纸上分光光度法测定废水中的硫化物

目前,水中硫化物的分析方法主要有碘量法和对氨基二甲基苯胺光度法。采用这两种分析方法时,废水中的还原性物质、有机物、悬浮物和色度等干扰测定,为此,需对水样进行预处理,使得分析过程复杂,周期长。我们研究了用纸上分光光度法测定废水中的硫化物。该法是用硫酸将...     

废水中悬浮物对生化处理的影响及其控制措施

废水中悬浮物对生化处理的影响及其控制措施在工业废水的生化处理中，人们往往只注重出水中悬浮物含量的达标问题，很少考虑悬浮物对生化处理系统的影响，特别是无机悬浮物对生化处理系统的危害。事实上，大量悬浮物，特别是无机悬浮物进入生化处理系统后，使系统中活性污...     

微波干燥快速测定水中悬浮物

一、前言悬浮物(非过滤性残渣)系指水中不能通过一定规格孔径的滤器而截留在滤器上,并于102-105℃下烘干至恒重的固体。目前多采用普通电热干燥箱进行干燥,恒重时间均在一小时以上。因而,测定速度慢,效率低。微波加热均匀,热能利用率高,操作简便,干燥快速。为此,我们以多种有代表性的水样为对象,改用微波干燥,进行了测定方法的有关条件试验,制定了“微波干燥快速测定水中悬浮物”的方     

新型悬浮物测定采样器

测定水中悬浮物的标准方法是用普通采样瓶采样,摇匀后转入量筒计量。由于沉降作用,倾出部分的悬浮物含量会略低于原样品,过滤时,量筒中较重的颗粒很难全部倒出;当滤速慢时,部分悬浮物还会粘附并干涸在量筒内壁上,洗涤时难以洗下,致使测定误差为5—10％,有时大于此值。     

桂林电厂浓缩池溢流水重复利用的试验研究

针对桂林电厂排放的浓缩池溢流水ＰＨ、Ｆ＾－超标严重，以及因其ＰＨ低、悬浮物含量高而不能重复利用问题，结合厂具体情况，采取石灰石滤术过滤方式，以提高溢流水ＰＨ、降低悬浮物含量，使其利用于除尘和冲渣。试验和运行结果表明，这种处理方式适合于桂林电厂浓缩池溢流水的处理，并且由于它的回用产生了显著的经济、社会及环境效益。     

用聚丙烯酰胺降低浓缩池出水悬浮物含量

本文介绍用聚丙烯酰胺降低冲灰系统浓缩池溢流水悬浮物含量的小型试验和工业试验。     

悬浮物测定方法的改进

通过对现行方法测定海水及咸水中悬浮物存在问题的分析研究,提出了测定悬浮物的改进意见。为使用海水或咸水的厂家提供了—个较准确地测定悬浮物的方法。     

无机陶瓷膜MBR处理己内酰胺生产废水

采用无机陶瓷膜分离装置对己内酰胺生产废水处理工艺中的初沉池出水进行泥水分离.实验结果表明:无机陶瓷膜分离装置能有效去除废水中的悬浮物和COD,悬浮物去除率达90％以上,出水悬浮物质量浓度在1 mg/L以下；COD去除率为70％以上,出水COD在100 mg/L以下；采用质量分数为5％的NaOH溶液能对无机陶瓷膜分离装置...     

化学气浮法处理庆大霉素废液研究

对较难进行固液分离处理的高浓度有机废水——庆大霉素废液,采用化学气浮法处理取得较好的分离效果,分离后的庆大霉素废液固体悬浮物含量可达到国家排放标准,去除率在97%以上。该方法投资小、耗能低、工艺简单、维修方便,但不能有效地去除废液中的可溶性有机物,尚需用生化法作进一步处理。     

单丝滤布优选及悬浮物特性对其过滤性能的影响

根据国标测定单丝滤布的孔径、过水通量及透水阻力,从而优选出过滤性能最优的滤布。探究了悬浮物粒径、浓度及比表面积对单丝滤布过水通量的影响,并采用HERMIA模型分析了单丝滤布的堵塞机理。实验结果表明:悬浮物粒径越大单丝滤布过水通量的下降越明显,过滤后悬浮物中位粒径与滤布孔径的比值均在0.36～0.46;悬浮物的浓度越高、比表面积越小,在滤布表面的架桥作用越强,形成的滤饼层孔隙越小,滤布越容易被污染。     

