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1.
ROB WILLIAMS SHARON L. HEDLEY TREVOR A. BRANCH MARK V. BRAVINGTON ALEXANDRE N. ZERBINI KEN P. FINDLAY 《Conservation biology》2011,25(3):526-535
Abstract: Often abundance of rare species cannot be estimated with conventional design‐based methods, so we illustrate with a population of blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) a spatial model‐based method to estimate abundance. We analyzed data from line‐transect surveys of blue whales off the coast of Chile, where the population was hunted to low levels. Field protocols allowed deviation from planned track lines to collect identification photographs and tissue samples for genetic analyses, which resulted in an ad hoc sampling design with increased effort in areas of higher densities. Thus, we used spatial modeling methods to estimate abundance. Spatial models are increasingly being used to analyze data from surveys of marine, aquatic, and terrestrial species, but estimation of uncertainty from such models is often problematic. We developed a new, broadly applicable variance estimator that showed there were likely 303 whales (95% CI 176–625) in the study area. The survey did not span the whales' entire range, so this is a minimum estimate. We estimated current minimum abundance relative to pre‐exploitation abundance (i.e., status) with a population dynamics model that incorporated our minimum abundance estimate, likely population growth rates from a meta‐analysis of rates of increase in large baleen whales, and two alternative assumptions about historic catches. From this model, we estimated that the population was at a minimum of 9.5% (95% CI 4.9–18.0%) of pre‐exploitation levels in 1998 under one catch assumption and 7.2% (CI 3.7–13.7%) of pre‐exploitation levels under the other. Thus, although Chilean blue whales are probably still at a small fraction of pre‐exploitation abundance, even these minimum abundance estimates demonstrate that their status is better than that of Antarctic blue whales, which are still <1% of pre‐exploitation population size. We anticipate our methods will be broadly applicable in aquatic and terrestrial surveys for rarely encountered species, especially when the surveys are intended to maximize encounter rates and estimate abundance. 相似文献
2.
J. Durban D. Ellifrit M. Dahlheim J. Waite C. Matkin L. Barrett-Lennard G. Ellis R. Pitman R. LeDuc P. Wade 《Marine Biology》2010,157(7):1591-1604
We used photographic mark-recapture methods to estimate the number of mammal-eating “transient” killer whales using the coastal
waters from the central Gulf of Alaska to the central Aleutian Islands, around breeding rookeries of endangered Steller sea
lions. We identified 154 individual killer whales from 6,489 photographs collected between July 2001 and August 2003. A Bayesian
mixture model estimated seven distinct clusters (95% probability interval = 7–10) of individuals that were differentially
covered by 14 boat-based surveys exhibiting varying degrees of association in space and time. Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods
were used to sample identification probabilities across the distribution of clusters to estimate a total of 345 identified
and undetected whales (95% probability interval = 255–487). Estimates of covariance between surveys, in terms of their coverage
of these clusters, indicated spatial population structure and seasonal movements from these near-shore waters, suggesting
spatial and temporal variation in the predation pressure on coastal marine mammals. 相似文献
3.
Estimating abundance of killer whales in the nearshore waters of the Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands using line-transect sampling 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Alexandre N. Zerbini Janice M. Waite John W. Durban Rick LeDuc Marilyn E. Dahlheim Paul R. Wade 《Marine Biology》2007,150(5):1033-1045
Killer whale (Orcinus orca Linnaeus, 1758) abundance in the North Pacific is known only for a few populations for which extensive longitudinal data
are available, with little quantitative data from more remote regions. Line-transect ship surveys were conducted in July and
August of 2001–2003 in coastal waters of the western Gulf of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. Conventional and Multiple Covariate
Distance Sampling methods were used to estimate the abundance of different killer whale ecotypes, which were distinguished
based upon morphological and genetic data. Abundance was calculated separately for two data sets that differed in the method
by which killer whale group size data were obtained. Initial group size (IGS) data corresponded to estimates of group size
at the time of first sighting, and post-encounter group size (PEGS) corresponded to estimates made after closely approaching
sighted groups. ‘Resident’-type (fish-eating) killer whales were more abundant than the ‘transient’-type (mammal-eating).
