Geoecological analysis of the Korea alpine and subalpine plants and lands

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＤｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｒａｐｉｄｇｌｏｂａｌｗａｒｍｉｎｇｔｒｅｎｄ，ｗｈｉｃｈｔｏｏｋｐｌａｃｅｉｎｔｈｅ２０ｔｈｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ，ｎｕｍｅｒｏｕｓｕｎｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌａｎｄｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｉｓｕｅｓ...     

Numerical experiments for the impacts of temperature and precipitation variation on the growth and development of winter wheat

The growth process of winter wheat was simulated by CERES-wheat model assuming the daily temperature increase -1, 0,1, 2℃ and daily precipitation increase -20, -10, -5, 0, 5, 10, and 20 percent, respectively. The case study site is Zhenjiang City of Jiangsu Province in the east China. Simulation results show that the impacts of temperature variation on winter wheat is stronger than that of precipitation. Climate warming would speed development rate and shorten phonological period. In general, the adverse effect of climate change on grain yield is greater than that of its beneficial effect, especially when the climate becoming cooler and dryer. The increase of temperature and decrease of precipitation would reduce the plant extractablc soil water content.     

Mercury emissions and cycling in the coastal zone

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＭｅｒｃｕｒｙｌｅｖｅｌｓｉｎｍａｒｉｎｅａｎｄｆｒｅｓｈｗａｔｅｒｆｉｓｈｅｘｃｅｅｄｉｎｇｎａｔｉｏｎａｌａｎｄｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｐｕｂｌｉｃｈｅａｌｔｈｇｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓａｒｅｃｏｍｍｏｎｔｏａｑｕａｔｉｃｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｉｎｂｏｔｈｈｅｍｉｓｐｈｅｒｅｓ,ａｎｄｉｎｓｅｔｔｉｎｇｓｒａｎｇｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｕｒｂａｎ/ｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌ/ｃｏａｓｔａｌｔｏｒｅｍｏｔｅｏｃｅａｎｉｃｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｓ (Ｅｉｓｌｅｒ,1981;Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ,1996;ＦａｒｏｅＩｓｌａｎｄｓＭｅｅ…     

Have the results of the TOTAL-trials changed the attitude and practice of maternal-fetal medicine specialists?

Objective

To explore the views and practices of maternal-fetal medicine specialists on offering fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion (FETO) for left- and right-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia (LCDH, RCDH) in the post Tracheal Occlusion To Accelerate Lung growth (TOTAL)-trial era.

Method

Cross-sectional knowledge, attitude and practice survey was conducted among 105 attendees of the 19th World Congress of Fetal Medicine.

Results

On average, respondents were knowledgeable about CDH, involved in research, and provided antenatal treatment options. Four out of five (82%) agreed that neonatal survival in LCDH can be reliably predicted in the prenatal period. Few respondents considered the exact risks and benefits of FETO for severe LCDH as being unclear (16%), yet half were uncertain about this for moderate LCDH (57%) and severe RCDH (45%). Most respondents offer FETO for severe LCDH (97%) and RCDH (79%), but only 59% offer it for moderate LCDH. However, half of respondents (58%) stated that not offering FETO for moderate LCDH would be a psychological burden for parents.

Conclusion

Respondents consider the risk-benefit ratio of FETO for severe LCDH clear and consistently offer FETO, but not for moderate LDCH and severe RCDH. However, not offering the option of FETO to parents was considered a psychological burden.     

Genotoxicity of substituted nitrobenzenes and the quantitative structure-activity relationship

Ｇｅｎｏｔｏｘｉｃｉｔｙｏｆｓｕｂｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｄｎｉｔｒｏｂｅｎｚｅｎｅｓａｎｄｔｈｅｑｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ－ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐ￥ＨｕａｎｇＱｉｎｇｇｕｏ；ＬｉｕＹｏｎｇｂｉｎ；ＷａｎｇＬｉａｎｓｈｅｎｇ；...     

Study on pollution and eutrophication in the Chaohu Lake

Effect of the pollution on the Chaohu Lake ecosystem has been described based on the results obtained by analysis of water samples and field survey. The environmental behavior of pollutants and their toxicity is discussed in relation to biological effects. Most of the chemicals identified by GC/MS are biodegradable in the water environment except for some organochlorinated hydrocarbons and PAHs. The pollution of the water body particularly cutrophication has led not only to disruption of natural scenic beauty, but also to changes of biotic communities and extinction of certain species. Deterioration of water quality, eutrophication in particular have certainly had an impact on aquatic organisms and on the human health in this region.     

A numerical experiment for the simulating effects ofKuwait oil fire and volcanoes in Philippines andJapan on the general circulation and climate

ＡｎｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔｆｏｒｔｈｅｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｎｇｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＫｕｗａｉｔｏｉｌｆｉｒｅａｎｄｖｏｌｃａｎｏｅｓｉｎＰｈｉｌｉｐｐｉｎｅｓａｎｄＪａｐａｎｏｎｔｈｅｇｅｎｅｒａｌｃｉｒｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｃｌｉｍａｔｅＷ...     

