水体中的微生物对壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的生物降解

为有效控制水体中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的污染 ,以芽孢杆菌、假单胞菌、诺卡氏菌和假丝酵母为试验菌株 ,研究了其对壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的生物降解特性。试验结果表明 ,4菌株在一定的条件下对水体中的壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚均有一定的降解率。若按体积比 1∶ 2∶ 1∶ 1的比例将四菌株组合成复合菌群 ,可大幅度提高处理效率 ,降解率可达 61 %。应用该复合菌对影响壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚降解的各种主要因素进行了研究 ,发现降解菌在θ为 2 5～ 30℃ ,p H值为 5.5～ 8.5及壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚初始质量浓度ρ(NP1 0 EO)为 0～ 1 0 0 mg/ L范围内保持高活性 ;当底物质量浓度大于 1 0 0 mg/ L 时 ,平均降解速率线性下降 ;当接种量标准为 1× 1 0 8CFU/ m L (即菌悬液 /反应液为1 0 % )时壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的降解是高效与经济的     

外源微生物对土壤中烟嘧磺隆的降解作用研究

为了探索外源微生物N80(Serratia marcecens)对烟嘧磺隆污染土壤生物修复的可行性,在实验室条件下,分析了温度、土壤pH值、接菌量、农药初始质量比等因素对N80降解烟嘧磺隆效果的影响.同时以小白菜、甜菜、菠菜为供试作物,采用室内盆栽试验法处理污染土壤,液相色谱仪(UVD)测定土壤中烟嘧磺降残留量.结果表明:1)向污染土壤中添加外源微生物菌株N80可以促进土壤中烟嘧磺隆的降解,第30d时,最高降解率可达79.7％;2)N80降解污染土壤中烟嘧磺隆的最适宜条件为25℃,pH=7.0,接种量108 cfu/g,初始质量比10mg/kg.研究表明,向污染土壤中接种一定量的外源微生物菌株N80可以有效降低土壤中烟嘧磺隆的残留量,减轻烟嘧磺隆对敏感作物的药害,达到了预期的生物修复效果.     

太湖芦苇荡底泥中藻毒素降解菌的筛选及其特性研究

针对连年蓝藻暴发造成的饮用水源水微囊藻毒素(Microcystins,MCs)污染问题,从蓝藻暴发时期江苏太湖百渎港芦苇荡的底泥中筛选出一株MC-LR降解菌,命名为CQ5,对该菌株进行形态观察、生理生化试验及16S r DNA分子鉴定,并考察pH值和接菌量对其增殖和降解MC-LR的影响。结果表明,菌株CQ5在系统发育分类学上与耐硼赖氨酸芽孢杆菌(Lysinibacillus boronitolerans)亲缘关系最近,两者同源性高达99%;菌株能以MC-LR为碳、氮源进行生长,且耐弱酸弱碱;当pH值为7,接菌量为3%时,菌株的增殖及降解效果最好,6 d内可使初始质量浓度为14.12μg/L的MC-LR降至1.68μg/L,降解率达87.96%。     

泥浆生物反应器中高相对分子质量多环芳烃生物降解及影响因素研究

泥浆生物反应器技术是有效修复多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的异位处理方法.利用正交试验(L9(34)),研究在泥浆生物反应器内接种混合菌对土壤中高相对分子质量PAHs(苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽和苯并[a]芘)的生物降解及影响降解效果的因素,得到最优的降解工艺条件.12 d后苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽和苯并[a]芘的最高降解率分别为54.72%、54.01%和63.13%.在试验范围内,影响土壤中PAHs生物降解的显著因素为通气量、水土比和pH值,盐度无显著影响.PAHs生物降解的最优工艺条件是水土比为2∶1,通气量为200 L·h-1,盐度为1.5%,pH值为7.0.     

氮在河北平原包气带中的迁移转化机制

为揭示氮在土壤包气带中的迁移转化规律并确定其数学模型,通过室内土柱淋滤试验研究了碳酸氢铵及尿素2种氮肥在土壤中的迁移转化过程,并测定了不同时间土壤中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氨的质量浓度变化,总结了“3氮”在包气带中的迁移转化规律.结果表明,施氮周期内褐土土柱淋滤液中,氨氮最高质量浓度为13.33mg/L,硝酸盐氮为15.25 mg/L(H-N-1土柱),土壤中氨氮吸附作用大于硝酸盐氮.建立了氨在土壤中的迁移转化模型并确定了模型参数,可以用所建模型对氮在河北平原包气带中的迁移过程进行定量预测.     

光合细菌对土壤中呋喃丹的生物降解

以一株降解呋喃丹的光合细菌球形红细菌(Rhodobacter sphaeroides)H菌株为材料,考察了其在实验室模拟条件下降解土壤中呋喃丹的影响因素及其动力学过程.结果表明,该菌降解呋喃丹的最适条件为:温度30℃,pH=7.0,接种量107个/g.在最适条件下,H菌株对初始质量浓度为5.0～25 mg/kg呋喃丹的降解反应均符合一级动力学特征.可以将其应用于呋喃丹污染土壤的生物修复.     