Abundance estimates of resident killer whales (991 [95% CI = 379–2,585] [IGS] and 1,587 [95% CI = 608–4,140] [PEGS]), were
at least four times greater than those of the transient killer whales (200 [95% CI = 81–488] [IGS] and 251 [95% CI = 97–644]
whales [PEGS]). The IGS estimate of abundance is preferred for resident killer whales because the estimate based on PEGS data
may show an upward bias. The PEGS estimate of abundance is likely more accurate for transients. Residents were most abundant
near Kodiak Island in the northern Gulf of Alaska, around Umnak and Unalaska Islands in the eastern Aleutians, and in Seguam
Pass in the central Aleutians. This ecotype was not observed between 156 and 164°W, south of the Alaska Peninsula. In contrast,
transient killer whale sightings were found at higher densities south of the Alaska Peninsula between the Shumagin Islands
and the eastern Aleutians. Only two sightings of ‘offshore’-type killer whales were recorded during the surveys, one northeast
of Unalaska Island and the other south of Kodiak Island. These are the first estimates of abundance of killer whale ecotypes
in the Aleutian Islands and Alaska Peninsula area and provide a baseline for quantifying the role of these top predators in
their ecosystem.
Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users.
相似文献
Alexandre N. ZerbiniEmail: |
4.
Using a biopsy dart system, samples of skin tissue were collected from southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) in 1995 on two wintering grounds, southwest Australia (n = 20) and the Auckland Islands of New Zealand (n = 20); and on offshore feeding grounds at Latitudes 40 to 43°, south of Western Australia (n = 5). A variable section of the mitochondrial DNA control-region (289 nucleotides) was amplified and sequenced from these
45 individuals (21 males, 20 females and 4 of unknown sex), distinguishing a total of seven unique sequences (i.e. mtDNA haplotypes).
Two haplotypes were found on both wintering grounds (including a common type representing 45% of each sample), and five types
were unique to only one wintering ground. An analysis of variance adapted for molecular information revealed significant genetic
differentiation between the two wintering grounds (p = 0.017). The feeding-ground sample was too small for statistical comparison with the wintering grounds, but included two
haplotypes found only in the Auckland Islands as well as the common haplotype found on both wintering grounds. The nucleotide
diversity and differentiation of mtDNA among the right whales was similar to that among humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) from the same regions (Baker et al. 1998), but haplotype diversity was significantly reduced, perhaps as a result of more
intensive hunting during the last century and continued illegal hunting during this century.
Received: 16 March 1998 / Accepted: 18 December 1998 相似文献
5.
Tomoharu Eguchi Jeffrey A. Seminoff Robin A. LeRoux Peter H. Dutton Donna L. Dutton 《Marine Biology》2010,157(8):1869-1877
Longitudinal capture-mark-recapture data were used to estimate abundance and survival rates for green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in San Diego Bay, California, USA. These turtles were closely associated with warm effluent from a power plant during winter
months. The life stage distribution of green turtles in the bay ranged from post-pelagic juveniles to adults (44.0–110.4 cm
straight carapace length). During 99 capture sessions between December 2, 1990, and March 25, 2009, 96 individual green turtles
were caught. To estimate abundance and survival rates, robust-design mark-recapture models were fitted to capture-recapture
histories using software MARK. The estimated annual survival rate was 0.861 (SE = 0.147, 95% CI = 0.356–0.986), whereas annual
abundance ranged from 16 (SE = 6.3, 95% CI = 4–29) to 61 (SE = 13.2, 95% CI = 36–88). This study provides the first survival
rate and abundance estimates for a green turtle foraging population in the highly industrialized San Diego Bay. 相似文献
6.