Water and matter dynamic balance in the rite field and its overflow estimate model

The rice field is the main Iand use type in the watershed of Chaohu Lake．Because of the water dryness alternative farming applied there，the paddy soil has a unique quality regarding soil profile as well as special water and nutrient dynamms．Through the analysis of water and matter dynamics in rice fields．the field water level(H)and the concentrations of total nitrogen(TN)and total phosphorus(TP)in flood water layers of the fields were chosen to estimate the nonpoint pollution from rice fields．A simple model was built and used to calculate the quantRy of N and P pollutants from rice field overflow．it shows the po．tential effects of rice fields on Chaohu Lake eutrophication．     

Linking the Northeast states of the US mitigation program to the EU Emission Trading Scheme—Implications and costs

It is argued that there are at least five reasons for the Northeast states of the United States to implement a regional emission trading scheme for carbon dioxide despite the lack of federal policy regulations: goodwill, learning, political influence, risk management and competitiveness interests. Using an energy-economy model, the carbon price to bring the firms into compliance with a 10% reduction by 2020 is estimated to be 20-150 US$ per ton C. There have been discussions about linking the ongoing EU Emission Trading Schemes to the Northeast state initiative. The prime argument is that such a linkage would encourage a change of the federal US policy, which has traditionally followed action taken at the state level. Emissions trading with binding mitigation commitments could thus be demanded and accepted also on federal level. This paper demonstrates that the impact of linkage on permit prices depends on the reduction target in the European scheme: A low EU target results in a net flow of permits to the Northeast scheme, while a 40% EU reduction target results in a net flow of permits from the Northeast. Flow of permits from the Northeast state must be compensated for by the EU because the United States is not a party of the Kyoto Protocol. The EU must therefore buy permits in allowances recognized in the Kyoto regime in an amount equal to the net flow of permits from the Northeast states.

Influence of the wastewater composition on denitrification and biological P-removal in the S-DN-P process： （c） Dissolved and undissolved substrates

The denitrification and P-removal in the sorption-denitrification-P-removal (S-DN-P) process were carried out under various wastewater compositions. It is noted that P-removal largely depends on the wastewater composition as well to the quantity of the substrates present in wastewater fraction. Three different wastewater fractions are obtained as: raw wastewater, dissolved wastewater (obtained with filtration using 0.45 μm filter), and undissolved wastewater (i.e., infiltrate obtained by above filtration). ...     

Ecological and environmental water demand of the lakes in the Haihe-Luanhe Basin of North China

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅＨａｉｈｅ ＬｕａｎｈｅＢａｓｉｎｉｓｔｈｅｄｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｆａｃｉｎｇｔｈｅｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｏｆｗａｔｅｒｃｒｉｓｉｓｉｎｔｈｅＮｏｒｔｈＣｈｉｎａ.Ｗａｔｅｒｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｉｓｓｕｅｓａｎｄａｎｔｈｒｏｐｏｇｅｎｉｃｄｉｓｔｕｒｂａｎｃｅａｒｅｖｅｒｙｓｅｒｉｏｕｓａｔｔｈｅｓａｍｅｔｉｍｅ .Ｗａｔｅｒｄｅｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ ,ｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎａｎｄｏｖｅｒｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｈａｖｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｅｄｉｎｏｂｖｉｏｕｓｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎａｎ…     

Spatial and temporal dynamics of microbial community composition and factors influencing the surface water and sediments of urban rivers

The temporal and spatial characteristics of urban river bacterial communities help us understand the feedback mechanism of bacteria to changes in the aquatic environment.The Fuhe River plays an important role in determining the water ecological environment of Baiyangdian Lake.16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to study the microbial distribution characteristics in the Fuhe River in different seasons.The results showed that some environmental factors of the surface water (ammonia nitrogen (NH_...     

Control effects of pε and pH on the generation and stability of chlorine dioxide

IntroductionDuetotheformationofsomepotentiallyhazardousby productsfromchlorinedisinfectionindrinkingwater,chlorinedioxide(ClO2 ) ,asanalternativedisinfectantandaneffectiveoxidant,formedfewerhalogenatedDBPsthanchlorine(Richardson ,1 994;2 0 0 0 ;Bryant,1 992 ) .InvestigationsofthegenerationandstabilityofClO2 havealreadypromoteditsapplication .However,previousstudiespaynoattentiontothefactorofelectronactivity (pε)thatactuallyaffectsthegenerationandstabilityofClO2 Theignoranceofpεappearan…     

Environmental awareness and the contemporary society of China——an analysis and an understanding

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｗｏｒｄ“ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ”ｎｏｗｂｅｃｏｍｅｓａｃａｔｃｈｗｏｒｄｉｎＣｈｉｎａ，ｂｕｔｔｈｅｔｅｒｍ“ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌａｗａｒｅｎｅｓｓ（ＥＡ）”ｉｓｓｔｉｌｌｎｏｔｉｎｔｈｅｓａｍｅｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ．ＴｈｉｓｉｓｔｈｅｒｅａｓｏｎｗｈｙＩｔｒｙｔｏｍａｋｅａｂｒｉｅｆｉｎｑｕｉｒｙｉｎｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒａｂｏｕｔｔｈｅｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅＥＡａｎｄＣｈｉｎａ○ｓｓｏｃｉｅｔｙ．ＥＡｉｓａｎｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｏｆｖ…     

