一种新的阴离子表面活性剂电极的研制及应用

研制出一种新的阴离子表面活性电极,电极膜最佳组成：ＴＨＤＡ－ＤＢＳ５ｍｇ,ＤＢＰ０４ｍｌ,ＮＢ０．３ｍｌ,ＰＶＣ粉０．２ｇ,电极线性范围１×１０＾－３－８．１×１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,级差５８ｍＶ／ｄｅｃ,对ＤＢＳ和ＳＤＳ检测分别为５．６×１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ和７．４×１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。     

三维荧光光谱法测定工业废水中的苯胺

在计算机上运用自编程序绘出苯胺的三维荧光光谱,确定苯胺的特征荧光峰,提出了三维荧光光谱法测定苯胺的分析方法。苯胺浓度在２．０×１０－７－５．０×１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ范围内与相对荧光强度呈良好的线性关系。该法相对标准偏差为２．５％,检出限为１．０×１０－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。用于工业废水中苯胺的测定,结果令人满意。     

5—Br—PADAP分光光度法测定雨水中微量过氧化氢

提出了一种光度法测定雨水中微量过氧化氢的方法，在０．３～１．３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸介质中，过氧化氢与钒（Ｖ）及２－（５－溴－２－吡啶偶氮）－５－二乙氨基酸酚（５－Ｂｒ－ＰＡＤＡＰ）反应形成一种组成比为１：１：１的蓝色三元配合物，其最大吸收波长位于５９６ｎｍ，表现摩尔吸光系数为５．５×１０＾４Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１过氧化氢在０．０７～４．１μｇ／１０ｍｌ范围内服从比耳定律，该方法简便，具有较高的选择     

三元缔合物抑制分光光度法测定痕量氟

利用氟离子对锆－水杨基荧光酮－溴化十六烷基三甲基铵三元缔合物形成的竞争抑制作用,建立了测定痕量氟的抑制分光光度法,确定了测定的最佳条件为：「ＳＡＦ」＝６．０×１０＾－５ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１「ＣＴＭＡＢ」＝８．０×１０＾－４ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１,「Ｚｒ（ＩＶ）」＝１．０μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１,「ＨＣｌ」＝０．０８ｍｏＬ．Ｌ＾－１,２５℃。     

溴甲酚绿－溴化十六烷基吡啶光度法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂

建立溴甲酚绿（ＢＣＧ）－溴化十六烷基吡啶（ＣＰＢ）光度法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂的方法。实验表明,适合的ＰＨ范围为５．５－９．０,λｍａｘ＝６１４ｎｍ,在８６μｇＣＰＢ存在下,十二烷基苯碘酸钠（ＳＢＳ）和十二烷基硫酸钠（ＳＤＳ）分别在０－８０μｇ／１０ｍｌ和０－７５μｇ／１０ｍｌ范围内符合比耳定律,其表观摩尔吸光系数分别为２．９×１０＾４和３．１×１０＾４Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１。用此法测定了     

藻类－卤虫－对虾系统深度处理含盐含汞化工废水的模拟试验研究

利用藻类－卤虫－对虾系统深度处理含盐含汞化工废水的模拟试验研究表明，该系统对ＢＯＤ５和ＣＯＤ去除率分别达９５．５％和８０．０％，对ＰＯ４＾２－和Ｈｇ＾２＋去除率都在９８％以上。在卤虫密度５２．１个／Ｌ和３６．０个／Ｌ，藻类密度２５７２５．８万个／Ｌ和２０９２４．９万个／Ｌ，水中汞能被不同营养等级的生物累积，在水中汞浓度１．０×１０＾２－７．８×１０＾３和２．１０×１０＾２－１．０４×１０＾４；卤虫     

诱导动力学-停流流动注射光度法测定水中铁的价态分布

依据Ｆｅ（Ⅱ）－Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）－Ⅰ＾－氧化还原反应的诱导作用,提出了诱导动力学－停流光度法测定Ｆｅ（Ⅱ）的方法并建立了测定条件：〔Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）〕＝１．８×１０＾－３ｍｌｌ·Ｌ＾－１,〔Ⅰ〕＝２．０×１０＾－２ｍｏｌ·Ｌ＾－１,ｐＨ＝１．９,５９０ｎｍ;在此条件下,线性范围为０－２．２μｇ·ｍＬ＾－１,检测限为０．００９μｇ·ｍＬ＾－１Ｆｅ（Ⅱ）;２５倍的Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）对测定无干扰。测定Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）后,将Ｆｅ（     

金鱼(Carassius auratus L.)对水中游离态铅的吸收积累及鳃分泌粘液的自身保护作用

研究了金鱼（ Ｃａｒａｓｓｉｕｓａｕｒａｔｕｓ Ｌ．） 在铅暴露实验中的铅吸收过程及鱼鳃分泌物的自身保护作用、水相Ｐｂ２＋ 的鳃吸收机理以及分泌粘液对铅的络合作用．结果表明，金鱼因铅暴露导致粘液分泌量增加．结合到鳃上的铅与水相Ｐｂ２＋ 活度关系可用Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ 吸附等温式表述．据此估算的最大结合量为０－９４２４ ｍ ｍｏｌ／ｋｇ（干重） ．非常接近１ 的Ｈｉｌｌ 常数（１－０１２）说明金鱼鳃上仅有一种类型的Ｐｂ２＋ 结合位点．平均每尾金鱼鳃上Ｐｂ２＋ 的结合位点数达１－６２ ×１０－ ５ ｍ ｍｏｌ，结合的条件稳定常数（ｌｏｇ ＫＰｂ鳃） 为４－８ ．血液铅含量与鳃铅含量间呈显著线性关系．金鱼吸收Ｐｂ２＋ 的主要过程为：Ｐｂ２＋ 结合到鳃上，其后被动扩散或载体转运穿过鳃上皮，进入血液循环．     

DBS-偶氮氯膦分光光度法测定铅的研究

为了克服用双硫腙比色法测环境样品中铅的选择性差和条件要求严等缺点,研究了铅与ＤＢＳ－偶氮氯膦的显色反应,并提出了用分光光度测定铅的新方法,在稀盐酸介质中,铅与ＤＢＳ－偶氮氯膦形成１：２的蓝色配合物,最大吸收波长位于６３５ｎｍ,表观摩尔吸光系数为４．７×１０＾４Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１,铅量在０－２５μｇ／２５ｍｌ范围内符合比耳定律。     

碳酸铅作为铅酸蓄电池电极材料的研究

采用粉末微电极技术和循环伏安法研究了ＰｂＣＯ３转化为铅酸电池电极活性物质的途径以及几种因素对ＰｂＣＯ３转化的ＰｂＳＯ４／ＰＢ电极性能的影响。ＰｂＣＯ３粉末在Ｈ２ＳＯ４溶液中化学转化－电化学活化后,正、负极的伏这行为与文献报道的类似。结果表明,较高扫速活化的ＰｂＳＯ４／Ｐｂ电极性能稳定且活性较高;转化ＰｂＣＯ３的Ｈ２ＳＯ４浓度０．５￣１．０ｍｏｌ·Ｌ＾－１优于２．５￣５．０ｍｏｌ·Ｌ＾－１,３０℃附     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.