《Conservation biology》2011,25(3):i-i
Cover : A blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) raises its fluke before making a deep dive on its winter feeding grounds, Sea of Cortez, Baja California, Mexico. Although blue whales are the largest animals on Earth, they are rare, and their abundance is difficult to estimate. On pages 526‐535, Williams et al. demonstrate an application of spatial modeling to estimate abundance of blue whales off the coast of Chile. Their comparison of these estimates of abundance with those for Antarctic blue whales allowed them to infer that Chilean and Antarctic blue whales are separate populations. Additionally, the methods allowed assessment of current abundance of Chilean blue whales relative to abundance before intensive hunting in the 1900s. Photographer : Tui De Roy ( http://www.tuideroy.com ) is a founding fellow of the International League of Conservation Photographers. Her work has been published in over 30 countries. She has published 7 large‐format books on the Galápagos Islands and other books on the Andes, Antarctica, New Zealand, and the world's albatrosses. Tui founded Th e Roving Tortoise Nature Photography ( http://www.rovingtortoise.co.nz ) in partnership with Mark Jones. She has spent most of her life in the Galápagos Islands, is a former member of the board of directors of the Charles Darwin Foundation, and works in close association with Galápagos National Park to document the islands and their rare species. Tui currently lives in New Zealand. 相似文献
7.
Wai-Chuen Ng F. C. C. Leung Solomon T. C. Chak G. Slingsby Gray A. Williams 《Marine Biology》2010,157(2):325-337
Variations in the relative contributions of gene flow and spatial and temporal variation in recruitment are considered the
major determinants of population genetic structure in marine organisms. Such variation can be assessed through repeated measures
of the genetic structure of a species over time. To test the relative importance of these two phenomena, temporal variation
in genetic composition was measured in the limpet Cellana grata, among four annual cohorts over 10 years at four rocky shores in Hong Kong. A total of 408 limpets, comprising individuals
from 1998, 1999, 2006 and 2007 cohorts were screened for genetic variation using five microsatellite loci. Minor but significant
genetic differentiation was detected among samples from the 1998/1999 collection (F
ST = 0.0023), but there was no significant differentiation among the 2006/2007 collection (F
ST = 0.0008). Partitioning of genetic variation among shores was also significant in 1998/1999 but not in the 2006/2007 collection,
although there was no correlation between genetic and geographic distances. There was no significant difference between collections
made in 1998/1999 and 2006/2007. This lack of clear structure implies a high level of gene flow, but differentiation with
time may be the result of stochastic recruitment variation among shores. Estimates of effective population size were not high
(599, 95% C.L. 352–11397), suggesting the potential susceptibility of the populations to genetic drift, although a significant
bottleneck effect was not detected. These findings indicate that genetic structuring between populations of C. grata in space and time may result from spatio-temporal variation in recruitment, but the potential development of biologically
significant differentiation is suppressed by a lack of consistency in recruitment variability and high connectivity among
shores. 相似文献
8.
The rate of growth of any population is a quantity of interest in conservation and management and is constrained by biological
factors. In this study, recent data on life-history parameters influencing rates of population growth in humpback whales,
including survival, age at first parturition and calving rate are reviewed. Monte Carlo simulations are used to compute a
distribution of rates of increase (ROIs) taking into account uncertainty in biological parameter estimates. Two approaches
for computing juvenile survival are proposed, which taken into account along with other life-history data, resulted in the
following estimates of the rate of population growth: Approach A: mean of 7.3%/year (95% CI = 3.5–10.5%/year) and Approach
B: mean of 8.6%/year (95% CI = 5.0–11.4%/year). It is proposed that the upper 99% quantile of the resulting distribution of
the ROI for Approach B (11.8%/year) be established as the maximum plausible ROI for humpback whales and be used in population
assessment of the species. Possible sources of positive and negative biases in the present estimates are presented and include
measurement error in estimation of life-history parameters, changes in the environment within the period these quantities
are measured, density dependence or other natural factors. However, it is difficult to evaluate potential biases without additional
data. The methods presented in this study can be applied to other species for which life-history parameters are available
and are useful in assessing plausibility in the estimation of population growth rates from time series of abundance estimates. 相似文献
9.
Zoë Anne Doubleday Jayson M. Semmens Adam J. Smolenski Paul W. Shaw 《Marine Biology》2009,156(6):1183-1192
Five polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed and then used to assess the population genetic structure of a commercially
harvested merobenthic octopus species (Octopus maorum) in south-east Australian and New Zealand (NZ) waters. Beak and stylet morphometrics were also used to assess population
differentiation in conjunction with the genetic data. Genetic variation across all loci and all sampled populations was very
high (mean number alleles = 15, mean expected heterozygosity = 0.85). Microsatellites revealed significant genetic structuring
(overall F
ST = 0.024, p < 0.001), which did not fit an isolation-by-distance model of population differentiation. Divergence was observed between
Australian and NZ populations, between South Australia and north-east Tasmania, and between two relatively proximate Tasmanian
sites. South Australian and southern Tasmanian populations were genetically homogeneous, indicating a level of connectivity
on a scale of 1,500 km. Morphometric data also indicated significant differences between Australian and NZ populations. The
patterns of population structuring identified can be explained largely in relation to regional oceanographic features. 相似文献
10.
