinetics of UV disinfection. Modification, taking into account the speed change during the disinfection process, has not significantly improved results. On the other hand, the application of Collins-Selleck model demonstrates that it was necessary to exceed a least dose of critical radiation to start the process of inactivation. To better explain the process of inactivation, we have assumed that the action of disinfectant on the survival of lonely microorganisms is faster than its action on suspended solids protected or agglomerated to each others. We can assume in this case the existence of two inactivation kinetics during the processes (parallel and independent) of the first-order. For this reason, the application of a new kinetic model by introducing a third factor reflecting the influence of suspended solids in water on disinfection kinetics appeared to be determinant for modeling UV inactivation of P. aeruginosa in secondary treated wastewater.     

A comparison of multiple criteria analysis and unaided approaches to environmental decision making

This study compares multiple criteria analysis (MCA) assisted decisions and unaided decisions in an environmental management context. It involved 55 decision makers in Queensland, Australia, who used MCA techniques to evaluate environmental projects alongside their own intuitive approaches under the Australian Natural Heritage Trust (NHT) program. The NHT is Australia's largest environmental program funded over A$ 2.5 billion over 10 years. The study assessed decision maker learning and perceptions of MCA's overall usefulness. It was found that MCA produced markedly different results to unaided evaluations. Feedback from decision makers typically showed that unaided decisions did not make explicit use of evaluation criteria. Even though most decision makers were unwilling to change their choices following the use of MCA, they found it a helpful input to their decision procedure. The majority of decision makers supported the adoption of MCA to make future investment decisions under the NHT program.     

啤酒废水组合处理工艺的应用与工程实例

概述国内现阶段啤酒生产废水厌氧与好氧组合处理工艺的应用,同时对某厂利用EGSB＋接触氧化＋过滤组合工艺处理啤酒废水的实际应用进行了介绍,处理后排放废水水质达到景观环境用水标准（GB/T18921-2002）,处理啤酒废水费用为0.75元/m3,同时可产生沼气作为能源利用,具有一定的经济效益。     

城市景观娱乐水体微生物风险评价

随着城市居民亲水娱乐活动日益增加,开展景观娱乐水体微生物风险评价,并以此为基础开展有效的风险管理,对于人口密集的城市区域尤为重要.以我国南方某城市3个典型景观娱乐水体为案例,采用定量微生物风险评价的方法框架,综合运用水质监测、社会调查、文献调研等方法开展暴露评价,并由此开展基于粪大肠菌(FC)、大肠埃希氏菌(EC)和肠球菌(ENT)的多微生物指标人体健康风险评价.结果表明,基于FC、EC和ENT的多指标微生物风险评价结果具有一定的一致性和可比性;位于城市居住区的B河段不宜作为人体直接或非直接接触的娱乐水体,其对公众健康的风险主要来源于用作家庭杂用水;位于城市公共开放空间的C河段和风景旅游区的E湖可以满足现有的景观娱乐功能要求,其对公众健康的风险主要来源于各种休闲娱乐活动;应重视与城市景观娱乐水体功能不匹配的无序利用(如作为家庭杂用水)对公众健康的风险.