Development and experience in the monitoring,assessment and control of environmentalpollutants in Hong Kong

The late start of environmental protection in Hong Kong was discussed in the light of problems encountered during the development of environmental protection legislation in Hong Kong for the past 20 years. The collaboration in monitoring and assessment of environmental pollutants between the University of Hong Kong and various governments were descrbed in parallel with the progress in environmental protection in Hong Kong. The developments of new analytical techniques for environmental monitoring and analysis is given and their application in environmental control described. The joint projects in assessment and control of environmental pollutants carried out in collaboration with local industries and other organizations within and without the university are given and discussed. The problems and possible solution facing Hong Kong in development control equipment for small scale industries are discussed and areas of development identified. The development and experience in the monitoring assessment and co     

The evolution of the upright posture and gait—a review and a new synthesis

During the last century, approximately 30 hypotheses have been constructed to explain the evolution of the human upright posture and locomotion. The most important and recent ones are discussed here. Meanwhile, it has been established that all main hypotheses published until the last decade of the past century are outdated, at least with respect to some of their main ideas: Firstly, they were focused on only one cause for the evolution of bipedality, whereas the evolutionary process was much more complex. Secondly, they were all placed into a savannah scenario. During the 1990s, the fossil record allowed the reconstruction of emerging bipedalism more precisely in a forested habitat (e.g., as reported by Clarke and Tobias (Science 269:521–524, 1995) and WoldeGabriel et al. (Nature 412:175–178, 2001)). Moreover, the fossil remains revealed increasing evidence that this part of human evolution took place in a more humid environment than previously assumed. The Amphibian Generalist Theory, presented first in the year 2000, suggests that bipedalism began in a wooded habitat. The forests were not far from a shore, where our early ancestor, along with its arboreal habits, walked and waded in shallow water finding rich food with little investment. In contrast to all other theories, wading behaviour not only triggers an upright posture, but also forces the individual to maintain this position and to walk bipedally. So far, this is the only scenario suitable to overcome the considerable anatomical and functional threshold from quadrupedalism to bipedalism. This is consistent with paleoanthropological findings and with functional anatomy as well as with energetic calculations, and not least, with evolutionary psychology. The new synthesis presented here is able to harmonise many of the hitherto competing theories.     

Mixed surfactant washing of petroleum contaminants from the soils and sediments in the unsaturated zone

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓ,ｒｅｍｅｄｉａｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｅｔｒｏｌｅｕｍｃｏｎｔａｍｉｎａｔｅｄｇｒｏｕｎｄｗａｔｅｒａｎｄｓｏｉｌｈａｓａｔｔｒａｃｔｅｄｍｕｃｈａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｓｔｓｉｎｖａｒｉｏｕｓｃ?..     

Effect of relative humidity and the presence of aerosol particles on the α-pinene ozonolysis

The α-pinene ozonolysis under the different environmental conditions were observed in a smog chamber. The second-order rate constant(k) was determined to be(7.25 ± 0.06) ×10~(–17)cm~3/(molecule·sec) under 20% of relative humidity(RH) and room temperature. RH showed a marked influence on the α-pinene ozonolysis. The value of k increased with RH increase, which was 1.6 times faster at RH = 80% than that at RH = 20%. Additionally, the value of k apparently changed in the presence of the aerosol particles. The diesel soot increased the k value. The fly ash prohibited the reaction, however, H_2SO_4-treated fly ash promoted the reaction. The information of products gained using FT-IR and SPAMS showed that pinonic acid, 10-hydroxy-pinonic acid and pinic acid could be generated during the α-pinene ozonolysis. Water molecules could take part in the formation of the products, and play a vital role in the degradation of α-pinene. The atmospheric residence time calculation showed that the ozonolysis in the atmosphere is an important way of the α-pinene consumption as compared to that reacted with OH during daytime. The results suggested that the degradation of α-pinene via the ozonization in the atmosphere may be affected greatly by RH, as well as the presence of aerosol particles. The ozonolysis reaction may be an important way of the α-pinene consumption during daytime.     

Fate of the herbicide metolachlor in aerobic and anaerobic soils

The fate of the herbicide metolachlor in aerobic and anaerobic soils with repeated applications of the metolachlor over a period of 5 years was studied. After 12 weeks incubation, cumulative 14CO2 evolution from the soil accounts for 8.01% in aerobic condition versus 1.5% of 14CO2 in the soil had not been treated with metolachlor. The total 14C recovery in the methanol-water extract and in the non-extractable portion of this aerobic soil accounted for 73.1% and the total metolachlor recovery in the methanol-water extract was 46.7% but 86.9% of 14C was accounted for in the γ-irradiated control soil. There axe no differences in the recovery of 14C between non-sterile and γ-irradiated control soil under anaerobic conditions. The results show that there was some active metolachlor-degrading population in the Virginia soil which had been previously received repeated applications of the metolachlor but only under aerobic condition.