Total abundance estimates for the large, common, reef fish Cheilodactylus spectabilis (Hutton) were obtained for a marine reserve and adjacent section of coast in north-eastern New Zealand during 1985. Visual strip-transects were used to estimate abundance and size structure in both areas. The accuracy, precision and cost efficiency of five transect sizes (500, 375, 250, 100, 75 m2) were examined over three times per day (dawn, midday and dusk), by simulating transects over mapped C. spectabilis populations. Two transect sizes showed similarly high efficiency. The smaller of the two (20x5 m) was chosen for the survey because of the general advantages attributable to small sampling units. Biases related to strip-transect size are discussed. Preliminary sampling indicated that C. spectabilis was distributed heterogeneously, and that density was habitat-related. An optimal stratified-random design was employed in both locations, to obtain total abundance and size-structure estimates. This reduced the between-habitat source of variability in density. The total number of sampling units used was governed by the time available. The resulting total abundance estimates obtained were 18 338±2 886 (95% confidence limit) for the 5 km marine reserve, compared to 3 987±1 117 for an adjacent, heavily fished 4 km section of coast. When corrected for total area and habitat area sampled, this represented a 2.3-fold difference in abundance. If sampling had been designed to detect an arbitrary 10% difference in abundance within each habitat, an infeasible 440 h of sampling would have been required. Size-frequency distributions of C. spectabilis at the reserve had a larger model size class than distributions from the adjacent area. The data suggest that reserve status is causal in these differing abundance and size structure estimates. 相似文献
11.
Howard W. Mielke Chris R. Gonzales Elise Cahn Jessica Brumfield Eric T. Powell Paul W. MielkeJr 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2010,32(5):431-440
Arsenic (As) ranks first on the 2005 and 2007 hazardous substances priority lists compiled for the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). This study describes two New Orleans soil As surveys: (1) a survey of
composite soil samples from 286 census tracts and (2) a field survey of soil As at 38 play areas associated with the presence
of chromated-copper-arsenate (CCA)-treated wood on residential and public properties. The survey of metropolitan New Orleans
soils revealed a median As content of 1.5 mg/kg (range <0.2–16.4) and no distinctive differences between the soils of the
city core and outlying areas. Play area accessible soils associated with CCA-treated wood (N = 32) had a median As of 57 mg/kg and 78% of the samples were ≥12 mg/kg, the Louisiana soil As standard. The field survey
of play areas for CCA-treated wood (N = 132 samples at 38 sites) was conducted with a portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer. Seventy-five
of 132 wood samples (56.8%) were deemed CCA-treated wood. Of the 38 play areas surveyed, 14 (36.8%) had CCA-treated wood.
A significant association (Fisher’s exact p-value = 0.348 × 10−6) was found between CCA-treated wood and soil As (N = 75). At one elementary school CCA-treated woodchips (As range 813–1,654 mg As/kg) covered the playgrounds. The situation
in New Orleans probably exists in play areas across the nation. These findings support a precautionary program for testing
soils and wood for hazardous substances at all play areas intended for children. 相似文献
12.
The hawksbill marine turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is listed on the IUCN Red List as critically endangered but little is known about its demography to support robust diagnosis
of population trends. Moreover, adult female hawksbills do not nest each year due to environmentally mediated physiological
constraints and this skipped breeding behaviour presents a major challenge in data collection and for estimating demographic
parameters from such data sets. We estimated demographic parameters such as survival and breeding probabilities for a major
Indo-Pacific nesting hawksbill population using a capture-mark-recapture (CMR) study and a multistate open robust design statistical
modelling approach, which accounts for breeding omission and the staggered arrival and departure of nesters during each season.