Field analyses of RDX and TCE in groundwater during a GCW pilot study

Contaminant concentrations in groundwater are typically analyzed using traditional laboratory analytical procedures approved by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or state regulatory agencies. The use of off‐site laboratories provides very high‐quality water quality data at a relatively high cost in terms of time and money. Yet there are many instances when it is desirable to have water quality data measured in the field. The field methods for measuring water quality typically cost much less than the corresponding laboratory methods. However, the usability of the field data may be uncertain when the results are qualitatively compared to duplicate laboratory results. Groundwater samples collected during a groundwater circulation well pilot study were analyzed using field kits to measure concentrations of trichloroethylene (TCE) and the explosive compound known as RDX. A subset of the samples was split for duplicate laboratory analysis. Linear regression analysis and relative percent difference analysis were performed on the duplicate results to evaluate the comparability of the field and laboratory data. The data analyses were also used to evaluate the concept that the field kits were more accurate for specific concentration ranges, as well as the concept the field kit results would improve as field personnel gained experience with the field analysis procedures. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Experimental and numerical analysis of metal leaching from fly ash-amended highway bases

A study was conducted to evaluate the leaching potential of unpaved road materials (URM) mixed with lime activated high carbon fly ashes and to evaluate groundwater impacts of barium, boron, copper, and zinc leaching. This objective was met by a combination of batch water leach tests, column leach tests, and computer modeling. The laboratory tests were conducted on soil alone, fly ash alone, and URM-fly ash-lime kiln dust mixtures. The results indicated that an increase in fly ash and lime content has significant effects on leaching behavior of heavy metals from URM-fly ash mixture. An increase in fly ash content and a decrease in lime content promoted leaching of Ba, B and Cu whereas Zn leaching was primarily affected by the fly ash content. Numerically predicted field metal concentrations were significantly lower than the peak metal concentrations obtained in laboratory column leach tests, and field concentrations decreased with time and distance due to dispersion in soil vadose zone.     

Metal and organic matter contents in a combined household and industrial landfill

A combined household/industrial landfill in a humid and cold temperate climate was characterised with respect to its chemical composition. Cores taken at three randomly chosen sites on the landfill and at different depths at each site were analysed. Carbon, nitrogen and pH were measured by standard laboratory methods. The chemical elements analysed included metals and the non-metals B, P and S. pH ranged between 8.0 and 8.5. The total carbon content was in the interval 4.5-26.9% and the total nitrogen content in the interval 0.05-0.48%. The C/N ratio was high, indicating that there was not enough nitrogen available to ensure the stabilisation of carbon. The metal contents varied substantially. The water and carbon contents were related to each other as well as to the metal content, which increased with the content of water. Based on the results obtained regarding the chemical composition of the landfill, it is evident that the landfill consists of two layers. This indicates that the landfill body might have different levels of chemical development, due to water content, and different long-term leachability in the future.     

Leaching of Alkali from Concrete in Contact with Waterways

Concrete is usually the preferred material for construction of structures in contact with water during their service life. Early age exposure to water is beneficial for curing of concrete structures. However, the pollution of water from freshly cast concrete in contact with water has not been investigated in detail. A significant increase in the alkalinity has recently been observed in a stream in contact with freshly installed concrete culverts. High alkalinity has caused distress to fresh water fish in the stream. A preliminary laboratory study was commenced to explore the effect of leaching of alkali into water from freshly placed concrete. Freshly cast concrete specimens were exposed to fresh water, covering a range of conditions observed in the field such as volume of concrete/volume of water, age of exposure and cement content. Analysis of the results indicated that early age contact with fresh concrete can lead to an increase in the pH levels of water up to 11, similar to the levels of pH observed in pore water inside freshly cast concrete. It was noted that until an age of 4 days from casting of concrete, the age of exposure does not significantly affect the changes in the peak pH levels of water. Continuous monitoring of water in contact with concrete also indicated that the pH levels diminish with time, which is attributed to the possible reaction of calcium hydroxide with atmospheric carbon. The paper will present the experimental study, the results, analysis and outcomes as well as planning of a more comprehensive study to observe possible ways of reducing the leaching of alkali from freshly placed concrete.     

Geoenvironmental behavior of foundry sand amended mixtures for highway subbases

The high cost of landfilling and the potential uses of waste foundry sands have prompted research into their beneficial reuse. Roadways have a high potential for large volume usage of the foundry sands. A laboratory testing program was conducted on soil-foundry sand mixtures amended with cement and lime to assess their applicability as highway subbase materials. The mixtures were compacted in the laboratory at a variety of moisture contents and compactive efforts and subjected to unconfined compression, California bearing ratio, and hydraulic conductivity tests. The environmental suitability of the prepared mixtures was evaluated by analyzing the effluent collected during hydraulic conductivity tests. Finally, required subbase thicknesses were calculated using the laboratory-based strength parameters. The results of the study show that the strength of a mixture is highly dependent on the curing period, compactive energy, lime or cement presence, and water content at compaction. The resistance of foundry sand-based specimens to winter conditions is generally better than that of a typical subbase reference material. Laboratory leaching tests indicated that if these mixtures later come in contact with water that has been discharged directly to the environment (e.g., drainage through asphalt pavement), the quality of water will not be affected.     