热脱附尾气中DDTs在模拟水泥窑中的去除效果

为了降低滴滴涕(DDTs)污染土壤热脱附修复的成本,分析了水泥窑技术去除污染土壤热脱附尾气中DDTs的可行性。主要考察了处理温度、停留时间、氧气体积分数对DDTs去除的影响。结果表明:随处理温度升高和停留时间延长,DDTs的去除率逐渐升高,当处理温度为900℃、停留时间为2 s时,其去除率为99.46%;模拟水泥窑处理后尾气中p,p'-DDT的比例降低,p,p'-DDE成为尾气中DDTs的主要成分;DDTs的降解产物有1,1-双(对氯苯)-2-氯乙烯、2,4'-二氯苯甲酮、二苯甲烷、苯甲酮和二苯甲醇,其最大质量浓度分别为0.08μg/m~3、0.24μg/m~3、1.07μg/m~3、2.56μg/m~3和0.52μg/m~3;处理过程中伴有少量的二噁英产生,但二噁英的质量浓度满足GB30485—2013《水泥窑协同处置固体废物污染物控制标准》的要求。研究表明,水泥窑工艺可以有效去除污染土壤热脱附尾气中的DDTs。     

乐果UV-TiO_2光催化降解产物对LGX9敏感菌株的毒性

为准确反映乐果UV-TiO2光催化液对环境生物的毒性作用,以乐果敏感菌株LGX9为受试对象,研究了TiO2、H2O2、Fe2+、通入空气、初始pH值等因素对乐果UV-TiO2光催化液降解率及抑菌率的影响规律。结果表明,当乐果初始质量浓度为200 mg/L、反应温度为30℃时,在反应体系TiO2质量浓度1.0 g/L、H2O2浓度0.025 mol/L、Fe2+浓度0.002 mol/L,且以3.5 L/min通入空气、初始pH值为1的条件下,反应1 h后,乐果降解率为92.70%,对LGX9菌株生长已无抑制作用。研究表明,利用乐果敏感菌株LGX9可以有效反映乐果光催化降解液对环境的毒性作用。     

生物表面活性剂产生菌处理水体石油污染物的研究

为研究水体石油污染物的生物处理方法,通过富集培养、蓝色凝胶平板分离初筛、摇瓶复筛等方法从长期被石油污染的油泥中筛选生物表面活性剂产生菌.采用薄层层析显色法和红外光谱法鉴定该菌所产表面活性剂种类,测定表面活性剂的乳化性能、表面张力和临界胶束浓度等性能,并对菌株降解水体石油污染物的影响因素及效果进行了研究.结果表明,筛选出的生物表面活性剂高产菌株LJ2所产表面活性剂为糖脂,其乳化指数为33％,25℃下可将水的表面张力从71.14 mN/m降至27.22 mN/m,临界胶束质量浓度为5 mg/L;当表面活性剂水溶液质量浓度为100 mg/L时,其乳化指数可达50％.温度、降解时间以及NaCl质量分数对菌株LJ2处理水体石油污染效果影响很大.在34℃条件下处理5d,菌株LJ2对质量浓度为2 g/L的水体石油污染物的降解率高达99.5％.研究表明,生物表面活性剂产生菌L J2对水体石油污染物有良好的降解效果,而且该菌还对水体中较高浓度的NaCl有一定的耐受性.     

一株甲拌磷降解菌的诱变选育与降解特性研究

从甲拌磷污染的土壤中驯化分离得到1株能够以甲拌磷为唯一碳源生长的革兰氏阴性细菌JZ1-黏着剑菌(Ensifer adhaerens sp.).最初,该菌株在24 h内对200 mg/L甲拌磷的降解率为42.2%.当驯化质量浓度为800 mg/L时,JZ1对200mg/L甲拌磷的降解率达到56.3%.以JZ1为出发菌经化学诱变和紫外诱变后获得菌株JZ1-II.JZ1-II对甲拌磷的降解作用明显增加:当盐酸羟胺质量分数为2%时,降解率提高至67.8%; 进一步经紫外照射45 s,降解率提高至83.2%.气相色谱法测定甲拌磷的降解动态,在JZ1-II的作用下,甲拌磷在12～24 h内下降迅速,24 h后降解率基本稳定在83%.采用氯化亚锡法测定培养基中总磷和无机磷的含量,分析甲拌磷的降解途径,甲拌磷的降解过程应为:甲拌磷(O,O-二乙基-S-乙硫基甲基二硫代磷酸酯)首先降解为二乙基磷酸,继而转变为磷酸.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失，提高滑坡预测的准确性，通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据，在获得多组模拟实验数据后，分析各变量的特性。首先，通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process，AHP)算法，对滑坡进行危险度划分；然后，通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine，SVM)建立模型，遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数，提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据，通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好，实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合，与单一SVM相比，精度更高，结果更好，更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

一起有机过氧化物爆炸事故的调查和分析

阐述一起重大爆炸伤亡事故的现场调查和原因分析，介绍如何通过人证物证材料，用鱼刺图法找出可能引起事故的诸原因，逐项加以分析，将与人证或物证材料相矛盾的原因子以排除，最后剩下无法排除亦即能与人证物证相符的那个原因，就是事故的真正原因。笔者是这起事故调查专家组组长，取证和数据可靠。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.