Our study used CMR histories for 413 nesting hawksbills tagged on Varanus Island (Western Australia) over a 4-month sampling
period each year for 20 austral summer nesting seasons between 1987 and 2007. The estimated annual survival probability for
these nesting hawksbills was constant over the 20 years at ca. 0.947 (95% CI: 0.91–0.97), which is encouragingly high for
a population associated with industry. The estimated annual conditional nesting (breeding) probability for female hawksbills
that had skipped the previous nesting season was time-specific ranging from 0.07 to 0.29 (mean = 0.18, CV = 41.3%), which
presumably reflects the interaction between turtle physiology and in-water habitat quality. The mean conditional probability
of breeding again having skipped 2 prior consecutive nesting seasons was ca. 0.83 (95% CI: 0.73–0.89), indicating a high frequency
of breeding season omission. The annual nesting probability for females that had nested the previous season was 0, reflecting
known obligate skipped breeding (reproductive omission) that is characteristic of hawksbill populations in response to high
energy demands of vitellogenesis and breeding migration. These are the first estimates of annual survival and state-dependent
breeding probabilities for any Indo-Pacific hawksbill stock that provide a basis for developing a better understanding of
regional population dynamics for this critically endangered species. 相似文献
13.
Mean age and length at onset of maturity were estimated for orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) populations off New Zealand, Namibia, and Great Britain. Significant between-area differences were apparent in both these
parameters. Implications of the between-area differences on stock structure of orange roughy in New Zealand waters are discussed.
A proportional relationship between age at onset of maturity and modal size of fish in the mature population is demonstrated.
This is consistent with later-maturing fish experiencing a longer period at a pre-maturity growth rate that is relatively
faster than the rate of somatic growth after maturity.
Received: 22 December 1997 / Accepted: 5 May 1998 相似文献
14.
Erin A. Falcone Gregory S. Schorr Annie B. Douglas John Calambokidis Elizabeth Henderson Megan F. McKenna John Hildebrand David Moretti 《Marine Biology》2009,156(12):2631-2640
The relationship between beaked whales and certain anthropogenic sounds remains poorly understood and of great interest. Although
Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) are widely distributed, little is known of their behavior and population structure throughout much of their range. We conducted
a series of five combined visual-acoustic marine mammal surveys from 2006 to 2008 in the southern San Nicolas Basin, a site
of frequent naval activity off the southern California coast, west of San Clemente Island. The study area was defined by a
1,800 km2 array of 88 bottom-mounted hydrophones at depths up to 1,850 m. The array was used to vector visual observers toward vocalizing
marine mammal species. Thirty-seven groups of Cuvier’s beaked whales were encountered during the study period. The overall
encounter rate was one group for every 21.0 h of survey effort, and was as high as one group per 10.2 h of effort during the
October 2007 survey. Whales were encountered in the deepest portion of the study area, at a mean bottom depth of 1,580 m (SD
138). The average group size was 3.8 individuals (SD 2.4), which was higher than has been reported from other studies of this
species. Twenty-four groups were observed over multiple surfacings (median = 4 surfacings, range 2–15). The mean encounter
duration of extended sightings was 104 min (SD 98, range 12–466 min) and the mean distance moved over the course of sightings
was 1.66 km (SD 1.56, range 0.08–6.65 km). Temporal surfacing patterns during extended encounters were similar to dive behavior
described from Cuvier’s beaked whales carrying time-depth recording tags. Seventy-eight photographic identifications were
made of 58 unique individuals, for an overall resighting rate of 0.26. Whales were sighted on up to 4 days, with duration
from first to last sighting spanning 2–79 days. For those whales sighted on subsequent days, the mean distance between subsequent
sightings was 8.6 km (SD 7.9). Individuals resighted over 2–3 days were usually in association with previous group members.
Approximately one-third of groups contained more than one adult male, and many of the repeated associations involved adult
males. These observations suggest the basin west of San Clemente Island may be an important region for Cuvier’s beaked whales,
and also one which affords an unusual opportunity to collect detailed data on this species. Given its status as an active
military range, it can also provide the ability to monitor the behavior of individuals in the presence of naval sonar, a critical
step in the management of this and other beaked whale populations worldwide. 相似文献
15.