模拟酸雨对土壤修复中重金属淋溶特征及土壤持水能力的影响

以磷酸二氢钾（PDP）钝化后的重金属污染土壤为研究对象,通过室内土柱淋溶和土壤吸水实验,考察pH为3.1、4.6和5.1的模拟酸雨对污染土壤修复过程中重金属淋溶特征及土壤持水能力的影响。实验结果表明：PDP处理显著增加了淋出液的pH、电导率、TOC和正磷酸盐态磷（ZP）含量,在淋溶初期显著降低了淋出液的Cu、Cd和Pb含量,但在淋溶后期增大了Pb含量;土壤持水量与电导率、pH、TOC和ZP含量呈现极显著负相关性;土壤修复过程中,有机质的淋失、盐分含量及pH的增大可引起土壤持水能力的减弱。     

Determination of the initial exothermic reaction of shredded tyres with wire content.

This paper presents the cause of exothermic reactions in shredded tyre with exposed wire content in shredded tyre piles. Data indicate that the oxidation of exposed steel wires is the exothermic reaction in shredded tyre embankments. This would lead to spontaneous combustion. Reaction of the steel with the sulphur or the carbon black appears not to be the source of the exothermic. Laboratory tests have been conducted to determine the heat transfer properties of the materials that compose tyres (i.e., tyre rubber and wires) by using a hot-plate apparatus. In addition, one-dimensional heat conduction experiments were conducted to compare the flow of heat through the materials while varying the physical and environmental conditions. The physical conditions were the size of tyre shred, water content, and wire contents. An exothermic reaction occurred when exposed wire was present but not when it was absent. A one-dimensional heat transfer equation was developed, and parametric studies were conducted to verify the laboratory model. Exothermic reaction was found to increase linearly with temperature, size and shape of the shredded tyres, density, amount of wire in shredded tyres, and water content.     

Evaluation of environmental pollution and possible management options of heavy oil fly ash

Due to the presence of toxic metals, dumping of heavy oil fly ash (HOFA) is causing ever-growing environmental problem including the pollution of air, water and soil. The present study investigates the possible environmental impacts associated with the land disposal of HOFA generated in the power plant. Different modeling and laboratory analysis were integrated to address the real environmental problems. Leaching behavior of heavy metals within the HOFA were investigated by laboratory batch leaching tests, which confirmed that most of the toxic elements in the HOFA can easily leach into the environment with rain water. The level of atmospheric dust surrounding a HOFA dumping site was predicted using the Industrial Source Complex (ISC3) air dispersion model, and the results indicated that the dumping of HOFA could be a potential hazard for local air quality. The study also revealed different reuse options of HOFA. The characteristic analysis confirmed HOFA can be used as a natural adsorbent to remove pollutants from wastewater or as soil stabilizing material by blending with cement.     

Comparing field investigations with laboratory models to predict landfill leachate emissions

Investigations into laboratory reactors and landfills are used for simulating and predicting emissions from municipal solid waste landfills. We examined water flow and solute transport through the same waste body for different volumetric scales (laboratory experiment: 0.08 m³, landfill: 80,000 m³), and assessed the differences in water flow and leachate emissions of chloride, total organic carbon and Kjeldahl nitrogen. The results indicate that, due to preferential pathways, the flow of water in field-scale landfills is less uniform than in laboratory reactors. Based on tracer experiments, it can be discerned that in laboratory-scale experiments around 40% of pore water participates in advective solute transport, whereas this fraction amounts to less than 0.2% in the investigated full-scale landfill. Consequences of the difference in water flow and moisture distribution are: (1) leachate emissions from full-scale landfills decrease faster than predicted by laboratory experiments, and (2) the stock of materials remaining in the landfill body, and thus the long-term emission potential, is likely to be underestimated by laboratory landfill simulations.     

Glass recycling in cement production--an innovative approach

An innovative approach of using waste glass in cement production was proposed and tested in a laboratory and cement production plant. The laboratory characterization of 32 types of glass show that the chemical composition of glass does not vary significantly with its color or origin but depends on its application. The alkali content of glass, a major concern for cement production varies from 0 to 22%. For the glass bottles mainly found in Hong Kong waste glasses, the alkali content (Na2O) ranges from 10 to 19% with an average around 15%. There is no significant change of the SO2 content in the gas exhaust of the rotary kiln when about 1.8 t/h of glass bottles were loaded along with the 280-290 t/h raw materials. The content of NOx, mainly depends on the temperature of the kiln, does not show significant change either. The SO3 content of the clinker is comparable with that obtained without the loading of glass. The alkaline content shows a slight increase but still within three times the standard deviation obtained from the statistical data of the past year. The detailed analysis of the quality of the cement product shows that there is not any significant impact of glass for the feeding rate tested.