Rochelle Constantine Debbie Steel Judy Allen Megan Anderson Olive Andrews C. Scott Baker Peta Beeman Daniel Burns Jean-Benoît Charrassin Simon Childerhouse Michael Double Paul Ensor Trish Franklin Wally Franklin Nick Gales Claire Garrigue Nadine Gibbs Peter Harrison Nan Hauser Amanda Hutsel Curt Jenner Micheline-Nicole Jenner Greg Kaufman Anne Macie David Mattila Carlos Olavarría Adrian Oosterman David Paton Michael Poole Jooke Robbins Natalie Schmitt Peter Stevick Alden Tagarino Kirsten Thompson Juney Ward 《Marine Biology》2014,161(5):1087-1093
Understanding the dynamics of population recovery is particularly complex when an organism has multiple, remote breeding and feeding grounds separated by one of the longest known migration routes. This study reports on the most comprehensive assessment of humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) movements between remote Antarctic waters south of New Zealand and east Australia (EA), and the migratory corridors and breeding grounds of Australia and Oceania. A total of 112 individual whales were identified; 57 from microsatellites and 61 by fluke with 23 % (n = 26) matched to sites outside Antarctica. Despite large datasets from other southern regions being included in the comparison, the whales were predominantly linked to EA (n = 24). Only two matches to the Oceania catalogues directly north was surprising; therefore the primary feeding grounds of these endangered whales still remain unknown. The confirmation of the Balleny Islands as an important feeding ground for EA whales could provide an insight into reasons behind the rapid recovery of this population. Determining the feeding grounds of Oceania’s whales may explain whether prey energetics or migration length are limiting factors to their recovery and will allow an understanding of future ecosystem changes in these whales. 相似文献
16.
The nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum, inhabits shallow, tropical, and subtropical waters in the Atlantic and the eastern Pacific. Unlike many other species of
sharks, nurse sharks are remarkably sedentary. We assayed the mitochondrial control region and eight microsatellite loci from
individuals collected primarily in the western Atlantic to estimate the degree of population subdivision. Two individuals
from the eastern Atlantic and one from the Pacific coast of Panama also were genotyped. Overall, the mtDNA haplotype (h = 48 ± 5%) and nucleotide (π = 0.08 ± 0.06%) diversities were low. The microsatellite data mirror the mitochondrial results
with the average number of alleles ([`(N)]A \bar{N}_{A} = 9) and observed heterozygosity ([`(H)]O \bar{H}_{O} = 0.58) both low. The low levels of diversity seen in both the mtDNA and the microsatellite may be due to historical sea
level fluctuations and concomitant loss of shallow water habitat. Eight of the 10 pair-wise western Atlantic F
ST estimates for mtDNA indicated significant genetic subdivision. Pair-wise F
ST values for the microsatellite loci indicated a similar pattern as the mtDNA. The western Atlantic population of nurse sharks
is genetically subdivided with the strongest separation seen between the offshore islands and mainland Brazil, likely due
to deep water acting as a barrier to dispersal. The eastern and western Atlantic populations were closely related. The eastern
Pacific individual is quite different from Atlantic individuals and may be a cryptic, sister species. 相似文献
17.
Data from an aerial line transect survey conducted off West Greenland during August–September 2007 were used to estimate the abundance of long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas), white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) and harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). The abundance of each species was estimated using mark-recapture distance sampling techniques to correct for perception bias, and correction factors for time spent at the surface were applied. The fully corrected abundance estimates were 8,133 long-finned pilot whales, 11,984 white-beaked dolphins and 33,271 harbour porpoises. Based on density surface modelling methods, a count model with a generalised additive model formulation was used to relate abundance to spatial variables. Response curves indicated that the preferred habitats were deep offshore areas in Midwest Greenland for pilot whales, deep water over steep seabed slopes in South Greenland for white-beaked dolphins and relatively shallow inshore waters in Midwest–South Greenland for harbour porpoises. The abundance estimates and spatial trends for the three species are the first obtained from Greenland. 相似文献
18.
Diet of the social groups of long-finned pilot whales (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Globicephala melas</Emphasis>) in the Strait of Gibraltar 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
R. de Stephanis S. García-Tíscar P. Verborgh R. Esteban-Pavo S. Pérez L. Minvielle-Sebastia C. Guinet 《Marine Biology》2008,154(4):603-612
The Strait of Gibraltar is inhabited throughout the year by a group of pilot whales (Globicephala melas), but their spatial distribution varies between Summer and Autumn. In this paper, we have used carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N) stable isotope signatures to investigate the differences in diet amongst seasons, sex and stable social units. Skin samples
were collected from 56 individually photo-identified pilot whales during Autumn 2005 and Summer 2006. These individuals were
genetically sexed and their isotopic signature determined. The level of inter-individual association both within and between
stable social units were compared to Euclidean distances between individual isotopes signatures. No differences in either
δ15N or δ13C were found according to the sex of individuals, but significant seasonal differences were found in δ15N, although not in the δ13C values. This suggests that pilot whales are resident year round in the Strait, a finding supported by independent photo-identification.
The variation in δ15N could reflect a shift in pilot whale diet through the year, with pilot whales feeding at a higher trophic level in Autumn
compared to Summer. This could also represent a change in the diet of pilot whale prey species. The δ13C values were significantly different amongst the four stable social units sampled and individual δ13C values were significantly related to the level of inter-individual association, while no relationship was found for δ15N. These results suggest that within the same general area (i.e. the Strait of Gibraltar), there is some level of specialisation
in habitat or prey choice between pilot whales social units. 相似文献
19.
Increments in the hard parts of marine organisms (otoliths, skeletons, shells) can provide long-term chronologies of growth
analogous to tree rings. For the first time in the Southern Hemisphere, we use a dendrochronological (tree-ring analysis)
approach to develop a multidecadal chronology of growth for a temperate reef fish, Girella tricuspidata, from the coast of northern New Zealand. Growth patterns in the otoliths of this species were strongly synchronous among individual
fish over a period spanning 27 years (1980–2006). We then compared our otolith chronology to climatic records and found strong
positive correlations of growth with sea surface temperature, and weak negative correlations with the multivariate El Nino
Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index. Strongest correlations were found between summer sea surface temperature and otolith growth.
This relationship was consistent across all years and explained 44 % of the variation (y = −2.0 + 0.1785 × temperature, r
2 = 0.4367, P = 0.0002) in the G. tricuspidata growth chronology. Our study illustrates how otolith chronologies provide remarkable records of annual growth patterns over
decadal time scales that will be useful for forecasting the likely effects of climate change on marine ecosystems. 相似文献
20.
The endemic New Zealand echinoid, Evechinus chloroticus (Valenciennes), was sampled approximately monthly from September 1990 to October 1994 at three sites in Tory Channel, Marlborough
Sounds, New Zealand. These channel sites (outer, mid and inner) were up to 20 km from the open ocean and differed in their
shore type, exposure to wave action and macrophyte abundance. E. chloroticus showed an annual reproductive cycle at each site, with gametogenesis commencing in the late austral winter and spawning in
summer. Maximum gonad indices (reproductive potential) varied spatially, with the outer site generally having higher maximum
gonad indices than the inner site, and temporally, with maximum gonad indices occurring earlier in 3 of the 4 seasons at the
outer site than the inner site. The mid and inner sites showed much greater variation in maximum gonad indices (range 15.83
to 26.99% and 11.87 to 20.90%, respectively) than the outer site (range 19.31 to 22.95%). Reproductive output (weight of gametes
released per gram echinoid) also varied, with the different sites showing significantly different outputs in the different
years. A regression of maximum reproductive potential against reproductive output was significant ( p < 0.001), and had a positive slope with an r
2 of 0.79. While, the initiation of gametogenesis was relatively synchronous between sites and years, and is possibly cued
by increasing daylength, it progressed at different rates among populations. Spawning did show spatial and temporal variability,
occurring near the time of highest sea-surface temperatures (∼15 °C). The observed variations in reproductive cycle may be
related to small-scale variability in diet and environmental conditions. Furthermore, asynchronous spawning, variable spawning
duration, and variable reproductive output are likely to strongly influence annual recruitment variability in E. chloroticus, with different larval subpopulations contributing unequally in different years. The ecological consequences of this, both
for the ability of E. chloroticus to propagate itself in space and time and for the management of the developing E. chloroticus fishery in New Zealand, are discussed.
Received: 9 December 1998 / Accepted: 13 June 2000 相似文献